IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 24-1425 Filed November 13, 2025
ESTATE OF JOHN K. FREIBURGER, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
PHIL MAUSSER, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dubuque County,
Monica Zrinyi Ackley, Judge.
A defendant appeals a bench trial ruling finding him liable for unjust
enrichment. AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
Alyssa M. Carlson of O’Connor & Thomas, P.C., Dubuque, for appellant.
Jordan H. Fox of Kintzinger, Harmon Konrardy, P.L.C., Dubuque, for
appellee.
Considered without oral argument by Greer, P.J., and Badding and
Chicchelly, JJ. 2
BADDING, Judge.
Janice Freiburger brought this suit against Phil Mausser on behalf of her
husband’s estate. She seeks to collect a debt for ten loads of hay that her husband
allegedly delivered to Mausser nine months before his death. The only record of
the transaction was a series of truck scale tickets that Janice found in her home
after her husband passed away. At trial, Mausser admitted to receiving five loads
of hay, but he denied owing any payment. The district court found Mausser liable
for unjust enrichment as to all ten loads.
On appeal, Mausser challenges the admission of the scale tickets and the
sufficiency of the evidence supporting the court’s award. We reject the evidentiary
challenge but grant partial relief on the merits based upon our de novo review of
the record. While we agree with the district court’s award as to the undisputed hay
deliveries, the evidence linking the other loads to Mausser is too conjectural to hold
him liable. We accordingly vacate the judgment against Mausser for those loads
and remand for entry of a corrected judgment.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
John Freiburger was a Dubuque County hay farmer. Phil Mausser was one
of John’s customers. In June 2022, John died unexpectedly, leaving his wife,
Janice Freiburger, to wind down the hay operation. John typically asked his buyers
to pay for their hay at the time of delivery, but he sometimes sold on credit. As
executor of her husband’s estate, it was Janice’s job to settle the open accounts.
In the months after John’s death, Janice unearthed two sets of truck scale
tickets stowed in different areas of her home. The first set of tickets, which Janice
found in a kitchen desk drawer, listed five loads of hay weighed in September and 3
October 2021. Each of them referenced “Freiburger” and “Mausser” in a line
designated “company.” The second set of tickets, which Janice found in a
bedroom drawer, listed another five loads weighed in August and September. Only
John’s name was listed on the company line for those tickets.
Janice recalled her husband mentioning he “sold some hay to Phil” in the
fall of 2021. She concluded that all ten scale tickets showed unpaid deliveries to
Mausser. So, Janice drew up a pair of invoices requesting payment of $7300.80
for the kitchen desk hay and $6889.92 for the bedroom drawer hay. She reached
these totals by multiplying the net weight of each load by $120 per ton.1 Although
John’s prices had varied based on the quality of his hay crop and market
conditions, Janice considered $120 a fair rate for Mausser because that is what
another customer had paid for John’s hay.
When Janice first approached Mausser about the scale tickets, he initially
denied receiving any hay. But at trial, Mausser acknowledged receiving seven
loads of moldy hay in fall 2021, two of which he paid for at the time of delivery and
five of which he accepted free-of-charge to help John clear out his hay shed.
Mausser testified that he “never asked [John] for one load” because he “didn’t need
the hay.” Nevertheless, after Janice sent the invoices, Mausser mailed her two
checks totaling $4364.10—just to “get it over with.” The checks were inscribed
with the words “payment in full” and referenced five loads of hay in their memo
lines. Janice declined to accept them.
1 Because the scale tickets showed the gross weight of the loads, Janice asked
her son, Matt Freiburger, to weigh the truck and trailer they recalled John using for his deliveries. Janice subtracted those weights from the scale ticket figures to determine the net weight of the hay. 4
In November 2023, Janice filed an expedited civil action on behalf of John’s
estate seeking to collect on the unpaid invoices. She asserted claims for breach
of contract and unjust enrichment. Following a one-day bench trial, the district
court rejected the breach-of-contract claim, finding insufficient evidence of an
agreed-upon purchase price. But the court found in favor of Janice on her claim
for unjust enrichment. The court concluded that Mausser had received the hay
shown on all the scale tickets, that it was of sufficient quality to convey a benefit,
and that allowing Mausser to keep the hay without payment would be unjust. Citing
the trial testimony of other farmers that “$120.00 per ton is a reasonable price,” the
court entered judgment against Mausser for $14,190.72.
Mausser appeals, challenging the district court’s admission of the scale
tickets at trial and the sufficiency of the evidence supporting Janice’s claim for
unjust enrichment.
II. Standard of Review
Hearsay rulings are reviewed for correction of legal error. Borst Bros.
Constr., Inc. v. Fin. of Am. Com., LLC, 975 N.W.2d 690, 697 (Iowa 2022). “If a
court’s factual findings with respect to application of the hearsay rule are not
‘clearly erroneous’ or without substantial evidence to support them, they are
binding on appeal.” State v. Long, 628 N.W.2d 440, 445 (Iowa 2001)
(citation omitted).
As for Mausser’s merits challenge, both parties assert that our review is de
novo because unjust enrichment is an equitable claim. But “review of a decision
by the district court following a bench trial depends upon the manner in which the
case was tried to the court,” not necessarily the nature of the claim. Carroll Airport 5
Comm’n v. Danner, 927 N.W.2d 635, 642 (Iowa 2019) (citation omitted).
Throughout most of the trial, the parties lodged—and the court ruled on—
objections to the admission of evidence. See Dix v. Casey’s Gen. Stores, Inc.,
961 N.W.2d 671, 680 (Iowa 2021) (noting rulings on evidentiary objections are the
“hallmark of a law trial” (citation omitted)). This resulted in frequent interference
with the testimony. However, before the close of evidence, the district court invited
both parties to supplement the record on the unjust enrichment claim.
Because the court provided the parties with an opportunity to present
evidence excluded by its rulings, and because neither party claims they were
prevented from introducing relevant evidence, it is appropriate to review the unjust
enrichment claim de novo. See Passehl Est. v. Passehl, 712 N.W.2d 408, 414 n.6
(Iowa 2006). Even on de novo review, “we give weight to the factual findings of
the district court, especially with respect to determinations of witness credibility.”
Danner, 927 N.W.2d at 642–43 (citation omitted); see also Hora v. Hora, 5 N.W.3d
635, 645 (Iowa 2024) (reviewing what a de novo review entails).
III. Analysis
A. Hearsay Evidence
At trial, Mausser objected to the scale tickets on hearsay grounds, among
others. The court overruled Mausser’s objection under the business records
exception in Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.803(6). Mausser challenges that ruling on
appeal. He argues the scale tickets are “textbook hearsay” and that Janice failed
to lay the necessary foundation for the business records exception to apply.
Out-of-court statements are generally inadmissible when offered to prove
the truth of the matter asserted. Iowa Rs. Evid. 5.801(c), 5.802. But there are 6
“numerous exceptions to the hearsay rule.” State v. Veverka, 938
N.W.2d 197, 199 (Iowa 2020). One is the familiar business-records exception,
which permits admission of hearsay records describing an “act, event, condition,
opinion, or diagnosis” where the following elements are met:
(A) The record was made at or near the time by—or from information transmitted by—someone with knowledge; (B) The record was kept in the course of a regularly conducted activity of a business, organization, occupation, or calling, whether or not for profit; (C) Making the record was a regular practice of that activity; (D) All these conditions are shown by the testimony of the custodian or another qualified witness, or by a certification that complies with rule 5.902(11) or rule 5.902(12) or with a statute permitting certification; and (E) The opponent does not show that the source of information or the method or circumstances of preparation indicate a lack of trustworthiness.
Iowa R. Evid. 5.803(6). The burden is on the proponent of the record to show
these requirements are satisfied. S.K. ex rel. Tarbox v. Obstetric & Gynecologic
Assocs. of Iowa City & Coralville, P.C., 13 N.W.3d 546, 555 (Iowa 2024).
The parties agree that the scale tickets were hearsay evidence. They were
offered to prove the amount of hay Mausser received from John. The only dispute
is whether Janice—who introduced the tickets through her own testimony—
satisfied the prerequisites for admission under rule 5.803(6).2 Mausser points out
that no witness with “personal knowledge of the record-keeping system and the
2 We note that, in expedited civil actions, our rules allow the court to admit hearsay
records “notwithstanding the absence” of foundational testimony if, among other things, the proponent gives notice of intent to introduce the document at least ninety days before trial and the document “appears to fall within [the business records exception].” Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.281(4)(g)(2). Although this case was tried as an expedited civil action, neither party addresses the more relaxed standard for admission of documentary evidence. We accordingly apply the criteria set out in Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.803(6). 7
creation of these records” appeared at trial. He argues Janice’s testimony fails to
establish that the ten scale tickets were made when the loads were weighed,
recorded by someone with knowledge, or made and kept in the ordinary course of
business.
The Iowa Supreme Court has made it clear that “the specific person who
created the record in the course of business need not testify to lay the foundation
for the business records exception.” State v. Reynolds, 746 N.W.2d 837, 843
(Iowa 2008). While a “qualified witness” must explain the record-making process,
they need only show the record was generated “in the course of . . . business, at
or reasonably near the time, using standard procedures that reasonably indicate
the trustworthiness of the information.” Id. Personal knowledge of the particular
record is not required. See State v. Propps, 376 N.W.2d 619, 621 (Iowa 1985).
This is because the purpose of the rule 5.803(6) elements is not to authenticate or
identify hearsay evidence, but to ensure it bears the “reliability and trustworthiness
usually associated with business records.” Id. at 620.
Janice testified that her husband “always sold [hay] by the ton,” that he
regularly visited a truck stop on Highway 20 to weigh his hay, and that he received
a scale ticket for each load. She knew the tickets “would indicate [the] time, the
date, how much the load weighed, and who weighed it, and who owned the hay.”
And she recognized the disputed exhibits as scale tickets when asked about them
at trial. Although Janice was not present when the tickets were created, her
familiarity with John’s hay-weighing procedures makes her a qualified witness to
lay foundation for these records. See Iowa R. Evid. 5.803(6)(D); McKenney v.
Iowa Physicians Clinic Med. Found., No. 24-0651, 2025 WL 1704722, at *5 (Iowa 8
Ct. App. June 18, 2025) (finding a medical secretary was a “qualified witness,”
despite her unfamiliarity with the contents of a proffered record, where she was
“informed on how the medical records were stored and used” in her clinic); United
States v. Collins, 799 F.3d 554, 584 (6th Cir. 2015) (noting the meaning of “another
qualified witness” under the identically worded Federal Rule of Evidence 803(6)
“should be given the broadest interpretation” (citation omitted)).
Mausser counters that the scale company—not John Freiburger—was the
“actual source of the records,” and so Janice’s testimony about her husband’s
business practices failed to meet the elements of rule 5.803(6). He likens this case
to Reynolds, where the supreme court declined to extend the business records
exception to a set of Federal Reserve error reports informing a bank that its
customer cashed fraudulent money orders. 746 N.W.2d at 842–43. A bank
employee testified that the bank received, maintained, and relied upon the Federal
Reserve reports in its normal course of business. Id. at 842. But the supreme
court found that evidence fell short:
Here, there is no testimony from anyone with knowledge of how the Federal Reserve error reports were generated. . . . Bank employees were unable to, or at least did not, independently determine that the money orders were counterfeit; the bank relied exclusively on the Federal Reserve to make that determination. There is no evidence in the record either as to how the Federal Reserve determined the money orders were counterfeit, or how the error reports were made.
Id. at 843. The court “acknowledge[d] the possibility the Federal Reserve records
were created through a fully automated and reliable process involving no human
declarant.” Id. But because there was “no evidence in the record from any person
with knowledge as to how the Federal Reserve error reports were created,” it found
the hearsay exception unsatisfied. Id. 9
Janice did not testify to the mechanics of the truck scale or the process by
which the tickets were prepared. But unlike in Reynolds, the record here is
sufficient to ensure that the scale tickets were created by an automated, reliable
process. Iowa law requires most commercial truck scales to be equipped with a
“type-registering weigh beam, a dial with a mechanical ticket printer, an automatic
weight recorder, or some similar device which shall be used for printing or
stamping the weight values on scale tickets.” Iowa Code § 215.19. It is clear from
the face of the tickets that they were printed by such a device. And while that does
not account for the names listed in the company lines, Janice testified that those
details would have been supplied by her husband.3 Each ticket also bears a
weighmaster’s certificate attesting to the accuracy of the information recorded.
See Iowa Code § 214.7 (“Weighmasters are required to make true weights . . . and
give, upon demand, to any person having weighing done, a certificate showing the
weight, date, and for whom weighed.”).
We conclude Janice’s testimony established that the information on scale
tickets was either registered by the scale or supplied by John; that the tickets were
generated at the time the loads were weighed; and that they were created and
maintained in the ordinary course of business. Iowa R. Evid. 5.803(6)(A)–(C); see
also Pruisner v. Ballhagen, No. 14-1431, 2015 WL 5965154, at *6 (Iowa Ct. App.
Oct. 14, 2015) (finding a hog farmer’s weight logs were properly admitted under
3 Although Mausser successfully objected to Janice’s testimony about the source
of the “company” information, the court is not bound by the rules of evidence when determining preliminary questions of admissibility. Iowa R. Evid. 5.104(a). 10
the business records exception). Thus, the district court did not err in admitting
the challenged exhibits under the business records exception in rule 5.803(6).
B. Unjust Enrichment
Mausser also challenges the district court’s award of $14,190.72 in
damages for unjust enrichment. At trial, Janice argued she was entitled to recover
the value of the hay deliveries evidenced by the scale tickets from her kitchen desk
and bedroom drawers. She alleged Mausser received, but never paid for, ten
loads of marketable “first crop” hay worth at least $120 per ton.4 Mausser contends
Janice proved neither the quality nor quantity of hay at issue. He also claims she
failed to prove a basis for the $120 rate.
“Unjust enrichment occurs when one party is enriched at the expense of the
other under unjust circumstances.” Bradshaw Renovations, LLC v. Graham, 20
N.W.3d 479, 487 (Iowa 2025). To recover on this theory, the plaintiff must show
“(1) enrichment of the defendant, (2) at the expense of the plaintiff, (3) under
circumstances that make it unjust for the defendant to retain the benefit.” Behm v.
City of Cedar Rapids, 922 N.W.2d 524, 577 (Iowa 2019). Among other possible
remedies, a prevailing plaintiff may collect damages in an amount equal to the
value of the inequitably retained benefit. Iowa Waste Sys., Inc. v. Buchanan Cnty.,
617 N.W.2d 23, 30 (Iowa Ct. App. 2000).
Janice’s claim rests on a tenuous set of facts. She testified that John sold
his hay on a handshake basis and kept track of his sales in his head. She also
4 One of John’s hay customers explained that first crop hay was typically lower
quality than second or third crop hay. “Waterway hay”—which is the kind that Mausser said he received—was the lowest quality of hay that John sold. 11
conceded that she was never part of the conversations between her husband and
Mausser. Yet she recalled John telling her that he sold some hay to Mausser in
fall 2021. Because the kitchen desk scale tickets referred to Mausser by name,
Janice surmised that John kept them to document an outstanding debt. As for the
bedroom drawer tickets, Janice assumed that hay also went to Mausser “because
he was the only one that got hay delivered to him by my husband.” Janice did not
testify about why she concluded the hay deliveries remained unpaid when she
invoiced Mausser.
John’s son, Matt Freiburger, testified that he overheard a conversation
between his father and Mausser sometime in the fall of 2021. Matt did not hear all
the details, but he “could read between the lines that [Mausser] was looking for an
opportunity to feed his cows.” He gathered that “Phil needed hay, and my old man
had some hay for sale.” Matt recalled that John’s shed, at that time, was full of
“nice dry first crop hay.” He loaned his father a pickup and trailer for the delivery.
Matt testified that Mausser received “most of” the first-crop hay that his father
harvested in 2021.
Mausser conceded that he received some hay from John in fall 2021. But
on Mausser’s recollection, it was seven loads of moldy, year-old hay, which John
brought because “[h]e needed some room in his shed” and “he couldn’t get rid of
[it] someplace else.” He alleged the hay was too wet and “hot” for either farmer to
store and that he “didn’t need the hay” in the first place. According to Mausser,
John accepted $36 per bale for the first two loads but declined payment for the
rest. He testified that John never asked for money when they saw each other after
the hay deliveries. When questioned about the checks he sent to Janice, Mausser 12
explained that he offered “exactly what I paid for the first two loads,” reasoning the
$36 per-bale rate “was more than fair.”
On rebuttal, Janice alleged that John “wouldn’t waste his time” weighing
low-quality hay. She suggested that Mausser was recalling a different transaction
with her husband. The district court credited the Freiburgers’ version of events,
finding Mausser’s allegation that John delivered “throw away” hay lacked
credibility.
We owe deference to the court’s credibility finding. Danner, 927 N.W.2d
at 642–43. And Mausser’s allegations are indeed dubious. He initially alleged that
he received no hay from John in fall 2021, but he later contradicted that account
by acknowledging he received low-quality hay. And although Mausser asserts that
hay was a gift, he offered payment to Janice. Mausser’s wife, Phyllis, also testified
that Mausser tried to pay John before he died. These shifting positions call
Mausser’s truthfulness into doubt. What’s more, there is no dispute that John
weighed at least five loads that Mausser agreed he received. As Janice
emphasized, it would make little sense to weigh a valueless product—the more
plausible explanation is that John’s hay was marketable. Mausser would be
unjustly enriched if allowed to keep that hay without payment.
That said, while we reject Mausser’s argument about the quality of the hay
he received, we agree the record is insufficient to hold Mausser liable for the
quantity of hay Janice claims. Mausser admits that he received the five loads of
hay shown on the scale tickets from the kitchen desk. And it is undisputed he
never paid for that hay. But Mausser denies receiving the five loads of hay from 13
the bedroom drawer tickets.5 Those tickets, unlike their counterparts, make no
reference to Mausser.
To link the bedroom drawer hay to Mausser, the district court credited
Janice’s assertion that Mausser was the only customer to whom John delivered
hay. However, the record was far from clear on this point. Other parts of Janice’s
testimony were equivocal about which, if any, of John’s customers received hay
by delivery. More than once, her attorney had to prompt her response. Another
farmer, Joseph Riniker, testified that “John delivered some hay if it was close by”
and that these deliveries were not particularly rare.
Even assuming that Mausser was the only farmer who received personal
deliveries from John, it does not necessarily follow that the bedroom drawer tickets
were from deliveries to Mausser. Matt Freiburger suggested it was his father’s
“common practice” to weigh the hay he sold to other customers. Hay-buyer Neil
Spoden explained that when he purchased John’s product, he weighed it himself
and then returned the scale ticket to John. Yet another farmer, William Lansing,
mentioned a similar procedure. This testimony cuts against the court’s conclusion
that the bedroom drawer tickets were attributable to Mausser. All told, the
evidence is too conjectural to find Mausser received those five loads of hay. We
accordingly reverse the district court’s entry of judgment for the scale tickets Janice
found in her bedroom drawer.
5 While Mausser referenced two other loads of hay, he claimed that he paid for
those loads. Janice agreed, testifying that Mausser purchased and paid for waterway hay “before any of those scale tickets were written out.” 14
This leaves us with the value of the undisputed hay that Mausser received,
as documented by the scale tickets from the kitchen desk drawer. Mausser argues
that Janice’s demand for $120 per ton was “a purely subjective number based on
a single conversation with another farmer.” We disagree. The market value of an
inequitably retained benefit is an appropriate measure of damages for a claim of
unjust enrichment. See Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment
§ 49 (A.L.I. 2011); Iowa Waste Sys., 617 N.W.2d at 30. Multiple farmers testified
at trial that $120 per ton was a reasonable price for first-crop hay in fall 2021.
Lansing testified that he has spent as much as $250 to $350 per ton. While
Mausser argued that moldy bales would be worth far less than $120 per ton, he
offered nothing to rebut Janice’s proof of the market value of quality hay. The
evidence supports the district court’s award as to the kitchen desk hay.6
IV. Conclusion
In sum, we reject Mausser’s evidentiary challenge, vacate the award as to
the hay deliveries from the scale tickets that Janice found in the bedroom drawer,
and remand this case for entry of judgment for $7300.80, reflecting the market
value of the hay documented by the scale tickets from the kitchen desk.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
6 Mausser also contends that Janice’s invoices were skewed by faulty math and
an inaccurate truck-and-trailer weight. But these challenges also fall short. The mathematical discrepancies highlighted by Mausser amounted to less than a dollar. And although Matt Freiburger testified the truck and trailer weighed roughly 500 pounds lighter than Janice figured into her bills, such an error would mean Janice’s invoices underestimated the net weight of the delivered hay.