1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ESTATE OF FRANK CARSON, et al., No. 1:20-cv-00747-TLN-BAM 12 Plaintiffs, 13 v. ORDER 14 COUNTY OF STANISLAUS, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 This matter is before the Court on two Motions to Dismiss: (1) Defendants County of 18 Stanislaus (“County”), Birgit Fladager, Marlissa Ferreira, David Harris, Kirk Bunch, Steve 19 Jacobson, and Cory Brown’s (collectively, “County Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 20 55); and (2) Defendants City of Modesto (“Modesto”) and Jon Evers’s (collectively, “City 21 Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 56).1 Plaintiffs Estate of Frank Carson and Georgia 22 DeFilippo (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) oppose each motion. (ECF Nos. 61, 62.) Defendants filed 23 replies. (ECF Nos. 65, 66.) For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS City 24 Defendants’ motion with leave to amend and DENIES County Defendants’ motion as moot. 25 /// 26
27 1 When the Court discusses County Defendants and City Defendants together, it will refer to them collectively as “Defendants.” 28 1 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 2 On April 2, 2012, an individual named Korey Kauffman (“Kauffman”) was reported 3 missing. (ECF No. 52 at 2.) In August 2015, officers arrested a prominent criminal defense 4 attorney named Frank Carson (“Carson”) on suspicion that he was involved in a murder to hire 5 scheme that resulted in Kauffman’s murder. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege Defendants wrongfully 6 investigated and prosecuted Carson based on a vendetta against him. (Id.) A jury acquitted 7 Carson of all charges on June 28, 2019. (Id. at 4.) Carson died on August 12, 2020. (Id.) 8 Plaintiffs filed the instant action on May 28, 2020. (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiffs filed the 9 operative Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) on November 18, 2021, alleging various 42 10 U.S.C. § 1983 claims and state law claims. (ECF No. 52 at 45–54.) County Defendants filed a 11 motion to dismiss on January 6, 2022, and City Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on January 12 10, 2022. (ECF Nos. 55, 56.) 13 II. STANDARD OF LAW 14 A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under 15 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. 16 Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). Rule 8(a) requires that a pleading contain 17 “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. 18 Civ. P. 8(a); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677–78 (2009). Under notice pleading in 19 federal court, the complaint must “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the 20 grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal 21 citation and quotations omitted). “This simplified notice pleading standard relies on liberal 22 discovery rules and summary judgment motions to define disputed facts and issues and to dispose 23 of unmeritorious claims.” Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512 (2002). 24 On a motion to dismiss, the factual allegations of the complaint must be accepted as true. 25 Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322 (1972). A court must give the plaintiff the benefit of every 26 reasonable inference to be drawn from the “well-pleaded” allegations of the complaint. Retail 27 Clerks Int’l Ass’n v. Schermerhorn, 373 U.S. 746, 753 n.6 (1963). A plaintiff need not allege 28 “‘specific facts’ beyond those necessary to state his claim and the grounds showing entitlement to 1 relief.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 (internal citation omitted). 2 Nevertheless, a court “need not assume the truth of legal conclusions cast in the form of 3 factual allegations.” U.S. ex rel. Chunie v. Ringrose, 788 F.2d 638, 643 n.2 (9th Cir. 1986). 4 While Rule 8(a) does not require detailed factual allegations, “it demands more than an 5 unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A 6 pleading is insufficient if it offers mere “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the 7 elements of a cause of action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 8 (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 9 statements, do not suffice.”). Thus, ‘[c]onclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences 10 are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.” Adams v. Johnson, 355, 11 F.3d 1179, 1183 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). Moreover, it is inappropriate to assume the 12 plaintiff “can prove facts that it has not alleged or that the defendants have violated the . . . laws 13 in ways that have not been alleged.” Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State 14 Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 (1983). 15 Ultimately, a court may not dismiss a complaint in which the plaintiff has alleged “enough 16 facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim 17 has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 18 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 19 680. While the plausibility requirement is not akin to a probability requirement, it demands more 20 than “a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. at 678. This plausibility 21 inquiry is “a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial 22 experience and common sense.” Id. at 679. Thus, only where a plaintiff fails to “nudge [his or 23 her] claims . . . across the line from conceivable to plausible” is the complaint properly dismissed. 24 Id. at 680 (internal quotations omitted). 25 If a complaint fails to state a plausible claim, “‘[a] district court should grant leave to 26 amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading 27 could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.’” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 28 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995)); 1 see also Gardner v. Martino, 563 F.3d 981, 990 (9th Cir. 2009) (finding no abuse of discretion in 2 denying leave to amend when amendment would be futile). Although a district court should 3 freely give leave to amend when justice so requires under Rule 15(a)(2), “the court’s discretion to 4 deny such leave is ‘particularly broad’ where the plaintiff has previously amended its complaint.” 5 Ecological Rights Found. v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 713 F.3d 502, 520 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting 6 Miller v. Yokohama Tire Corp., 358 F.3d 616, 622 (9th Cir.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ESTATE OF FRANK CARSON, et al., No. 1:20-cv-00747-TLN-BAM 12 Plaintiffs, 13 v. ORDER 14 COUNTY OF STANISLAUS, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 This matter is before the Court on two Motions to Dismiss: (1) Defendants County of 18 Stanislaus (“County”), Birgit Fladager, Marlissa Ferreira, David Harris, Kirk Bunch, Steve 19 Jacobson, and Cory Brown’s (collectively, “County Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 20 55); and (2) Defendants City of Modesto (“Modesto”) and Jon Evers’s (collectively, “City 21 Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 56).1 Plaintiffs Estate of Frank Carson and Georgia 22 DeFilippo (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) oppose each motion. (ECF Nos. 61, 62.) Defendants filed 23 replies. (ECF Nos. 65, 66.) For the reasons set forth below, the Court GRANTS City 24 Defendants’ motion with leave to amend and DENIES County Defendants’ motion as moot. 25 /// 26
27 1 When the Court discusses County Defendants and City Defendants together, it will refer to them collectively as “Defendants.” 28 1 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 2 On April 2, 2012, an individual named Korey Kauffman (“Kauffman”) was reported 3 missing. (ECF No. 52 at 2.) In August 2015, officers arrested a prominent criminal defense 4 attorney named Frank Carson (“Carson”) on suspicion that he was involved in a murder to hire 5 scheme that resulted in Kauffman’s murder. (Id.) Plaintiffs allege Defendants wrongfully 6 investigated and prosecuted Carson based on a vendetta against him. (Id.) A jury acquitted 7 Carson of all charges on June 28, 2019. (Id. at 4.) Carson died on August 12, 2020. (Id.) 8 Plaintiffs filed the instant action on May 28, 2020. (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiffs filed the 9 operative Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) on November 18, 2021, alleging various 42 10 U.S.C. § 1983 claims and state law claims. (ECF No. 52 at 45–54.) County Defendants filed a 11 motion to dismiss on January 6, 2022, and City Defendants filed a motion to dismiss on January 12 10, 2022. (ECF Nos. 55, 56.) 13 II. STANDARD OF LAW 14 A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under 15 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. 16 Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). Rule 8(a) requires that a pleading contain 17 “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. 18 Civ. P. 8(a); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677–78 (2009). Under notice pleading in 19 federal court, the complaint must “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the 20 grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal 21 citation and quotations omitted). “This simplified notice pleading standard relies on liberal 22 discovery rules and summary judgment motions to define disputed facts and issues and to dispose 23 of unmeritorious claims.” Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512 (2002). 24 On a motion to dismiss, the factual allegations of the complaint must be accepted as true. 25 Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322 (1972). A court must give the plaintiff the benefit of every 26 reasonable inference to be drawn from the “well-pleaded” allegations of the complaint. Retail 27 Clerks Int’l Ass’n v. Schermerhorn, 373 U.S. 746, 753 n.6 (1963). A plaintiff need not allege 28 “‘specific facts’ beyond those necessary to state his claim and the grounds showing entitlement to 1 relief.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 (internal citation omitted). 2 Nevertheless, a court “need not assume the truth of legal conclusions cast in the form of 3 factual allegations.” U.S. ex rel. Chunie v. Ringrose, 788 F.2d 638, 643 n.2 (9th Cir. 1986). 4 While Rule 8(a) does not require detailed factual allegations, “it demands more than an 5 unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A 6 pleading is insufficient if it offers mere “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the 7 elements of a cause of action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 8 (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 9 statements, do not suffice.”). Thus, ‘[c]onclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences 10 are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.” Adams v. Johnson, 355, 11 F.3d 1179, 1183 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). Moreover, it is inappropriate to assume the 12 plaintiff “can prove facts that it has not alleged or that the defendants have violated the . . . laws 13 in ways that have not been alleged.” Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State 14 Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 (1983). 15 Ultimately, a court may not dismiss a complaint in which the plaintiff has alleged “enough 16 facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim 17 has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 18 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 19 680. While the plausibility requirement is not akin to a probability requirement, it demands more 20 than “a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. at 678. This plausibility 21 inquiry is “a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial 22 experience and common sense.” Id. at 679. Thus, only where a plaintiff fails to “nudge [his or 23 her] claims . . . across the line from conceivable to plausible” is the complaint properly dismissed. 24 Id. at 680 (internal quotations omitted). 25 If a complaint fails to state a plausible claim, “‘[a] district court should grant leave to 26 amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading 27 could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.’” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 28 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995)); 1 see also Gardner v. Martino, 563 F.3d 981, 990 (9th Cir. 2009) (finding no abuse of discretion in 2 denying leave to amend when amendment would be futile). Although a district court should 3 freely give leave to amend when justice so requires under Rule 15(a)(2), “the court’s discretion to 4 deny such leave is ‘particularly broad’ where the plaintiff has previously amended its complaint.” 5 Ecological Rights Found. v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 713 F.3d 502, 520 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting 6 Miller v. Yokohama Tire Corp., 358 F.3d 616, 622 (9th Cir. 2004)). 7 III. ANALYSIS 8 County Defendants move to dismiss for the following reasons: (1) Plaintiffs’ claims 9 against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira that rely on conduct prior to May 28, 2018, are time-barred; 10 (2) official capacity suits are redundant to the claims against the County; (3) Plaintiffs’ claims 11 against Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira in their roles as prosecutors should be dismissed; (4) 12 Plaintiffs fail to state Fourth Amendment claims for unlawful search and seizure based on judicial 13 deception; (5) Plaintiffs fail to state claims for malicious prosecution against Fladager, Harris, and 14 Ferreira; (6) Plaintiffs fail to state claims for retaliatory prosecution under the First and Fourth 15 Amendments; (7) Plaintiffs fail to state Fourteenth Amendment claims; (8) Plaintiffs fail to 16 adequately plead facts to support Monell claims; (9) Plaintiffs fail to state claims under California 17 Civil Code § 52.1; and (10) Fladager, Harris, and Ferreira are immune from liability for the acts 18 of others pursuant to California Government Code § 820.8. (ECF No. 55-1.) 19 City Defendants move to dismiss for the following reasons: (1) the SAC constitutes a 20 shotgun pleading; (2) the Estate of Carson has not complied with California’s survival statute’s 21 procedural requirements; (3) Plaintiffs fail to state malicious or retaliatory prosecution claims 22 against Evers; (4) Evers is entitled to qualified immunity; (5) Plaintiffs’ state law claims fail as a 23 matter of law; and (6) Evers is entitled to immunity under California Government Code § 821.6. 24 (ECF No. 56.) 25 As will be discussed, the Court agrees with City Defendants that Plaintiffs’ survival 26 claims should be dismissed. Because this is a threshold issue, the Court will only address City 27 Defendants’ arguments as to the survival claims and declines to discuss the parties’ remaining 28 arguments at this time. 1 City Defendants argue Plaintiffs have not complied with the procedural requirements in 2 California’s survival statute, California Civil Procedure Code § 377.32. (ECF No. 56 at 15.) City 3 Defendants therefore argue the Estate’s survival claims — which consists of all claims in the 4 SAC except for DeFilippo’s wrongful death claim — should be dismissed on standing grounds. 5 (Id. at 16.) In opposition, Plaintiffs submit a declaration from Carson’s mother, Vallie Carson. 6 (ECF No. 63.) Ms. Carson states she is the personal representative for Carson’s estate and 7 assigns prosecution of the claims at issue to Carson’s surviving spouse, Georgia DeFilippo. (Id.) 8 Ms. Carson also attaches a copy of Carson’s death certificate. (Id. at 4.) 9 California Civil Procedure Code § 377.30 states, “A cause of action that survives the 10 death of the person entitled to commence an action or proceeding passes to the decedent’s 11 successor in interest . . . and an action may be commenced by the decedent’s personal 12 representative or, if none, by the decedent’s successor in interest.” Hayes v. Cnty. of San Diego, 13 736 F.3d 1223, 1229 (9th Cir. 2013); see also California Civil Procedure Code § 377.31 (“On 14 motion after the death of a person who commenced an action or proceeding, the court shall allow 15 a pending action or proceeding that does not abate to be continued by the decedent’s personal 16 representative or, if none, by the decedent’s successor in interest.”). Section 377.32 sets forth 17 procedural requirements that must be met, including the filing of an affidavit or declaration with 18 specific information and a certified copy of the decedent’s death certificate. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code 19 § 377.32. “The party seeking to bring a survival action bears the burden of demonstrating that a 20 particular state’s law authorizes a survival action and that the plaintiff meets that state’s 21 requirements for bringing a survival action.” Moreland v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t, 159 22 F.3d 365, 369 (9th Cir. 1998). 23 Plaintiffs essentially admit they failed to satisfy § 377.32 and instead seek to correct the 24 omission by submitting documents along with their opposition. (ECF No. 62 at 14.) However, “a 25 party cannot amend its pleadings through briefs, evidence, or exhibits filed in opposition to a 26 motion to dismiss.” Est. of Mejia v. Archambeault, No. 20-CV-2454-MMA (KSC), 2021 WL 27 4428990, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 27, 2021) (citing Schneider v. Cal. Dep’t of Corrs., 151 F.3d 28 1194, 1197 n.1 (9th Cir. 1998)). Accordingly, Plaintiffs must submit the necessary documents as 1 | an attachment to their next amended complaint to establish their entitlement to proceed with the 2 | survival claims. The Court notes that it declines to address in this Order whether Plaintiffs’ 3 | documents satisfy § 377.32 or City Defendants’ other challenges on this issue. (See ECF No. 65 4 | at 3-4.) City Defendants may raise those challenges in a future motion if necessary. 5 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS City Defendants’ motion to dismiss the SAC with leave 6 | to amend. 7 IV. CONCLUSION 8 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS City Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss with 9 | leave to amend (ECF No. 56) and DENIES County Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 10 | 55) as moot. Plaintiffs shall file an amended complaint not later than thirty (30) days from the 11 } electronic filing date of this Order. Defendants shall file responsive pleadings not later than 12 || twenty-one (21) days from the electronic filing date of the amended complaint. 13 IT IS SO ORDERED. 14 DATED: September 13, 2022 's /~ /) ‘6 “ \/ the 17 — □□ Z Troy L. Nunley } 18 United States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28