UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ESTATE OF JOHN BUONOCORE III, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v. Civil Action No. 06-727 (JMF)
GREAT SOCIALIST PEOPLE’S LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA, et al.,
Defendants.
VICTOR SIMPSON, et al.,
v. Civil Action No. 08-529 (JMF)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In my earlier opinion, issued on January 29, 2013, 1 I indicated that my calculation of
punitive damages was guided both by Judge Collyer’s decision in Gates v. Syrian Arab Republic,
580 F. Supp. 2d 53 (D.D.C. 2008) (“Gates I”) and by Chief Judge Lamberth’s decision in Valore
v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 700 F. Supp. 2d 52 (D.D.C. 2010). Regrettably, that was not the
case.
In Gates I, the court awarded each of the deceased victims’ families (consisting of two
family members) $150 million in punitive damages, for a total punitive damage award of $300
1 See Buonocore v. Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, No. 06-CIV-727, 2013 WL 35154 (D.D.C. Jan. 29, 2013). million. Gates I, 580 F. Supp. 2d at 75. That case involved the taped beheading of two American
civilian contractors by “al-Qaeda in Iraq.” Id. at 56.
In Valore, the court applied a mean-terrorism-expenditures-times-five formula, and
awarded $1 billion in punitive damages, to be “apportioned among the plaintiffs in proportion to
their relative compensatory-damages awards.” Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 90. That case involved
the murder of 241 American military servicemen in a bombing of the U.S. Marine barracks in
Beirut, Lebanon by Hezbollah, with the support of the Iranian government. Id. at 57, 75.
In Buonocore and Simpson, I awarded each of the 26 plaintiffs, who successfully brought
a private federal cause of action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c), $150 million in punitive
damages, for a total punitive damages award of $3,900,000,000 or $3.9 billion, an amount which
far exceeds the punitive damages awards in Gates I or Valore. I have now concluded that my
opinion was incorrect insofar as it did that.
In awarding each plaintiff punitive damages, I ignored the fundamental difference
between an award of punitive damages and an award of compensatory damages. As I noted in
my earlier opinion, although the purpose of punitive damages is to punish outrageous conduct
and deter its future occurrence, it must be predicated on the individualized and particular harm
suffered by the person who was injured or killed. Buonocore, 2013 WL 35154, at *30. That is
not to say, however, that an award of punitive damages is designed to be particularized per
victim. Rather, the court must arrive at a number that will serve the interest of deterrence. In
other words, the court must find that the amount of punitive damages awarded is at least great
enough to grab the tortfeasor’s attention in order to convince him that the expense associated
with the continuation of his behavior will outweigh any perceived benefit. In cases involving
terrorism, one way of calculating that amount has been to ascertain the amount of money that the
2 defendant spends aiding and abetting terrorist groups to perpetrate their outrageous conduct. The
court then takes that figure and applies a multiplier, depending upon the egregiousness of the
incident or, as in Valore, an increase in the funding of terrorism. See Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at
89-90) (“Although this level of punitive damages is significantly higher than any previously
rendered against Iran, the award is justified by the continuing need to punish and deter Iran from
its increasing support of terrorism . . .”).
My error was to mistakenly combine, in one punitive damage award, the goals of
deterrence and compensation. They must be kept separate, lest obvious inequities arise. As I
noted above, as my opinion currently stands, the 26 plaintiffs would receive $3.9 billion in
punitive damages when the 241 plaintiffs in Valore only received $1 billion. That result cannot
be justified by any reason that I can see. Accordingly, I will vacate my previous individualized
award of punitive damages in favor of a comprehensive award to all plaintiffs of an amount that I
hope will deter Syria from continuing to sponsor terrorist activities. Following Valore, I shall
take the figure of $600 million, the average amount of Syria’s annual expenditures on terrorism, 2
and apply a multiplier of five, to arrive at a total punitive damage award of $3 billion. While that
is greater than the $1 billion awarded in Valore, the amount spent by Syria to support terrorist
activities in this case is greater than the amount spent by Iran in Valore.
Finally, I note that my earlier damages calculation erroneously awarded prejudgment
interest on a subtotal that included the punitive damage award. An amended chart is attached Digitally signed by John M. Facciola and an amended judgment will also be separately issued. DN: c=US, st=DC, l=Washington, email=john_m._facciola@dcd.usco urts.gov, o=United States District Court for the District of Columbia, cn=John M. Facciola Date: 2013.02.12 11:24:08 -05'00' JOHN M FACCIOLA HN M. FACCI U.S. MAGISTRATE JUDGE
2 According to the testimony of Dr. Marius Deeb, Syria spends between $500 and $700 billion annually on terrorism-related expenditures. Buonocore, 2013 WL 35154, at *30.
3 Subtotal A Total Award Compensatory Damages Total Comp. Prejudgment (Comp. Punitive Damages (Subtotal A + Plaintiff Damages Interest Damages + Award Punitive Damages Interest Award Pain & Economic Solatium Suffering Don Maland $2,344,959.00 $1,000,000.00 $3,344,959.00 $19,070,390.30 $22,415,349.30 $115,384,615.38 $137,799,964.68 (estate of) Einar Maland $5,000,000.00 $5,000,000.00 $28,506,164.49 $33,506,164.49 $115,384,615.38 $148,890,779.88 (estate of) Jane Maland $2,500,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $14,253,082.25 $16,753,082.25 $115,384,615.38 $132,137,697.63 Mark $2,500,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $14,253,082.25 $16,753,082.25 $115,384,615.38 $132,137,697.63 Maland Ellen $2,500,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $14,253,082.25 $16,753,082.25 $115,384,615.38 $132,137,697.63 Maland Tim Maland $2,500,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $14,253,082.25 $16,753,082.25 $115,384,615.38 $132,137,697.63 Grace Maland $5,000,000.00 $5,000,000.00 $28,506,164.49 $33,506,164.49 $115,384,615.38 $148,890,779.88 (estate of) John Buonocore, $2,388,125.00 $2,388,125.00 $13,615,256.82 $16,003,381.82 $115,384,615.38 $131,387,997.20 III (estate of) John Buonocore, $5,000,000.00 $5,000,000.00 $28,506,164.49 $33,506,164.49 $115,384,615.38 $148,890,779.88 Jr.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ESTATE OF JOHN BUONOCORE III, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v. Civil Action No. 06-727 (JMF)
GREAT SOCIALIST PEOPLE’S LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA, et al.,
Defendants.
VICTOR SIMPSON, et al.,
v. Civil Action No. 08-529 (JMF)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In my earlier opinion, issued on January 29, 2013, 1 I indicated that my calculation of
punitive damages was guided both by Judge Collyer’s decision in Gates v. Syrian Arab Republic,
580 F. Supp. 2d 53 (D.D.C. 2008) (“Gates I”) and by Chief Judge Lamberth’s decision in Valore
v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 700 F. Supp. 2d 52 (D.D.C. 2010). Regrettably, that was not the
case.
In Gates I, the court awarded each of the deceased victims’ families (consisting of two
family members) $150 million in punitive damages, for a total punitive damage award of $300
1 See Buonocore v. Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, No. 06-CIV-727, 2013 WL 35154 (D.D.C. Jan. 29, 2013). million. Gates I, 580 F. Supp. 2d at 75. That case involved the taped beheading of two American
civilian contractors by “al-Qaeda in Iraq.” Id. at 56.
In Valore, the court applied a mean-terrorism-expenditures-times-five formula, and
awarded $1 billion in punitive damages, to be “apportioned among the plaintiffs in proportion to
their relative compensatory-damages awards.” Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 90. That case involved
the murder of 241 American military servicemen in a bombing of the U.S. Marine barracks in
Beirut, Lebanon by Hezbollah, with the support of the Iranian government. Id. at 57, 75.
In Buonocore and Simpson, I awarded each of the 26 plaintiffs, who successfully brought
a private federal cause of action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(c), $150 million in punitive
damages, for a total punitive damages award of $3,900,000,000 or $3.9 billion, an amount which
far exceeds the punitive damages awards in Gates I or Valore. I have now concluded that my
opinion was incorrect insofar as it did that.
In awarding each plaintiff punitive damages, I ignored the fundamental difference
between an award of punitive damages and an award of compensatory damages. As I noted in
my earlier opinion, although the purpose of punitive damages is to punish outrageous conduct
and deter its future occurrence, it must be predicated on the individualized and particular harm
suffered by the person who was injured or killed. Buonocore, 2013 WL 35154, at *30. That is
not to say, however, that an award of punitive damages is designed to be particularized per
victim. Rather, the court must arrive at a number that will serve the interest of deterrence. In
other words, the court must find that the amount of punitive damages awarded is at least great
enough to grab the tortfeasor’s attention in order to convince him that the expense associated
with the continuation of his behavior will outweigh any perceived benefit. In cases involving
terrorism, one way of calculating that amount has been to ascertain the amount of money that the
2 defendant spends aiding and abetting terrorist groups to perpetrate their outrageous conduct. The
court then takes that figure and applies a multiplier, depending upon the egregiousness of the
incident or, as in Valore, an increase in the funding of terrorism. See Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at
89-90) (“Although this level of punitive damages is significantly higher than any previously
rendered against Iran, the award is justified by the continuing need to punish and deter Iran from
its increasing support of terrorism . . .”).
My error was to mistakenly combine, in one punitive damage award, the goals of
deterrence and compensation. They must be kept separate, lest obvious inequities arise. As I
noted above, as my opinion currently stands, the 26 plaintiffs would receive $3.9 billion in
punitive damages when the 241 plaintiffs in Valore only received $1 billion. That result cannot
be justified by any reason that I can see. Accordingly, I will vacate my previous individualized
award of punitive damages in favor of a comprehensive award to all plaintiffs of an amount that I
hope will deter Syria from continuing to sponsor terrorist activities. Following Valore, I shall
take the figure of $600 million, the average amount of Syria’s annual expenditures on terrorism, 2
and apply a multiplier of five, to arrive at a total punitive damage award of $3 billion. While that
is greater than the $1 billion awarded in Valore, the amount spent by Syria to support terrorist
activities in this case is greater than the amount spent by Iran in Valore.
Finally, I note that my earlier damages calculation erroneously awarded prejudgment
interest on a subtotal that included the punitive damage award. An amended chart is attached Digitally signed by John M. Facciola and an amended judgment will also be separately issued. DN: c=US, st=DC, l=Washington, email=john_m._facciola@dcd.usco urts.gov, o=United States District Court for the District of Columbia, cn=John M. Facciola Date: 2013.02.12 11:24:08 -05'00' JOHN M FACCIOLA HN M. FACCI U.S. MAGISTRATE JUDGE
2 According to the testimony of Dr. Marius Deeb, Syria spends between $500 and $700 billion annually on terrorism-related expenditures. Buonocore, 2013 WL 35154, at *30.
3 Subtotal A Total Award Compensatory Damages Total Comp. Prejudgment (Comp. Punitive Damages (Subtotal A + Plaintiff Damages Interest Damages + Award Punitive Damages Interest Award Pain & Economic Solatium Suffering Don Maland $2,344,959.00 $1,000,000.00 $3,344,959.00 $19,070,390.30 $22,415,349.30 $115,384,615.38 $137,799,964.68 (estate of) Einar Maland $5,000,000.00 $5,000,000.00 $28,506,164.49 $33,506,164.49 $115,384,615.38 $148,890,779.88 (estate of) Jane Maland $2,500,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $14,253,082.25 $16,753,082.25 $115,384,615.38 $132,137,697.63 Mark $2,500,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $14,253,082.25 $16,753,082.25 $115,384,615.38 $132,137,697.63 Maland Ellen $2,500,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $14,253,082.25 $16,753,082.25 $115,384,615.38 $132,137,697.63 Maland Tim Maland $2,500,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $14,253,082.25 $16,753,082.25 $115,384,615.38 $132,137,697.63 Grace Maland $5,000,000.00 $5,000,000.00 $28,506,164.49 $33,506,164.49 $115,384,615.38 $148,890,779.88 (estate of) John Buonocore, $2,388,125.00 $2,388,125.00 $13,615,256.82 $16,003,381.82 $115,384,615.38 $131,387,997.20 III (estate of) John Buonocore, $5,000,000.00 $5,000,000.00 $28,506,164.49 $33,506,164.49 $115,384,615.38 $148,890,779.88 Jr. Cecile $5,000,000.00 $5,000,000.00 $28,506,164.49 $33,506,164.49 $115,384,615.38 $148,890,779.88 Buonocore Todd $2,500,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $14,253,082.25 $16,753,082.25 $115,384,615.38 $132,137,697.63 Buonocore Frederick Gage (estate $3,420,069.00 $3,420,069.00 $19,498,609.90 $22,918,678.90 $115,384,615.38 $138,303,294.28 of) Nancy Gage $2,500,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $14,253,082.25 $16,753,082.25 $115,384,615.38 $132,137,697.63 Charles Shinn (estate $1,000,000.00 $4,000,000.00 $5,000,000.00 $28,506,164.49 $33,506,164.49 $115,384,615.38 $148,890,779.88 of) Jeanne Shinn (estate $1,000,000.00 $4,000,000.00 $5,000,000.00 $28,506,164.49 $33,506,164.49 $115,384,615.38 $148,890,779.88 of) Michael Sweis (estate $1,000,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $3,500,000.00 $19,954,315.15 $23,454,315.15 $115,384,615.38 $138,838,930.53 of) Aida Sweis $4,000,000.00 $4,000,000.00 $22,804,931.60 $26,804,931.60 $115,384,615.38 $142,189,546.98 (estate of) Jeanette $1,000,000.00 $1,250,000.00 $2,250,000.00 $12,827,774.02 $15,077,774.02 $115,384,615.38 $130,462,389.41 Sweis Juliet Sweis $1,000,000.00 $1,250,000.00 $2,250,000.00 $12,827,774.02 $15,077,774.02 $115,384,615.38 $130,462,389.41
Sayel Sweis $1,250,000.00 $1,250,000.00 $7,126,541.12 $8,376,541.12 $115,384,615.38 $123,761,156.51
Saied Sweis $250,000.00 $1,250,000.00 $1,500,000.00 $8,551,849.35 $10,051,849.35 $115,384,615.38 $125,436,464.73 Natasha Simpson $1,291,125.00 $1,291,125.00 $8,652,129.33 $12,911,256.70 $115,384,615.38 $128,295,872.09 (estate of) Antonia Daniela $5,000,000.00 $5,000,000.00 $28,506,164.49 $33,506,164.49 $115,384,615.38 $148,890,779.88 Simpson Victor $1,000,000.00 $5,000,000.00 $6,000,000.00 $34,207,397.39 $40,207,397.39 $115,384,615.38 $155,592,012.78 Simpson Michael $1,000,000.00 $2,500,000.00 $3,500,000.00 $19,954,315.15 $23,454,315.15 $115,384,615.38 $138,838,930.53 Simpson Elena Tommarello $1,000,000.00 $1,000,000.00 $5,701,232.90 $6,701,232.90 $115,384,615.38 $122,085,848.28 (estate of)