NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-5092-18
ESTATE OF ANNETTE JACOBS by Executrix TAMARA E. JACOBS and TAMARA E. JACOBS, Individually,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
PRINCETON MEDICAL CENTER,
Defendant-Respondent,
and
LENOX HILL HOSPITAL, THE ELMS OF CRANBURY, THE PAVILIONS AT FORRESTAL, MERWICK CARE & REHABILITATION CENTER and MARY MANNING WALSH HOME,
Defendants. _____________________________
Argued October 7, 2020 – Decided October 18, 2021
Before Judges Ostrer, Accurso and Enright. On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Mercer County, Docket No. L-0914-16.
Sherri L. Warfel argued the cause for appellant (Stark & Stark, PC, attorneys; Sherri L. Warfel, of counsel; Alex J. Fajardo, on the brief).
Beth A. Hardy argued the cause for respondent (Farkas & Donohue, LLC, attorneys; Beth A. Hardy, of counsel and on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
ACCURSO, J.A.D.
Plaintiff Tamara E. Jacobs, executrix of the estate of her mother, Annette
Jacobs, appeals from a summary judgment dismissing her nursing malpractice
action against defendant Princeton Medical Center. We affirm.
Plaintiff filed this action in 2016 against defendants the Medical Center,
Lenox Hill Hospital, The Elms of Cranbury, The Pavilions at Forrestal, Merwick
Care and Rehabilitation Center and the Mary Manning Walsh Nursing Horne,
alleging her mother developed pressure sores on her sacrum and heels at the
Medical Center in 2014 that worsened there and at the other defendant facilities,
causing her pain and suffering over the course of the last year of her life and
contributing to her death in April 2015 at age ninety.
Plaintiff's mother was initially admitted to the Medical Center in May
2014 for unspecified abdominal pain. She was found to be suffering from
A-5092-18 2 diverticulitis, post-herpetic neuralgia following a bout of shingles in 2005,
coronary artery disease following placement of a stent in 2009, hyperlipidemia
and arthritis. She was released to Pavilions at Forrestal ten days later, but was
readmitted to the Medical Center the following day, again suffering from severe
abdominal pain and a fever. She remained at the Medical Center for another ten
days, during which it is undisputed that she developed a sacral ulcer, measured
to be one centimeter by one-half centimeter. Plaintiff's mother was released to
Elms for ten days and then was readmitted to the Medical Center suffering from
shortness of breath and weakness. She was admitted to the ICU and diagnosed
with diverticulitis, failure to thrive and fungemia, a fungal infection of the blood,
and observed to be suffering from anasarca, severe and widespread edema with
weeping. She was also hypotensive and required vasopressor support.
Laboratory studies at that time revealed severe protein malnutrition and anemia.
She remained at the Medical Center for almost three weeks, finally being
released in late June 2014.
Plaintiff's mother would not be readmitted to the Medical Center for
another seven months, but it was not because her condition improved . She was
transported from the Medical Center on June 25, 2014, to Lenox Hill Hospital
in New York where she remained for two-and-a-half months. There she was
A-5092-18 3 definitively diagnosed with Crohn's disease, and surgeons performed a diverting
colostomy. Her condition steadily deteriorated and she became more
debilitated. In September 2014, she was released to Mary Manning Walsh,
where she remained until late October, when she was re-admitted to Lenox Hill
for a ten-day stay. Plaintiff's mother returned home at that point, where she
remained for nearly three months.
In early February 2015, after seven months at three other facilities and her
home, plaintiff's mother returned to the Medical Center for evaluation and
treatment of a pressure sore on her right heel. The pressure sore on her sacrum
acquired at the Medical Center the year before was then measured to be seven
centimeters by four centimeters with undermining of three-and-one-half
centimeters. Plaintiff's mother remained at the Medical Center for ten days,
when she was released to Merwick. She stayed at Merwick only two days before
being re-admitted to the Medical Center due to an acute change in her mental
status.
By late February, plaintiff's mother's mental condition was improved and
she was discharged to her home. She was re-admitted to the Medical Center in
mid-March, however, for hypervolemic shock and diagnosed with renal failure
with lactic acidosis and a small bowel obstruction. She was transferred to Lenox
A-5092-18 4 Hill five days later for treatment of the bowel obstruction and remained there
until her death on April 11, 2015.
Although the case began against six defendants, that number was quickly
whittled down. Pavilions at Forrestal and Merwick were dismissed in January
2017 for plaintiff's failure to file affidavits of merit. Plaintiff voluntarily
dismissed her claims against Lenox Hill and Mary Manning Walsh for lack of
jurisdiction and proceeded against those defendants in New York. Thus, by the
time plaintiff served her expert reports in 2018, the only defendants in the case
were the Medical Center and Elms.
Plaintiff's nursing expert, Barbara Darlington, R.N., opined that nurses at
the Medical Center and at Elms deviated from accepted standards of nursing
care by failing to plan and implement standard interventions for the prevention
and treatment of pressure sores, including failure to plan and implement: routine
turning and positioning of plaintiff's mother every two hours while she was in
bed; strategies for prevention of shear and friction injuries; strategies to monitor
her nutritional intake, such as calorie counts and daily weights; and strategies to
prevent moisture related dermatitis such as checking and changing her every two
hours when she became incontinent. Nurse Darlington's opinion allowed
plaintiff to establish two of the three elements of her prima facie case of
A-5092-18 5 negligence, the applicable standard of care and deviation from that standard.
See Nicholas v. Mynster, 213 N.J. 463, 478 (2013) (instructing that a prima facie
case of medical negligence requires expert testimony establishing the standard
of care, deviation from that standard, and that the deviation proximately caused
the injury).
Because Nurse Darlington is not a doctor, however, she could not offer an
opinion on proximate cause. See State v. One Marlin Rifle, 319 N.J. Super. 359,
369-70 (App. Div. 1999) (finding trial court erred in accepting nurse's opinion
testimony regarding identity and cause of condition, constituting medical
diagnosis prohibited by N.J.S.A. 45:11-23(b), statute regulating practice of
nursing); see also Ryan v. Renny, 203 N.J. 37, 50 (2010) (noting determination
of whether expert is qualified to provide opinion under N.J.R.E. 702 can be
guided by statute). Plaintiff accordingly presented the testimony of Adam H.
Karp, M.D., a board certified internist and geriatrician for that purpose.
Although Dr. Karp reviewed all of plaintiff's mother's medical records over the
last year of her life, he was asked to opine only on the injuries caused or
exacerbated by the Medical Center and Elms, the only defendants remaining in
the case.
A-5092-18 6 In the two reports he offered here, Dr. Karp opined that plaintiff's mother
developed the pressure ulcers on her sacrum and heels at the Medical Center and
that her sacral wound worsened at Elms. He opined the "ulcers were non-healing
and remained with her until her death[,] which was in part caused by the
development and infection of these ulcers." He also opined that at both the
Medical Center and at Elms, plaintiff's mother's "skin breakdown was poorly
monitored, allowed to worsen and progress until causing significant infection
with undermining, and required extensive treatment for a lengthy period of
time," which "caused her pain, suffering and contributed to her death."
At his deposition, however, Dr. Karp testified he was never provided a
copy of Nurse Darlington's reports in this case nor her deposition testimony and
was not aware of what she claimed were the deviations from the standard of
care. He could not, therefore, causally link any specific deviation from the
standard of care to any injury the decedent suffered. He testified that pressure
ulcers always result from poor care, and that the same is true for an ulcer that
worsens, although he admitted that some will fail to heal even with appropriate
nursing care.
Dr. Karp was also forced to admit at deposition that plaintiff's mother
acquired her heel ulcers at Lenox Hill and Mary Manning Walsh and not at the
A-5092-18 7 Medical Center. He also testified that not all pressure ulcers cause pain. And
although Dr. Karp testified at deposition that "turning the patient" and "cleaning
the wound and taking care of it is very uncomfortable for patients ," they "don't
like it," and that he has "seen that in many patients," he found no complaints of
pain relating to the sacral ulcer in the decedent's chart and no indication that
plaintiff's mother ever required medication for pain related to her sacral ulcer.
Asked specifically whether he could cite to anything suggesting plaintiff's
mother "in particular was uncomfortable or didn't like it or felt any pain," Dr.
Karp answered, "No."
Dr. Karp also testified at deposition that when plaintiff's mother was
admitted to the Medical Center in February 2015 for treatment of possible
infection of the ulcer on her right heel, a vascular surgeon debrided the wound,
treated her for a soft tissue infection with IV antibiotics, and that a bone biopsy
was negative for osteomyelitis. He confirmed the Medical Center bore no
responsibility for the development or worsening of the decedent's heel ulcers,
and that her chart noted there was no sign, at that time, that the sacral ulcer was
infected. Dr. Karp also testified there was no sign of infection of the sacral ulcer
during plaintiff's mother's last admission to the Medical Center the following
month when she was in the ICU for renal failure.
A-5092-18 8 Dr. Karp testified that on plaintiff's mother's final admission to Lenox Hill
where she died, a vascular surgery consult revealed that both her heel and sacral
ulcers had "100 percent granulation tissue" and appeared to be healing. He
confirmed there was "no evidence the ulcers were infected," that plaintiff's
mother had multiple abdominal infections, including peritonitis, attributable to
her underlying gastrointestinal condition, and that she died from complications
of her Crohn's disease. Although admitting there was no evidence in the record
that plaintiff's mother's sacral ulcer contributed to her death, Dr. Karp
maintained "she would have been in a better medical state throughout this whole
period had she not had a [pressure] ulcer."
After those depositions, plaintiff settled her case against Elms, and the
Medical Center moved for summary judgment. The Medical Center asserted Dr.
Karp had offered only a net opinion without factual support that nursing care at
the Medical Center caused plaintiff's mother pain and suffering and contributed
to her death, and thus that plaintiff could not establish proximate cause, scuttling
her prima facie case against the Medical Center.
When counsel for the Medical Center pressed those points at argument on
the motion, plaintiff's counsel asked that before granting summary judgment
A-5092-18 9 dismissing the complaint that the court hold a Kemp1 hearing pursuant to
N.J.R.E. 104 to permit Dr. Karp to clarify his opinions. Counsel for the Medical
Center objected, arguing a Kemp hearing was not appropriate as the issue was
not Dr. Karp's qualifications or methodology under N.J.R.E. 702 but the lack of
factual support for his opinion under N.J.R.E. 703. After permitting the parties
to brief the issue, Judge Walcott-Henderson determined "out of an abundance of
caution" to permit plaintiff to present her expert in a Rule 104 hearing.
At that hearing, Dr. Karp reiterated the testimony he gave at his deposition
that in his opinion, all pressure ulcers are due to "poor care." But because he
could not offer an opinion on the standard of nursing care and had not read Nurse
Darlington's reports or her deposition transcript, he could not "causally relate
any specific deviation from the standard of care to any damage in this case."
The doctor testified, however, that there was no evidence in the chart that
plaintiff's mother was turned or changed every two hours, "which would be the
standard of care." Dr. Karp explained that
[a]s to nursing care, I'm not a nurse. I'm not the one who supervises nurses and I've never been to nursing school. I don't know how a nurse is supposed to treat
1 Kemp ex rel. Wright v. State, 174 N.J. 412, 427 (2002) (holding a Rule 104 hearing "allows the court to assess whether the expert's opinion is based on scientifically sound reasoning or unsubstantiated personal beliefs couched in scientific terminology"). A-5092-18 10 this type of patient but I know that the patient developed an ulcer, I see that the patient was not turned every two hours so to me that makes, that's causality.
When plaintiff's counsel referred the doctor to his report noting evidence
that plaintiff's mother was turned and repositioned and changed every two hours,
Dr. Karp testified there were entries in the chart that she was turned every two
hours, "but it didn't say that all the time." The doctor also admitted on cross-
examination that plaintiff's mother was not completely bed-bound during her
first admissions to the Medical Center in May 2014, that she was out of bed with
assistance and receiving physical therapy, and that her chart noted "she could
turn herself with encouragement."
Dr. Karp also admitted he had been mistaken to conclude in his report that
plaintiff's mother developed heel ulcers at the Medical Center, and thus admitted
that any pain attributable to her heel ulcers was not attributable to the Medical
Center. Although Dr. Karp testified at deposition that he saw nothing in the
decedent's chart to indicate she had ever complained about pain in connection
with her sacral ulcer, at the Rule 104 hearing he testified "she definitely had
pain" and noted an entry from her May 2014 chart at the Medical Center that she
complained of buttock pain, notwithstanding she had no skin breakdown at that
time. On cross-examination, however, he was forced to admit that every time
A-5092-18 11 plaintiff's mother complained about pain in her buttocks in the chart, she was
complaining about hemorrhoidal pain and requesting suppositories to relieve
that pain. Dr. Karp admitted he could recall "no documented complaint of any
pain related to a sacral ulcer."
As to any contribution of the sacral ulcer to plaintiff's mother's death in
May 2015, Dr. Karp testified "she basically died of overwhelming sepsis and
the notes say they weren't sure what type of infection it was," whether a
gastrointestinal infection, a stomach infection "or cluster of difficile infection
which is one of the superbug type infections that unfortunately occurs when you
give patients antibiotics for long periods of time," or whether there was "a bone
infection either in the sacral ulcer we're talking about" or a healed ulcer that
doctors tried unsuccessfully to isolate bacteria from, leaving "a possibility of an
osteomyelitis." He testified "[i]f you have an overwhelming infection, that can
cause death and that can certainly come from a [pressure] ulcer."
On cross-examination, however, Dr. Karp acknowledged there was no
sign of any infection in the sacral ulcer in plaintiff's mother's admissions to the
Medical Center in February and March 2015, that the sacral ulcer "had
essentially stayed the same" at that time, and that a vascular surgery consult at
Lenox Hill before her death in mid-April 2015 revealed "100 percent granulation
A-5092-18 12 tissue" in both the heel and sacral ulcers with the surgeon opining that both were
healing. Dr. Karp conceded there was no diagnosis of infection in the sacral or
heel ulcers at Lenox Hill, no evidence any of the ulcers was infected , and that
plaintiff's mother died on April 11, 2015 from complications of her Crohn's
disease, "completely unrelated to the sacral ulcer . . . [a]ccording to the treating
doctors." Dr. Karp testified he could "absolutely" not say "to a reasonable
degree of medical probability that the sacral ulcer caused [plaintiff's mother's]
death."
After hearing that testimony, Judge Walcott-Henderson granted summary
judgment to the Medical Center. The judge began her oral opinion by reviewing
the standard for deciding a motion for summary judgment and the requirements
of a plaintiff's prima facie case of negligence in a nursing malpractice action.
Acknowledging the Medical Center conceded for purposes of the motion that
plaintiff presented expert testimony through Nurse Darlington establishing both
the standard of nursing care and a deviation from that standard, the judge
focused on whether Dr. Karp's testimony was sufficient to establish the
deviation proximately caused plaintiff's mother's pain and suffering or death.
The judge concluded Dr. Karp's opinion amounted to an inadmissible net
opinion lacking factual support in the record and could not "form the basis for
A-5092-18 13 an essential element of plaintiff's case." The judge found Dr. Karp's opinion
"could not have been based upon Nurse Darlington's . . . analysis as he did not
have the benefit of her reports prior to rendering his own opinions," and his
testimony at the Rule 104 hearing did not sufficiently establish any causal link
between any "deviation from any applicable standard of care to [plaintiff's
mother's] pain or even her passing."
Specifically, the judge found
Dr. Karp admitted that the heel ulcer did not develop at Princeton. He admitted that not all ulcers are painful. He admitted that [plaintiff's mother] did not complain of pain related to the sacral ulcer, that there was no documentation of pain medication administered in the charts related to the sacral ulcer, that there was no complaint of pain in the buttocks area from the sacral ulcer. When [plaintiff's mother] was last admitted to Princeton, there was no sign of infection in any of the ulcers, that there was no diagnosis of any infection in any of the ulcers, that no treating doctor recommended any treatment for any infection in any of the ulcers, that he had no idea what [Nurse Darlington] alleged to be a deviation from the standard of care, that he had no opinion on what alleged poor care consisted of or was given, and he could not say to a reasonable degree of medical certainty that the sacral ulcer contributed to [plaintiff's mother's] death.
Based on the doctor's testimony, Judge Walcott-Henderson found he offered
nothing more than a net opinion insufficient to establish that any of the
A-5092-18 14 deviations from the standard of care identified by Nurse Darlington proximately
caused plaintiff's mother any pain or suffering or contributed to her death.
Plaintiff moved for reconsideration, arguing the judge inappropriately
weighed the evidence and assumed the role of the jury in evaluating Dr. Karp's
credibility at the N.J.R.E. 104 hearing instead of simply considering whether his
testimony on direct examination, viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff,
was sufficient to establish the causation element of her prima facie case.
Plaintiff also argued, based on an unpublished opinion of this court, that her
nursing expert could render an opinion that the nurses' deviation from the
standard of care caused the decedent's pressure sores.
The judge denied the reconsideration motion. She explained, again, that
there was no issue as to Dr. Karp's qualifications to offer an opinion on
proximate cause, and that she barred his testimony only because he failed to
"link any alleged deviation from the standard of care to the decedent's death or
pain and suffering." Summary judgment was thus appropriate because plaintiff
could not without that testimony establish the proximate cause element of her
prima facie case.
The judge rejected the argument that she assumed the role of the jury in
weighing the evidence, noting the court on summary judgment is required to
A-5092-18 15 decide "whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require
submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as
a matter of law." Liberty Surplus Ins. Corp., Inc. v. Nowell Amoroso, P.A., 189
N.J. 436, 445-46 (2007) (quoting Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142
N.J. 520, 536 (1995)). The judge again explained that the problem with Dr.
Karp's opinion that the decedent's sacral ulcer caused her pain and suffering and
contributed to her death is that it was based on his general perception that
pressure ulcers and their treatment are painful and could contribute to a patient's
death and not on specific facts in this record that the decedent's sacral ulcer
caused her pain or contributed to her demise. As the judge explained, Dr. Karp
conceded key facts and thus "failed to connect the dots, effectively rendering a
net opinion on the critical issue of causation."
The judge rejected plaintiff's belated attempt to offer her nursing expert
on the issue of proximate cause, noting plaintiff conceded on the motion for
summary judgment that she was not relying on her nurse expert to establish the
element of proximate cause and was thus barred from attempting to do so on
reconsideration. The judge also rejected plaintiff's reliance on an unpublished
case of this court holding N.J.S.A. 45:11-23(b) does not preclude a nurse from
A-5092-18 16 offering an opinion on causation in light of our opinion in One Marlin Rifle
holding to the contrary.2
Plaintiff appeals, reprising the arguments she made to the trial court both
on summary judgment and on reconsideration. Having reviewed the entire
record, including the testimony of plaintiff's medical expert at deposition and at
the Rule 104 hearing, we conclude none of her arguments is of sufficient merit
to warrant any extended discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
As our Supreme Court explained over a decade ago, a trial court
confronted with an evidentiary issue on a summary judgment motion must "[a]s
a practical matter, . . . address the evidence decision first." Estate of Hanges v.
Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 202 N.J. 369, 384-85 (2010). We review that
decision, here the admissibility of Dr. Karp's opinion, only for abuse of
discretion. Ibid.
As Judge Walcott-Henderson explained, the admissibility of Dr. Karp's
opinion is governed by N.J.R.E. 703, which "mandates that expert opinion be
grounded in 'facts or data derived from (1) the expert's personal observations, or
2 We agree the trial court was correct to reject plaintiff's invitation to rely on an unpublished case plainly at odds with controlling precedent. See R. 1:36-3; Trinity Cemetery Ass'n v. Twp. of Wall, 170 N.J. 39, 48 (2001) (Verniero, J., concurring) (noting an unreported decision "serve[s] no precedential value, and cannot reliably be considered part of our common law"). A-5092-18 17 (2) evidence admitted at the trial, or (3) data relied upon by the expert which is
not necessarily admissible in evidence but which is the type of data normally
relied upon by experts.'" Townsend v. Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 53 (2015) (quoting
Polzo v. Cnty. of Essex, 196 N.J. 569, 583 (2008)). The corollary of N.J.R.E.
703 "is the net opinion rule, which forbids the admission into evidence of an
expert's conclusions that are not supported by factual evidence or other data. "
State v. Townsend, 186 N.J. 473, 494 (2006).
Plaintiff conceded on the summary judgment motion and acknowledges in
her brief on appeal that only a nurse may opine on the standard of care in a
nursing malpractice action, Hill Intern., Inc. v. Atl. City Bd. of Educ., 438 N.J.
Super. 562, 586 (App. Div. 2014), but the making of a medical diagnosis is
beyond the authority a nurse is accorded by the statute defining the practice of
registered nursing, N.J.S.A. 45:11-23(b) ("Diagnosing in the context of nursing
practice means the identification of and discrimination between physical and
psychosocial signs and symptoms essential to effective execution and
management of the nursing regimen within the scope of practice of the registered
professional nurse. Such diagnostic privilege is distinct from a medical
diagnosis."); One Marlin Rifle, 319 N.J. Super. at 369-70 (finding trial court
erred in accepting nurse's opinion testimony regarding specific identity and
A-5092-18 18 cause of condition "clearly . . . constitut[ing] a medical diagnosis," prohibited
by N.J.S.A. 45:11-23(b)). See also Ryan, 203 N.J. at 50 (2010) (noting trial
court's discretion in determining whether an expert is qualified to testify as an
expert under N.J.R.E. 702 is appropriately guided by statute). As plaintiff's
counsel explained to the trial court, that was why she presented Nurse
Darlington on the issue of standard of care and deviation and offered Dr. Karp
on the issue of proximate cause.
Because Dr. Karp was not provided with a copy of Nurse Darlington's
reports or her deposition transcript, however, he did not know what she defined
as the standard of care or how she claimed the nurses at the Medical Center
deviated from that standard and thus could not link any specific deviation to the
decedent's injury or death. Even were we to accept for sake of argument that
Dr. Karp's opinion that pressure ulcers were always caused by poor care
somehow established that link, there remains no factual support in the record for
his opinion that the decedent's sacral ulcer caused her pain or contributed to her
death from complications of Crohn's disease. Without evidence in the record
that the decedent's sacral ulcer caused her pain or contributed in some manner
to her death, Dr. Karp's opinion speculating otherwise was properly stricken as
an inadmissible net opinion. See Stanley Co. of Am. v. Hercules Powder Co.,
A-5092-18 19 16 N.J. 295, 305 (1954) (instructing that "[e]xpert opinion is valueless unless it
is rested upon the facts which are admitted or are proved").
Because "[a] party's burden of proof on an element of a claim may not be
satisfied by an expert opinion that is unsupported by the factual record or by an
expert's speculation that contradicts that record," summary judgment dismissing
the complaint was appropriately entered. Townsend, 221 N.J. at 55.
Affirmed.
A-5092-18 20