1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 CARLOS ALBERTO ESPARZA DE LA Case No. 24-cv-03797-WHO TORRE, 8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 9 DENYING IN PART MOTION FOR v. TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER 10 MYLEA EVELYN LOGIN, Re: Dkt. No. 3 11 Defendant.
13 Pending before the Court is Petitioner Carlos Alberto Esparza de la Torre’s Motion for a 14 Temporary Restraining Order (“TRO”) enjoining Respondent Mylea Evelyn Login from violating 15 the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (“Convention”), as 16 implemented by the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (“ICARA”), pending a 17 preliminary injunction hearing. See Dkt. No. 3. Esparza de la Torre filed a complaint alleging 18 that Login abducted the child that they share, I.S.E.L., from Mexico and brought the child to 19 California, which he asserts violates custody orders from Mexican courts and accordingly violates 20 the Convention. See Dkt. Nos. 1, 3. Through the TRO, Esparza de la Torre seeks an order 21 prohibiting Login from causing or permitting I.S.E.L. to leave the Northern District of California 22 and requiring I.S.E.L. to be placed in his custody for the duration of this case. Dkt. No. 3. The 23 request has been transferred to the Hon. Haywood S. Gilliam, Jr. as General Duty Judge. For the 24 reasons detailed below, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART the motion. 25 BACKGROUND 26 Petitioner seeks the return of his and Respondent’s five-year-old daughter, I.S.E.L.1 See 27 1 Dkt. No. 1. According to Petitioner’s Verified Complaint and Petition for Return of Child Under 2 16 Years Old (“Compl.”) [Dkt. No. 1], Petitioner and Respondent met and became involved in a 3 romantic relationship sometime in 2016. Compl. ¶ 4. Petitioner was a Mexican citizen, but 4 Respondent was a United States citizen who became a permanent Mexican resident at some point 5 before I.S.E.L. was born in 2018. Id. I.S.E.L. was born in Mexico and was enrolled in school in 6 Mexico. Id. Petitioner and Respondent allegedly ended their relationship in 2021. Id. Upon the 7 disillusion of their relationship, Petitioner moved out of the family residence, while Respondent 8 remained in the residence with I.S.E.L. According to the Complaint, Petitioner and Respondent 9 made an “informal agreement” to co-parent I.S.E.L. Id. This arrangement apparently dissolved 10 sometime in 2022, when Petitioner became involved in a romantic relationship with someone who 11 was not Respondent, and Respondent allegedly began threatening to take I.S.E.L. to the United 12 States if Petitioner did not end the relationship. Id. Around this time, the parties involved the 13 Mexican courts. Id. A judgment was ultimately entered, outlining a plan for joint custody with 14 the Respondent having custody during the weekdays and Petitioner having custody on alternating 15 weekends, and child support to be paid by Petitioner to Respondent. Id.; see also Compl. Exs. I, 16 I1. The Judgment also required written consent from the other parent if either parent sought to 17 take I.S.E.L. out of Mexico. Id. This arrangement, with some informal modification, allegedly 18 continued for 18 months. Id. 19 On or about August 8, 2023, Respondent allegedly informed Petitioner that she planned to 20 take I.S.E.L. to Cancun, Mexico for “a few days.” Id. Petitioner provided Respondent with 21 I.S.E.L.’s Mexican passport, and Respondent left with I.S.E.L. When Respondent was 22 nonresponsive to Petitioner’s outreach over the course of “a couple of days,” Petitioner went to 23 Respondent’s home and found signs that she had left with the child. At that point, Petitioner 24 contacted the Mexican police, prompting an investigation that revealed Respondent had “illegally 25 abducted the child from Mexico to the United States in violation of the Mexican Judgment on 26 August 9, 2023.” Id. The Mexican police issued an arrest warrant for Respondent’s arrest, and 27 1 Petitioner filed a Hague Convention petition for the return of I.S.E.L. to Mexico with the help of a 2 Mexican attorney. See Compl. Exs. N (arrest warrant), O (petition). Further investigation 3 revealed that Respondent and I.S.E.L. were living in Chico, California (which, as this Court has 4 noted, is in the Eastern District of California). Petitioner alleges that he never consented to 5 Respondent removing the child from Mexico to the United States and that he has not had contact 6 with Respondent or with their child since the child was removed from Mexico. Compl. ¶ 4. 7 In his accompanying TRO motion, Petitioner requests several forms of relief, including: 8 (1) an order prohibiting the removal of I.S.E.L. from this Court’s jurisdiction pending a hearing on 9 the merits of the Verified Complaint; (2) an expedited preliminary injunction hearing on the merits 10 of the Verified Complaint; (3) an order placing I.S.E.L. in Petitioner’s temporary custody pending 11 that hearing; and (4) issuance of a warrant authorizing the United States Marshals Service to take 12 physical custody of I.S.E.L., and directing that I.S.E.L. and her mother, Respondent, be brought 13 into this Court by a United States Marshal to guarantee their attendance at any hearing. 14 Because when the motion was filed Petitioner had not provided notice to Respondent of 15 the motion or otherwise complied with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65, the Court directed 16 (1) Petitioner to serve the motion, its supporting documents, and the Court’s order on Respondent; 17 and (2) Respondent to file an expedited response by no later than July 2, 2024, at 5 p.m. See Dkt. 18 No. 12. Petitioner represents that he attempted to serve Respondent on June 27, 2024, but 19 apparently did not actually do so. See Dkt. Nos. 13 (certificate of service), 14 (declaration of 20 Erica Lee regarding defective service). Respondent did not file a response by the Court-ordered 21 deadline. 22 Despite the Court’s order, there is no evidence in the record that Respondent was properly 23 served or has adequate notice of the pending motion for a TRO. To the extent Petitioner suggests 24 that Respondent received notice of this action through her state court attorney, see Dkt. Nos. 13, 25 16, the attorney indicated that she does not represent Respondent in this action and was not 26 authorized to accept service on Respondent’s behalf, Dkt. No. 14. Although the attorney 27 confirmed that Respondent was not served at her verified address for service or her residence, she 1 No. 14 at ¶ 7. Because the Court cannot conclude on the record before it that Respondent has 2 received adequate notice, the Court continues to treat Petitioner’s request as a motion for a TRO 3 without written or oral notice. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(1). 4 DISCUSSION 5 A court exercising jurisdiction under ICARA “may take or cause to be taken measures 6 under Federal or State law, as appropriate, to protect the well-being of the child involved or to 7 prevent the child’s further removal or concealment before the final disposition of the petition.” 22 8 U.S.C. § 9004(a). That authority extends to issuing a temporary restraining order where the 9 requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(b) are satisfied.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 CARLOS ALBERTO ESPARZA DE LA Case No. 24-cv-03797-WHO TORRE, 8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 9 DENYING IN PART MOTION FOR v. TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER 10 MYLEA EVELYN LOGIN, Re: Dkt. No. 3 11 Defendant.
13 Pending before the Court is Petitioner Carlos Alberto Esparza de la Torre’s Motion for a 14 Temporary Restraining Order (“TRO”) enjoining Respondent Mylea Evelyn Login from violating 15 the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (“Convention”), as 16 implemented by the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (“ICARA”), pending a 17 preliminary injunction hearing. See Dkt. No. 3. Esparza de la Torre filed a complaint alleging 18 that Login abducted the child that they share, I.S.E.L., from Mexico and brought the child to 19 California, which he asserts violates custody orders from Mexican courts and accordingly violates 20 the Convention. See Dkt. Nos. 1, 3. Through the TRO, Esparza de la Torre seeks an order 21 prohibiting Login from causing or permitting I.S.E.L. to leave the Northern District of California 22 and requiring I.S.E.L. to be placed in his custody for the duration of this case. Dkt. No. 3. The 23 request has been transferred to the Hon. Haywood S. Gilliam, Jr. as General Duty Judge. For the 24 reasons detailed below, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART the motion. 25 BACKGROUND 26 Petitioner seeks the return of his and Respondent’s five-year-old daughter, I.S.E.L.1 See 27 1 Dkt. No. 1. According to Petitioner’s Verified Complaint and Petition for Return of Child Under 2 16 Years Old (“Compl.”) [Dkt. No. 1], Petitioner and Respondent met and became involved in a 3 romantic relationship sometime in 2016. Compl. ¶ 4. Petitioner was a Mexican citizen, but 4 Respondent was a United States citizen who became a permanent Mexican resident at some point 5 before I.S.E.L. was born in 2018. Id. I.S.E.L. was born in Mexico and was enrolled in school in 6 Mexico. Id. Petitioner and Respondent allegedly ended their relationship in 2021. Id. Upon the 7 disillusion of their relationship, Petitioner moved out of the family residence, while Respondent 8 remained in the residence with I.S.E.L. According to the Complaint, Petitioner and Respondent 9 made an “informal agreement” to co-parent I.S.E.L. Id. This arrangement apparently dissolved 10 sometime in 2022, when Petitioner became involved in a romantic relationship with someone who 11 was not Respondent, and Respondent allegedly began threatening to take I.S.E.L. to the United 12 States if Petitioner did not end the relationship. Id. Around this time, the parties involved the 13 Mexican courts. Id. A judgment was ultimately entered, outlining a plan for joint custody with 14 the Respondent having custody during the weekdays and Petitioner having custody on alternating 15 weekends, and child support to be paid by Petitioner to Respondent. Id.; see also Compl. Exs. I, 16 I1. The Judgment also required written consent from the other parent if either parent sought to 17 take I.S.E.L. out of Mexico. Id. This arrangement, with some informal modification, allegedly 18 continued for 18 months. Id. 19 On or about August 8, 2023, Respondent allegedly informed Petitioner that she planned to 20 take I.S.E.L. to Cancun, Mexico for “a few days.” Id. Petitioner provided Respondent with 21 I.S.E.L.’s Mexican passport, and Respondent left with I.S.E.L. When Respondent was 22 nonresponsive to Petitioner’s outreach over the course of “a couple of days,” Petitioner went to 23 Respondent’s home and found signs that she had left with the child. At that point, Petitioner 24 contacted the Mexican police, prompting an investigation that revealed Respondent had “illegally 25 abducted the child from Mexico to the United States in violation of the Mexican Judgment on 26 August 9, 2023.” Id. The Mexican police issued an arrest warrant for Respondent’s arrest, and 27 1 Petitioner filed a Hague Convention petition for the return of I.S.E.L. to Mexico with the help of a 2 Mexican attorney. See Compl. Exs. N (arrest warrant), O (petition). Further investigation 3 revealed that Respondent and I.S.E.L. were living in Chico, California (which, as this Court has 4 noted, is in the Eastern District of California). Petitioner alleges that he never consented to 5 Respondent removing the child from Mexico to the United States and that he has not had contact 6 with Respondent or with their child since the child was removed from Mexico. Compl. ¶ 4. 7 In his accompanying TRO motion, Petitioner requests several forms of relief, including: 8 (1) an order prohibiting the removal of I.S.E.L. from this Court’s jurisdiction pending a hearing on 9 the merits of the Verified Complaint; (2) an expedited preliminary injunction hearing on the merits 10 of the Verified Complaint; (3) an order placing I.S.E.L. in Petitioner’s temporary custody pending 11 that hearing; and (4) issuance of a warrant authorizing the United States Marshals Service to take 12 physical custody of I.S.E.L., and directing that I.S.E.L. and her mother, Respondent, be brought 13 into this Court by a United States Marshal to guarantee their attendance at any hearing. 14 Because when the motion was filed Petitioner had not provided notice to Respondent of 15 the motion or otherwise complied with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65, the Court directed 16 (1) Petitioner to serve the motion, its supporting documents, and the Court’s order on Respondent; 17 and (2) Respondent to file an expedited response by no later than July 2, 2024, at 5 p.m. See Dkt. 18 No. 12. Petitioner represents that he attempted to serve Respondent on June 27, 2024, but 19 apparently did not actually do so. See Dkt. Nos. 13 (certificate of service), 14 (declaration of 20 Erica Lee regarding defective service). Respondent did not file a response by the Court-ordered 21 deadline. 22 Despite the Court’s order, there is no evidence in the record that Respondent was properly 23 served or has adequate notice of the pending motion for a TRO. To the extent Petitioner suggests 24 that Respondent received notice of this action through her state court attorney, see Dkt. Nos. 13, 25 16, the attorney indicated that she does not represent Respondent in this action and was not 26 authorized to accept service on Respondent’s behalf, Dkt. No. 14. Although the attorney 27 confirmed that Respondent was not served at her verified address for service or her residence, she 1 No. 14 at ¶ 7. Because the Court cannot conclude on the record before it that Respondent has 2 received adequate notice, the Court continues to treat Petitioner’s request as a motion for a TRO 3 without written or oral notice. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(1). 4 DISCUSSION 5 A court exercising jurisdiction under ICARA “may take or cause to be taken measures 6 under Federal or State law, as appropriate, to protect the well-being of the child involved or to 7 prevent the child’s further removal or concealment before the final disposition of the petition.” 22 8 U.S.C. § 9004(a). That authority extends to issuing a temporary restraining order where the 9 requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(b) are satisfied. 10 Under Rule 65(b), a party seeking a temporary restraining order must establish: (1) a 11 likelihood of success on the merits; (2) a likelihood of irreparable injury if the requested relief is 12 not granted; (3) that a balancing of the hardships weighs in its favor; and (4) that the requested 13 relief will advance the public interest. See Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 555 U.S. 7, 20 14 (2008). 15 Here, Petitioner has demonstrated that an order enjoining Respondent from removing 16 I.S.E.L. from the jurisdiction of this Court is appropriate. The Court has already issued an order 17 prohibiting Respondent from directly or indirectly removing I.S.E.L. from the Northern District of 18 California. See Dkt. No. 12. No evidence suggests that Respondent intends to remove I.S.E.L. 19 from this Court’s jurisdiction, and this relief is minimally burdensome while maintaining the 20 status quo and ensuring Petitioner’s Hague Convention claim and his underlying custody rights 21 may be meaningfully adjudicated. 22 However, Petitioner has not shown a likelihood of irreparable injury if I.S.E.L. is not 23 immediately placed within his custody pending a preliminary injunction hearing and throughout 24 the duration of this case. The facts proffered show that Respondent lives in the Northern District 25 of California, where she has at least some family ties. See Compl. ¶ 9. She has an apartment in 26 Ukiah. [Dkt. No. 9] ¶¶ 11-14. She also filed a child custody case in state court in Mendocino 27 County. Id. ¶ 10. These facts suggest that she is settled in this district. 1 jurisdiction so imminently as to necessitate an order immediately removing her child from her 2 custody by force. Petitioner speculates that his inability to serve Respondent indicates her intent 3 to conceal herself and take I.S.E.L. into “hiding.” See [Dkt. No. 17] 2. But it is apparent from the 4 record that service has not been properly executed as the Court directed, see Dkt. Nos. 13, 14, 5 suggesting that Petitioner’s inability to serve Respondent may not have been the result of 6 Respondent’s intent to obstruct, but rather Petitioner’s failure to properly serve her. Moreover, the 7 Court’s order requiring Respondent to remain in the Northern District of California with I.S.E.L. 8 adequately ensures that they will continue to be within the Court’s jurisdiction for the hearing to 9 be held shortly with regard to the merits. And nothing in the record shows that I.S.E.L. is in any 10 imminent danger while in Respondent’s custody.2 11 CONCLUSION 12 Accordingly, the Court ORDERS as follows: 13 • Petitioner is DIRECTED to serve Respondent directly with the Complaint, Ex 14 Parte Application for a TRO and supporting documents, the Order to Show 15 Cause, the Response, the Court’s Order Requiring Service, and this Order by 16 5:00 p.m. PST today, Wednesday, July 3, 2024. Counsel must file a proof of 17 service on the docket reflecting that service was properly made; 18 • Petitioner’s Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order is hereby GRANTED 19 IN PART such that Respondent Mylea Evelyn Login is prohibited from 20 directly or indirectly removing I.S.E.L. from the Northern District of California, 21 until July 11, 2024, absent further order of the Court; 22 • The Court finds that there is no reasonable likelihood of harm to Respondent 23 from being wrongfully enjoined, and therefore orders that Petitioner is not 24 required to give security pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(c); 25 • Respondent is ORDERED to show cause why the relief requested in the 26 2 Moreover, nothing in the record suggests that Respondent will not appear as ordered by this 27 Court for a hearing once served, and the Court sees no justification for authorizing the United 1 Verified Complaint and Petition, Dkt. No.1, including the return of the parties’ 2 minor child to Mexico, should not be granted. Respondent shall file her 3 response to this Order in writing by July 9, 2024, at 5:00 p.m.; 4 e The parties shall appear before Judge Orrick on Thursday, July 11, 2024, at 5 10:00 a.m., in Courtroom 2, 17th Floor, 450 Golden Gate Avenue, San 6 Francisco, CA, for a hearing on this Order to Show Cause. At the hearing, the 7 Court will also determine whether any evidentiary hearing or further 8 proceedings may be necessary; 9 e The Court otherwise DENIES Petitioner’s motion for a temporary restraining 10 order. 11 This order issued on July 3, 2024, at 12 p.m. 12 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 13 Dated: July 3, 2024 / Atespurrd 5 bbl Haywood S. Gilliam, Jr. United States District Judge as General Duty Judge for 16 Judge William H. Orrick
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28