Estate of Greve v. Comm'r

2004 T.C. Memo. 91, 87 T.C.M. 1201, 2004 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 92

• Court: United States Tax Court
• Decided: April 5, 2004
• Docket: No. 16020-02
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

ESTATE OF SARAH W. GREVE, DECEASED, CHARLES E. GREVE & DAVID R. GREVE, CO-EXECUTORS, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Estate of Greve v. Comm'r

No. 16020-02

United States Tax Court

T.C. Memo 2004-91; 2004 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 92; 87 T.C.M. (CCH) 1201;

April 5, 2004, Filed

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Commissioner's deficiency determination sustained.

Louis R. Salamon, for petitioner.

Julia L. Wahl, for respondent.

Chiechi, Carolyn P.

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CHIECHI

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

CHIECHI, Judge: Respondent determined a deficiency of $ 163,677.55 in Federal estate tax (estate tax) with respect to the estate (estate) of Sarah W. Greve (decedent). The issues for decision are:

(1) Is certain property with respect to which decedent had a power of appointment at the time of her death includible in decedent's gross estate under section 2041(a)(1)? ¹ We hold that it is.

(2) Is certain property with respect to which decedent had a power of appointment at the time of her death includible in decedent's gross estate under section 2041(a)(2)? We hold that it is.

             FINDINGS OF FACT

Most of the facts have been stipulated and are so found.

Decedent was a resident of Pennsylvania at the time of her death on December 27, 1998.

At the time the petition was filed, Charles E. Greve and David R. Greve, decedent's sons and the co-executors (executors) of the estate, had a mailing address in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

On July 29, 1933, Sarah S. Wright (Ms. Wright), decedent's grandmother, executed her last will and testament (Ms. Wright's will) under which Ms. Wright, inter alia, created a testamentary trust (testamentary trust). Ms. Wright's will provided in pertinent part as follows:

     SECOND: I give and bequeath all of the bonds and all of the

   corporate stocks which I may own at the time of my death to THE

   UNION TRUST COMPANY OF PITTSBURGH, ² IN TRUST,

   NEVERTHELESS, for the following uses and purposes to-wit:

     To hold, manage, invest, re-invest, and keep invested the

   same in such securities as the Trustee in its sole discretion

   may deem fit without being limited to those investments known as

   Trust Investments under the Laws of the Commonwealth of

   Pennsylvania, and less the expenses incident to the management

   of the trust and a reasonable compensation to the Trustee, to

   pay over the net income in equal shares to my children, JOHN,

   HESTER, CLARA and ROBERT for and during the full term of their

   natural lives. Upon the death of any of my said children leaving

   issue, him or her surviving, the income arising from that

   portion of th[e][p]rincipal to which said child [was]

   entitled to receive the income at the time of his or her death

   shall be paid over equally among such surviving issue for and

   during the full term of their natural lives * * * [.] Upon the

   death of any issue of a deceased child of mine while such issue

   may be entitled to receive a portion of income herefrom, the

   principal of the fund represented by that portion of the income

   which such issue was receiving at the time of his or her death

   shall be paid over free and discharged of any trust to such

   persons and in such manner as he or she shall by his or her Last

   Will and Testament designate and appoint, and in the absence of

   such testamentary disposition it shall be paid over to those

   persons who are then his or her heirs under the then existing

   Intestate Laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

On November 20, 1933, Ms. Wright died survived by four children, one of whom was Robert Wright (Mr. Wright), decedent's father. On November 6, 1974, Mr. Wright died survived by six children (collectively, Mr. Wright's children). ³ Between the date of Ms. Wright's death and the date of Mr. Wright's death, Mr. Wright received a one-fourth share of the income from the testamentary trust. Between the date of Mr. Wright's death and the date of decedent's death on December 27, 1998, decedent received a one-sixth share of the income from that trust.

On May 11, 1976, Hester M. Wright (Hester Wright), one of decedent's aunts, executed a deed of trust (deed of trust) under which she created an inter vivos trust (inter vivos trust). The deed of trust provided in pertinent part as follows:

     HESTER M. WRIGHT, of the City of Pittsburgh, Allegheny

   County, Pennsylvania, as the Settlor, and MELLON BANK, N. A., a

   national banking association authorized to engage in trust

   business in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, as the Trustee,

   hereby agree as follows:

     ONE: The Settlor hereby transfers and delivers to

   the Trustee * * * [certain property] together with all her

   interest therein. The Trustee shall hold said property, together

   with any additions thereto as hereinafter provided, as a Trust

   Estate, shall invest and reinvest the same and shall distribute

   the net income (hereinafter called "Income") and

   principal as set forth in the following provisions.

     (A) During the Settlor's lifetime, the Trustee shall pay

   the Income quarter-annually to her or for her benefit and shall

   also pay to her such sums from principal as she may direct in

   writing * * *

     (B) Upon the Settlor's death, the Trustee shall pay

   directly to the taxing authorities or through the personal

   representative of her estate all estate, inheritance and other

   taxes in the nature thereof * * *. The Trustee shall also pay to

   the Settlor's personal representative or shall expend directly,

   from assets other than the proceeds of insurance, such sums as

   said personal representative shall certify as necessary to

   supplement the Settlor's probate estate in order to pay debts,

   funeral expenses, legacies and administration expenses. Subject

   to such payment, the trust shall continue as follows:

     (1) During the lifetime of the Settlor's sister, CLARA E.

   WRIGHT, if she survives [t] he Settlor, the Trustee shall pay

   the Income quarter-annually to her or for her benefit * * *

     (2) Upon the death of the survivor of the Settlor and her

   said sister, the principal shall be divided into six equal

   shares for the Settlor's nieces and nephew, ELIZABETH WRIGHT

   ANDERSON, SARAH WRIGHT GREVE, ANN WRIGHT CURRAN, PATRICIA WRIGHT

   CALDWELL, ROBERT McELDOWNEY WRIGHT, JR., and NANCY ROBERTS

   WRIGHT, and each share shall be held as a separate trust. If any

   of them is not then living, his or her share shall be

   distributed as is hereinbelow provided.

     (a) During the lifetime of each of them, the Trustee shall

   pay the Income from his or her trust quarter-annually to or for

   the benefit of said niece or nephew, and if the Trustee

   considers the Income to be insufficient, in view of other funds

   readily available for such purpose of which it has knowledg[e]

   to provide for the welfare and comfortable support of said niece

   or nephew and his or her family, including educational and

  funera[l] expenses, the Trustee is authorized in its discretion

   to use such sums from principal as it deems advisable therefor.

   In addition, the Trustee shall pay to said niece or nephew such

   sums from prin[cipal] as he or she may request in writing, not

   to exceed FIVE THOUSAND ($ 5,000) DOLLARS in any one calendar

   year ⁴ on a noncumulative basi[s.]

On July 21, 1980, Hester Wright died. On a date not disclosed by the record on or after July 21, 1980, Clara E. Wright (Clara Wright), one of decedent's aunts, disclaimed her interest in the inter vivos trust.

On December 31, 1981, Mellon Bank, N. A., the trustee under the deed of trust, and Mr. Wright's children, who were Hester Wright's nieces and nephew, entered into an agreement to amend the inter vivos trust (agreement to amend the inter vivos trust). That agreement provided in pertinent part as follows:

     WHEREAS, Hester M. Wright, settlor under the Deed of Trust

   died July 21, 1980; and

     WHEREAS, Clara E. Wright, first life tenant under the Deed

   of Trust, disclaimed all of her interest as such life tenant,

   thereby accelerating the interests of the Beneficiaries hereto

   as successor life tenants; and

     WHEREAS, the Beneficiaries desire that during the term of

   this Agreement the Trustee hold and administer the entire trust

   estate as one fund, rather than dividing the same into six

   separately held and administered trust funds, one for each

   Beneficiary.

     NOW, THEREFORE, the parties, intending to be legally bound

   hereby, agree as follows:

     1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article ONE (B)(2)

   that, on the death of the Settlor and her sister, the principal

   of the trust estate shall be divided into six equal separate

   trusts, the Trustee shall during the continuance of this

   Agreement hold, invest and reinvest and otherwise administer the

   trust estate as one fund, distributing the net income in equal

   shares directly to the six Beneficiaries and not through the

   separate trusts.

     2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Article ONE (B)(2)(a),

   the Trustee shall not, during the continuance of this Agreement,

   (i) make any distribution of principal to any Beneficiary

   pursuant to its discretionary powers in this subparagraph or

   (ii) make any distribution of principal to any Beneficiary

   pursuant to such Beneficiary's power to request sums from

   principal not to exceed $ 5,000 in any one calendar year, except

   that at the request of the Attorney-in-Fact (hereinafter

   appointed), the Trustee shall make equal distributions to each

   Beneficiary of such sums from principal as shall not exceed

   $ 5,000 to each Beneficiary in any one calendar year.

     3. By the execution of this Agreement, each Beneficiary

   hereby appoints ROBERT McE. WRIGHT, JR. ⁵ (the

   Attorney-in-Fact) as her [sic] attorney-in-fact under the Deed

   of Trust and hereunder:

        (a) to take any actions and make any decisions

     contemplated to be taken or made by the Beneficiaries and

     to communicate the same to the Trustee;

        (b) to communicate to the Trustee the investment

     objectives of the Beneficiaries with respect to the

     investment of the principal of the trust fund;

        (c) to request on behalf of the Beneficiaries equal

     distributions from principal not to exceed $ 5,000 per

     Beneficiary in any one calendar year, as contemplated in

     paragraph 2 hereof; and

        (d) generally to make representations, give consents

     and act on her [sic] behalf in all dealings with the

     Trustee under the Deed of Trust and hereunder.

      Each Beneficiary further agrees that this appointment of

   the Attorney-in-Fact shall remain in full force and effect until

   written notice of revocation is given to the Trustee or until

   this Agreement is terminated as hereinafter provided.

     4. This Agreement shall terminate upon the happening of any

   of the following events:

        (a) the death of any Beneficiary;

        (b) written notice to the Trustee that any Beneficiary

     desires to terminate the Agreement;

        (c) written notice by the Trustee to the Attorney-in-

     Fact that it desires to terminate the Agreement;

        (d) revocation by any Beneficiary of the appointment

     of the Attorney-in-Fact.

     If the Agreement shall be terminated by the death of,

   notice of termination by, or revocation of appointment of

   Attorney-in-Fact by any Beneficiary, the remaining Beneficiaries

   may enter into a new agreement with the Trustee upon the terms

   herein set forth for the investment, reinvestment and

   administration of their trusts as one fund as herein provided.

   The share of the Beneficiary dying, giving notice of termination

   or revoking the appointment of Attorney-in-Fact, shall be

   withdrawn from this Agreement and shall be administered,

   distributed or otherwise disposed of according to the terms of

   the Deed of Trust. Also upon final termination of the Agreement

   (or any new agreement referred to above), the trust fund

   administered under this Agreement (or any new agreement) shall

   be divided according to the terms of the Deed of Trust as if

   this Agreement had not been entered into, it being understood

   that this Agreement is intended only to relate [to] the

   administration and management of the trust estate and not to

   affect the substantive rights of any distributees under the Deed

   of Trust. The termination of the Agreement shall not be an

   occasion requiring the Trustee to file an account covering its

   administration of the trust estate pursuant to this Agreement.

     5. This Agreement shall not affect the Deed of Trust in any

   other respect or the Trustee's ultimate duty to account. During

   the time this Agreement is in effect, the Trustee's compensation

   shall reflect the fact that the trust estate is being

   administered as a single account.

Between the date on which Clara Wright disclaimed her interest in the inter vivos trust and the date of decedent's death on December 27, 1998, decedent received a one-sixth share of the income from the inter vivos trust.

On August 16, 1993, decedent executed her will (decedent's will). Decedent's will provided in pertinent part as follows:

     I, SARAH W. GREVE, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, make,

   publish and declare this to be my last Will, hereby revoking all

   prior wills.

     FIRST: I give to my children living at my death, so much of

   my tangible personal property (together with any insurance

   thereon) as they may select in approximately equal shares. If

   any dispute should arise among them about such selection, my

   Executors shall have final authority to decide the same. Any

   such property not so selected, shall be sold and the proceeds

   added to my estate hereinafter disposed of.

     SECOND: I give my remaining entire estate in equal shares

   to my children, per stirpes, subject to the minority [relating

   to beneficiaries under the age of 18] provisions hereinafter

   provided.

When decedent died on December 27, 1998, she was survived by six children.

At a time not disclosed by the record after decedent's death and before September 24, 1999, Mellon Bank, N. A., distributed decedent's one-sixth share of the principal of the testamentary trust to decedent's children. At a time not disclosed by the record after decedent's death and before September 24, 1999, Mellon Bank, N. A., distributed decedent's one-sixth share of the principal of the inter vivos trust to decedent's children.

On January 4, 1999, the Register of Wills of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, admitted decedent's will to probate. On that date, the executors received letters testamentary with respect to decedent's estate.

On September 24, 1999, the executors of decedent's will filed in the Orphans' Court of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, what is identified as a disclaimer (purported disclaimer). The purported disclaimer provided in pertinent part as follows:

     We are Charles E. Greve and David R. Greve. On January 4,

   1999, your Honorable Register granted Letters Testamentary to us

   as Co-Executors under the Last Will and Testament of our late

   mother, Sarah W. Greve, she having died on December 27, 1998.

     In our capacities as Executors under the Last Will and

   Testament of Sarah W. Greve, we hereby disclaim the following:

        1. The Power of Appointment and the right to exercise

     same which was granted to Sarah W. Greve under the Last

     Will and Testament of Sarah S. Wright, Deceased, said Last

     Will and Testament having been executed on July 29, 1933.

          (a) The asset which would have been the subject

        of said Power of Appointment which we disclaim herein

        is a one sixth (1/6) share of the corpus of a

       Testamentary Trust created under said Last Will and

      Testament of Sarah S. Wright, such share of the corpus

      previously being held, in trust, by Mellon Bank, N.A.,

      Successor to the Union Trust Company of Pittsburgh.

        2. Any Power of Appointment and any right to exercise

     same which was granted to Sarah W. Greve under a Deed of

     Trust of Hester M. Wright dated May 11, 1976, [and amended

     by the agreement dated December 31, 1981] [the agreement to

     amend the inter vivos trust].

        is a one sixth (1/6) share of the corpus of a Deed of

      Trust created by Hester M. Wright, such share of the

      corpus previously being held, in trust, by Mellon Bank, N.A.

On September 27, 1999, the estate filed Form 706, United States Estate (and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return (decedent's estate tax return). Decedent's estate tax return did not include as part of decedent's total gross estate any amount with respect to the testamentary trust. Nor did that return include as part of decedent's total gross estate any amount with respect to the inter vivos trust. In Schedule H, Powers of Appointment (Schedule H), included as part of decedent's estate tax return, a notation stated "See attached explanation". The estate attached to decedent's estate tax return a document identified as an Explanation as to Schedule H-Powers of Appointment (explanation as to Schedule H). The explanation as to Schedule H provided in pertinent part as follows:

     At no time between July 29, 1933, and the date of her death

   did Sarah W. Greve, the Decedent herein, have any knowledge or

   understanding whatsoever that she possessed a power of

   appointment under the Testamentary Trust established under the

   Last Will and Testament of her grandmother, Mrs. Wright. For

   that reason, there was absolutely no mention of such Power of

   Appointment in the Last Will and Testament of Sarah W. Greve and

   there was no specific testamentary disposition of the assets as

   to which she had such Power of Appointment. Rather, Sarah W.

   Greve made, in her Last Will and Testament, * * * a general

   residuary bequest and devise to her children, per stirpes.

           *   *   *   *   *   *   *

     In mid September 1999, when counsel for the Estate of Sarah

   W. Greve began to prepare this Return, he discovered that it

   might be concluded by the Internal Revenue Service that the

   assets which were the subject of said Power of Appointment are

   includable in the gross Estate of Sarah W. Greve. For this

   reason, on September 24, 1999, Charles E. Greve and David R.

   Greve, the Executors of the Estate of Sarah W. Greve filed a

   Disclaimer, as to the Estate of Sarah W. Greve, as to said Power

   of Appointment with the Register of Wills of Allegheny County,

   Pennsylvania; and, on that same date, such Disclaimer was

   delivered to Mellon Bank, N. A., per Attorney Collins. * * *

     The assets in said Trust and the fair market value of those

   assets on the date when Sarah W. Greve died are shown on a

   document, issued by Mellon Bank, N.A., entitled "Account

   Assets". * * * The fair market value of a one sixth (1/6)

  share of said assets is $ 314,612.42.

     It is the position of the Estate of Sarah W. Greve that

   said $ 314,612.42 should not be included in the taxable Estate of

   Sarah W. Greve because Sarah W. Greve did not specifically

   exercise her Power of Appointment in the manner as directed in

   the Will of Mrs. Wright.

     It is the position of the six (6) children of Sarah W.

   Greve that said $ 314,612.42 passed to them, in equal shares,

   pursuant to the Will of Mrs. Wright because they are the only

   heirs of Sarah W. Greve under the Intestate Laws of the

   Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

      Alternatively, if it is determined that the general

   residuary bequest in the Last Will and Testament of Sarah W.

   Greve constituted such an exercise, it is the position of the

   Estate of Sarah W. Greve that a proper and appropriate

   Disclaimer as to said Power of Appointment was timely filed.

The explanation as to Schedule H did not discuss any potential issue with respect to the power of appointment that decedent had with respect to $ 5,000 of the principal of the inter vivos trust.

Respondent issued a notice of deficiency (notice) to decedent's estate. ⁶ In that notice, respondent determined that decedent had a general power of appointment with respect to one-sixth of the principal of the testamentary trust and that decedent exercised that power in decedent's will. Consequently, respondent increased decedent's total gross estate by $ 314,612, which was the date-of-death value that the estate attributed to such power in the explanation as to Schedule H and which respondent accepted. ⁷ In the notice, respondent further determined that at the time of her death decedent had the power to withdraw $ 5,000 from the principal of the inter vivos trust and that that power was a general power of appointment. Consequently, respondent increased decedent's total gross estate by $ 5,000.

                OPINION

The parties do not address section 7491(a). The estate filed decedent's estate tax return on September 27, 1999. We presume that respondent's examination of that return commenced after July 22, 1998, and that section 7491(a) is applicable in the instant case. The estate has failed to establish that it satisfies section 7491(a)(2)(A) and (B) with respect to any factual issue relating to respondent's deficiency determinations that remains in this case. On the record before us, we conclude that the estate's burden of proof on any such issue, see Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U. S. 111, 115, 78 L. Ed. 212, 54 S. Ct. 8 (1933), does not shift to respondent under section 7491(a).

We turn first to the power of appointment that decedent had with respect to one-sixth of the principal of the testamentary trust. For the first time on brief, the estate advances the position that, pursuant to the testamentary trust, decedent had a special power of appointment, and not a general power of appointment, with respect to that portion of the principal of that trust. ⁸ The estate does not cite any Code section, Treasury regulation, or caselaw in support of its position.⁹ Instead, the estate argues:

     Pursuant to said Testamentary Trust [the testamentary trust

   created in Ms. Wright's will], the death of any of the six

   children of Robert Wright had the effect of terminating the

   Trust as to the principal comprising said Testamentary Trust

   represented by that portion of the income therefrom which such

   child had been receiving prior to her death.

     Pursuant to said Testamentary Trust, the recipient(s) of

   that principal were, as to such deceased child of Robert Wright,

   here, Mrs. Greve, such persons as Mrs. Greve shall by her Last

   Will and Testament, designate and appoint.

     It is respectfully submitted that the above described Trust

   termination language constituted a special and not a general

   power of appointment in favor of Mrs. Greve.

     Pursuant to the clear language of said Trust termination

   provision, Mrs. Greve was required to designate and appoint

   persons to take that principal. The word "designate" is

   defined, in Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, as to

   distinguish or to indicate and set apart for a specific purpose

   or to denote. The word "appoint" is defined, in

   Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, as to fix or set

   officially or to name officially.

     It is respectfully submitted that nowhere in her Will did

   Mrs. Greve fulfill the express requirement in said Trust

   termination language that she had to "designate and

   appoint" persons to take the specified portion of the

   principal in said Testamentary Trust over which she had control

   by her Will.

     In summary, Mrs. Greve did not receive a general power of

   appointment in the Testamentary Trust created by Mrs. Wright.

   What she received was the right to specifically designate and

   appoint those persons who would take principal. She completely

   failed so to do; as such, pursuant to said Testamentary Trust *

   * * that principal is not an asset of the Estate of Mrs. Greve

   for federal estate tax purposes. [Reproduced literally.]

It is respondent's position that decedent had a general power of appointment with respect to one-sixth of the principal of the testamentary trust; under Pennsylvania law decedent exercised that power through the residuary clause in her will; and consequently that portion of the testamentary trust is includible in decedent's gross estate under section 2041(a)(1).

Section 2041 provides in pertinent part as follows:

  SEC. 2041. POWERS OF APPOINTMENT.       (a) In General. -- The value of the gross estate shall

   include the value of all property --

        (1) Powers of appointment created on or before October

     21, 1942. -- To the extent of any property with respect to

     which a general power of appointment created on or before

     October 21, 1942, is exercised by the decedent --

(A) by will * * *

     (b) Definitions. -- For purposes of subsection (a) --

        (1) General power of appointment. -- The term

     "general power of appointment" means a power which

     is exercisable in favor of the decedent, his estate, his

     creditors, or the creditors of his estate * * *

The regulations under section 2041 provide the following definition of the term "power of appointment":

      (b) Definition of "power of appointment" --

   (1) In general. The term "power of appointment"

   includes all powers which are in substance and effect powers of

   appointment regardless of the nomenclature used in creating the

   power and regardless of local property law connotations. For

   example, if a trust instrument provides that the beneficiary may

   appropriate or consume the principal of the trust, the power to

   consume or appropriate is a power of appointment. * * *

Sec. 20.2041-1(b)(1), Estate Tax Regs.

The regulations under section 2041(b)(1) elaborate as follows on the definition of the term "general power of appointment" set forth in that section:

      (c) Definition of "general power of

   appointment" -- (1) In general. The term

   "general power of appointment" as defined in section

   2041(b)(1) means any power of appointment exercisable in favor

   of the decedent, his estate, his creditors, or the creditors of

   his estate, except (i) joint powers, to the extent provided in

  sections 20.2041-2 and 20.2041-3 * * * A power of appointment

   is not a general power if by its terms it is either --

     (a) Exercisable only in favor of one or more

   designated persons or classes other than the decedent or his

   creditors, or the decedent's estate or the creditors of his

   estate, or

     (b) Expressly not exercisable in favor of the

   decedent or his creditors, or the decedent's estate or the

   creditors of his estate.

Sec. 20.2041-1(c)(1), Estate Tax Regs.

Although the estate's position on brief regarding the power of appointment with respect to one-sixth of the principal of the testamentary trust is difficult to understand, as best we can comprehend it, the estate's position is that, because the testamentary trust gave to decedent the power to "designate and appoint" in her will the persons to take one-sixth of the principal of the testamentary trust, decedent had a special power of appointment. We reject the estate's position.

The testamentary trust created under Ms. Wright's will provided in pertinent part as follows:

   Upon the death of any of my said children leaving issue, him or

   her surviving, the income arising from that portion of th[e]

  [p]rincipal to which said child [was] entitled to receive the

   income at the time of his or her death shall be paid over

   equally among such surviving issue for and during the full term

   of their natural lives * * * [.] Upon the death of any issue

   of a deceased child of mine while such issue may be entitled to

   receive a portion of income herefrom, the principal of the fund

   represented by that portion of the income which such issue was

   receiving at the time of his or her death shall be paid over

   free and discharged of any trust to such persons and in such

   manner as he or she shall by his or her Last Will and Testament

   designate and appoint, and in the absence of such

   testamentary disposition it shall be paid over to those persons

   who are then his or her heirs under the then existing Intestate

   Laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. [Emphasis added.]

The above-quoted underscored language in the testamentary trust gave decedent the unlimited power to appoint through her will one-sixth of the principal of that trust in favor of whomever decedent desired. We conclude that the foregoing power is a general power of appointment (i.e., a power of appointment exercisable in favor of decedent's estate, decedent's creditors, or the creditors of decedent's estate). See sec. 2041(b)(1); Martin v. United States, 780 F.2d 1147, 1148 (4th Cir. 1986); see also sec. 20.2041-1(c)(1)(a) and (b), Estate Tax Regs. As discussed supra note 9, the estate acknowledges that if the Court were to find that decedent had a general power of appointment with respect to one-sixth of the principal of the testamentary trust, under Pennsylvania law decedent exercised that power through the residuary clause in her will, and one-sixth of the principal of that trust (i.e., $ 320,732.11) is includible in decedent's gross estate under section 2041(a)(1).¹⁰

We turn now to the power of appointment that decedent had with respect to $ 5,000 of the principal of the inter vivos trust. For the first time on brief, the estate advances the position that, pursuant to the agreement to amend the inter vivos trust, under section 2041(b)(1)(C)(ii) decedent did not have at the time of her death a general power of appointment with respect to $ 5,000 of the principal of that trust. ¹¹ In support of its position, the estate argues:

     By an Agreement executed on December 31, 1981, between

   Mellon, the Trustee as to the Deed of Trust and the six

   beneficiaries named in the Deed of Trust:

        A. The six separate trusts for each such beneficiary

     were merged into one fund.

        B. No principal whatsoever from such single fund could

     be distributed to any beneficiary except that at the

     request of Robert E. Wright, the attorney in fact for each

     beneficiary, Mellon was required to make equal

     distributions of principal to each beneficiary not to

     exceed $ 5,000.00 to each.

        C. Although all said beneficiaries had the power to

     direct said attorney in fact to request such distribution

     of principal, no one of them had such right.

     The effect of the above provisions is that Mrs. Greve could

   only withdraw $ 5,000.00 per year from the now single trust

   established in the Deed of Trust in conjunction with five

   persons each of whom having a substantial interest in such

   single trust and each of whom, for this purpose, having an

   interest in such single trust which was adverse to exercise of

   the power in favor of Mrs. Greve.

     Clearly, no one beneficiary of such single trust was given

   the right to unilaterally withdraw principal therefrom to the

   exclusion of any other beneficiary because any such unilateral

   withdrawal would adversely affect the other beneficiaries.

     It is respectfully submitted, by reason of * * * [section

   2041(b)(1)(C)(ii)] that Mrs. Greve did not possess a general

   power of appointment as to said $ 5,000.00 and that such sum is

   not an asset of her gross Estate. [Reproduced literally.]

It is respondent's position that decedent had at the time of her death a general power of appointment with respect to $ 5,000 of the principal of the inter vivos trust and that consequently $ 5,000 is includible in decedent's gross estate under section 2041(a)(2). In support of that position, respondent argues:

     Petitioner contends that by virtue of an agreement executed

   by all of the then living beneficiaries of the inter vivos trust

   and the trustee after the death of the settlor, Decedent did not

   have the right to withdraw $ 5,000 of trust principal at her

   death and therefore did not possess a general power of

   appointment over that amount. Respondent disagrees as to the

   effect of the agreement.

     The agreement entered into by the beneficiaries did bar the

   beneficiaries from withdrawing $ 5,000 of trust principal while

   the agreement was in effect. However, the agreement terminated

   by its terms on the happening of any of four events, including

   the death of a beneficiary. Pursuant to the terms of the

   agreement, when a beneficiary died, her share was withdrawn from

   the agreement and disposed of according to the original trust

   document. The agreement terminated when Decedent herein died, if

   not earlier, and Decedent possessed at her death the right to

   withdraw $ 5,000 of trust principal. Accordingly, that amount is

   includible in her estate pursuant to I.R.C. section 2041(a)(2).

   [Fn. ref. omitted.]

SEC. 2041. POWERS OF APPOINTMENT.       (a) In General. -- The value of the gross estate shall

        (2) Powers created after October 21, 1942. -- To the

     extent of any property with respect to which the decedent

     has at the time of his death a general power of appointment

     created after October 21, 1942 * * *

Section 2041(b)(1)(C)(ii) excepts, inter alia, the following power of appointment from the definition of the term "general power of appointment" in section 2041(b)(1):

      (C) In the case of a power of appointment created after

   October 21, 1942, which is exercisable by the decedent only in

   conjunction with another person --

        (ii) If the power is not exercisable by the decedent

     except in conjunction with a person having a substantial

     interest in the property, subject to the power, which is

     adverse to exercise of the power in favor of the decedent

     -- such power shall not be deemed a general power of

     appointment. For the purposes of this clause a person who,

     after the death of the decedent, may be possessed of a

     power of appointment (with respect to the property subject

     to the decedent's power) which he may exercise in his own

     favor shall be deemed as having an interest in the property

     and such interest shall be deemed adverse to such exercise

     of the decedent's power.

The regulations under section 2041(b)(1)(C)(ii) elaborate as follows on the power of appointment described in that section:

      (c) Joint powers created after October 21, 1942. The

   treatment of a power of appointment created after October 21,

   1942, which is exercisable only in conjunction with another

   person is governed by section 2041(b)(1)(C), which provides as

   follows:

        (2) Such power is not considered a general power of

     appointment if it is not exercisable by the decedent except

     with the consent or joinder of a person having a

     substantial interest in the property subject to the power

     which is adverse to the exercise of the power in favor of

     the decedent, his estate, his creditors, or the creditors

     of his estate. An interest adverse to the exercise of a

     power is considered as substantial if its value in relation

     to the total value of the property subject to the power is

     not insignificant. For this purpose, the interest is to be

     valued in accordance with the actuarial principles set

     forth in section 20.2031-7 or, if it is not susceptible to

     valuation under those provisions, in accordance with the

     general principles set forth in section 20.2031-1. A taker in

     default of appointment under a power has an interest which

     is adverse to an exercise of the power. A coholder of the

     power has no adverse interest merely because of his joint

     possession of the power nor merely because he is a

     permissible appointee under a power. However, a coholder of

     a power is considered as having an adverse interest where

     he may possess the power after the decedent's death and may

     exercise it at that time in favor of himself, his estate,

     his creditors, or the creditors of his estate.

Sec. 20.2041-3(c), Estate Tax Regs.

In support of its position that, pursuant to the agreement to amend the inter vivos trust, under section 2041(b)(1)(C)(ii) decedent did not have at the time of her death a general power of appointment with respect to $ 5,000 of the principal of the inter vivos trust, the estate relies on the agreement to amend the inter vivos trust which was entered into by Mellon Bank, N.A., and decedent and Mr. Wright's other children, who were Hester Wright's nieces and nephew. We reject the estate's position.

The deed of trust provided in pertinent part as follows:

     (a) * * * In addition, the Trustee shall pay to said niece

   or nephew such sums from prin[cipal] as he or she may request

   in writing, not to exceed FIVE THOUSAND ($ 5,000) DOLLARS in any

   one calendar year on a noncumulative basi[s.]

The agreement to amend the inter vivos trust provided in pertinent part as follows:

     If the Agreement shall be terminated by the death of * * *

   any Beneficiary * * * The share of the Beneficiary dying * * *

   shall be withdrawn from this Agreement and shall be

   administered, distributed or otherwise disposed of according to

   the terms of the Deed of Trust. * * *

We note initially that the agreement to amend the inter vivos trust provided that it was intended to relate only to the administration and management of the principal of that trust and not to affect the substantive rights of any distributees under the deed of trust. Moreover, assuming arguendo that each of the beneficiaries of the inter vivos trust other than decedent had an interest in $ 5,000 of the principal of that trust that was substantial and that was adverse to decedent's interest and that the agreement to amend the inter vivos trust had not terminated before decedent's death, ¹² pursuant to its terms, that agreement to amend terminated upon decedent's death, and decedent's share (i.e., $ 5,000 of the principal of the inter vivos trust) was withdrawn from that agreement and was disposed of according to the terms of the deed of trust. Thus, even under the foregoing assumptions, we conclude that decedent had a general power of appointment in favor of herself with respect to $ 5,000 of the principal of the inter vivos trust. See sec. 2041(b)(1). On the record before us, we find that decedent had at the time of her death a general power of appointment with respect to $ 5,000 of the principal of the inter vivos trust. We hold that $ 5,000 is includible in decedent's gross estate under section 2041(a)(2).

We have considered all of the contentions and arguments of the parties that are not discussed herein, and we find them to be without merit, irrelevant, and/or moot.

To reflect the foregoing,

Decision will be entered under Rule 155.

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Footnotes

• 1. All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code (Code) in effect on the date of decedent's death. All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.

• 2. At a time not disclosed by the record, Mellon Bank, N. A., became the successor to the Union Trust Company of Pittsburgh.

• 3. Mr. Wright's children are decedent, Elizabeth Wright Anderson, Ann Wright Curran, Patricia Wright Caldwell, Nancy Roberts Wright, and Robert McEldowney Wright, Jr.

• 4. The deed of trust granted to decedent and Mr. Wright's other children the power of appointment with respect to an amount not to exceed $ 5,000 from the principal of the inter vivos trust in any one calender year. For convenience, we shall hereinafter refer to that amount as $ 5,000.

• 5. We presume that Robert McE. Wright, Jr., is Robert McEldowney Wright, Jr., decedent's only brother and one of the beneficiaries under the inter vivos trust.

• 6. In the notice, respondent determined to allow all of the expenses that the estate claimed in Schedule J, Funeral Expenses and Expenses Incurred in Administering Property Subject to Claims, included as part of decedent's estate tax return. The parties stipulated that as a result of the instant case the estate has incurred certain additional expenses that are deductible.

• 7. The parties stipulated that the value of one-sixth of the principal of the testamentary trust on the date of decedent's death was $ 320,732.11, and not $ 314,612.

• 8. We conclude that the estate's position on brief that decedent had a special power of appointment, and not a general power of appointment, with respect to one-sixth of the principal of the testamentary trust raises a new issue. However, respondent does not object to, and we find no prejudice to respondent as a result of, the estate's raising that issue for the first time on brief.

• 9. The estate acknowledges that if the Court were to find that decedent had a general power of appointment with respect to one-sixth of the principal of the testamentary trust, under Pennsylvania law decedent exercised that power through the residuary clause in her will. In that event, the estate would concede that the portion of that principal subject to that power is includible in decedent's gross estate under sec. 2041(a)(1). The estate's position with respect to Pennsylvania law, see sec. 20.2041-1(d), Estate Tax Regs., accurately reflects that under Pennsylvania law an individual who has a general power of appointment may exercise that power through the residuary clause in that individual's will. See 20 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. sec. 2514 (13) (West Supp. 2003); In re Estate of Jaekel, 424 Pa. 433, 438, 227 A.2d 851 (1967).

• 10. The estate may also be arguing on brief that decedent did not exercise the power of appointment that decedent had with respect to one-sixth of the principal of the testamentary trust because she did not specifically name any beneficiaries of that power in her will. We reject any such argument. Decedent's will provided in pertinent part as follows:

       SECOND: I give my remaining entire estate in equal shares

     to my children, per stirpes * * *.

  As discussed supra note 9, the estate has acknowledged, and we have found, that under Pennsylvania law an individual who has a general power of appointment may exercise that power through the residuary clause in that individual's will.

• 11. We conclude that the estate's position on brief that under sec. 2041(b)(1)(C)(ii) decedent did not have at the time of her death a general power of appointment with respect to $ 5,000 of the principal of the inter vivos trust raises a new issue. However, respondent does not object to, and we find no prejudice to respondent as a result of, the estate's raising that issue for the first time on brief.

• 12. The estate has failed to carry its burden of establishing that the agreement to amend the inter vivos trust had not terminated before decedent's death by (1) written notice by any beneficiary to the trustee that that beneficiary desired to terminate that agreement, (2) written notice by the trustee to the attorney-in- fact that the trustee desired to terminate that agreement, and/or (3) revocation by any beneficiary of the appointment of the attorney-in- fact.