FOURTH DIVISION RICKMAN, C. J., DILLARD, P. J. and MERCIER, J.
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August 27, 2021
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A21A1126. WATKINS v. THE STATE.
MERCIER, Judge.
Ervin Watkins, Jr., appeals his conviction of aggravated battery,1 claiming that
the evidence was insufficient, that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct, and
that the trial court erred by denying his motion for mistrial and in evidentiary rulings.
Watkins also argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. For the
following reasons, we affirm.
1. Watkins claims that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction.
Construed to support the jury’s verdict, see Norton v. State, 293 Ga. 332, 333 (745
SE2d 630) (2013), the evidence showed that on October 13, 2018, the victim rode a
1 The jury found him guilty of aggravated battery and battery, and the trial court merged the battery count into the aggravated battery count. bicycle to a gas station, where he was picking up cans outside. Angela Watkins,
Watkins’s mother, drove into the parking lot of a neighboring business, parked her
vehicle and walked toward Christopher North. North and Angela then walked
together, past the entrance of the gas station, and towards the victim. As they
approached the victim, Watkins drove into the gas station parking lot, exited his
vehicle and approached the group. After Watkins reached the group, he immediately
began to hit the victim. Watkins and North hit the victim repeatedly and continued
to do so after the victim fell to the ground. At one point, the victim stood up, but
Watkins picked him up, and slammed the victim back to the ground. The attack lasted
about one minute, and then Watkins, North and Angela left the area.
The victim’s treating emergency room physician testified that the victim had
facial swelling and a fractured collarbone. The physician opined that the victim’s
“busted nose” and fractured collarbone were both consistent with
a physical altercation.
The victim testified that after the attack, while he was in jail on a
methamphetamine-related charge, Watkins bonded him out, apologized, bought him
a meal, and offered to pay the victim $200 to drop the charges against him. Watkins
took the victim to a library and prepared an affidavit for the victim’s signature. The
2 affidavit stated that the incident “was blown out of proportion,” that the victim was
on methamphetamine at the time of the attack and that the victim would “like to make
it known that [he does] not want to go forward with this prosecution.”
Watkins took the victim to the sheriffs office, where the victim signed the
affidavit and it was notarized. Watkins then presented the affidavit to an investigator
with the district attorney’s office. The investigator separated Watkins and the victim,
and the victim told the investigator that he did not want to drop the charges.2
Watkins was indicted and tried with North, his co-defendant. At trial,
surveillance videos of the attack and the surrounding area were played for the jury.
The videos do not contain audio.
Watkins called Belinda Jones as a witness, who testified that on the day in
question she was walking her dog near the gas station when she saw the victim ride
by on a bicycle. As he rode past her, the victim appeared shaky and rode into the road,
where a car, driven by Angela, narrowly avoided hitting him and Angela honked her
car horn. The victim used a profane racist slur against Angela and said “I’ll kill you”
while continuing to ride to the gas station.
2 However, the victim testified that he was likely on methamphetamine at the time of the attack.
3 Angela testified similarly as Jones. After her interaction with the victim while
he was riding his bicycle, she parked at a laundromat near the gas station. She then
saw North, a family friend, and asked him to accompany her into the gas station. As
they approached the front door, the victim, who was near the entrance, said that
“b**** would like to hit me,” while identifying Angela’s race. Watkins then joined
the group, and the victim moved “like he was going for [Watkins.]” Then “the fight
started.”
Watkins testified that he happened to arrive at the gas station as his mother was
walking to the front door with North. He claims that it appeared like the victim, who
Watkins had never met before, “was fixing to do something to [his mother]” and the
fight ensued.
The jury found North not guilty of aggravated battery, but guilty of battery, and
Watkins guilty of both offenses. The trial court denied Watkins’s motion for new
trial.
(a) Watkins argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction
of aggravated battery, which was based on his indictment for rendering a member of
the victim’s body useless. See OCGA § 16-5-24 (a).
4 The victim’s treating physician testified that the victim’s fractured collarbone
would limit the movement of the victim’s arm for four to six weeks, and the victim
testified that it restricted movement of his arm. “The bodily member need not be
rendered permanently useless, and even the temporary reduced use of a bodily
member may be sufficient to render it useless under the aggravated battery statute.”
Ganas v. State, 245 Ga. App. 645, 647 (1) (b) (537 SE2d 758) (2000) (footnotes
omitted) (evidence of victim’s broken finger was sufficient evidence of rendering a
member of the victim’s body useless). The evidence authorized the jury to find that
Watkins caused bodily harm to the victim by rendering his arm useless by fracturing
his collarbone. See Dean v. State, 313 Ga. App. 726, 727 (1) (722 SE2d 436) (2012)
(sufficient evidence of rendering the victim’s hand useless when defendant fractured
victim’s arm near the hand).
(b) Watkins also argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his battery
conviction. The indictment charged that Watkins caused visible bodily harm to the
victim. See OCGA § 16-5-23.1 (a). The physician testified that Watkins’s nose was
“busted,” and video of the bloodied victim was played at the trial. There was
sufficient evidence to support Watkins’s conviction. See Johnson v. State, 260 Ga.
App. 413, 414 (1) (579 SE2d 809) (2003) (there was ample evidence of battery when
5 the victim had scrapes and bruises on her neck consistent with being choked, along
with the victim’s testimony regarding the attack).
2. Watkins argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion for mistrial.
While the prosecutor was questioning a police officer on direct examination, the
prosecutor asked “[h]ow did you conclude your investigation?” The officer replied,
“Mr. Watkins failed to come to the police department and speak with me.” Watkins’s
counsel objected and moved for a mistrial. The trial court denied the mistrial but gave
a curative instruction.3 Watkins argues that the officer’s testimony violated his right
to remain silent.
“Whether to grant a mistrial is within the trial court’s discretion, which an
appellate court will not disturb unless there is a showing that a mistrial is essential to
the preservation of the right to a fair trial.” Jones v. State, 305 Ga. 750, 755 (3) (827
SE2d 879) (2019) (citation and punctuation omitted). Here, the officer’s comment
was non-responsive and made in passing. “Further, juries are presumed to follow
curative instructions in the absence of proof to the contrary.” Id. Watkins has
3 The trial court instructed the jury as follows: “Members of the jury, before you left, [Watkins’s trial counsel] objected to the testimony of this witness concerning the follow-up of Mr. Watkins with [the officer.] I have sustained that objection and you should give that further testimony no weight and make no inference because of it. You should disregard it completely.”
6 provided no evidence that the jury disregarded the court’s instruction, and therefore
this allegation of error cannot be sustained. See id.
3. Watkins claims that the trial court erred in evidentiary rulings by limiting his
cross-examination of the victim. “Like most questions about the admissibility of
evidence, the scope of cross-examination is committed in the first instance to the
sound discretion of the trial court, and we review a limitation of cross-examination
only for an abuse of that discretion.” Lucas v. State, 303 Ga. 134, 136-137 (2) (810
SE2d 491) (2018).
(a) Watkins argues that the trial court erred by limiting his questioning of a
police officer regarding whether the victim had told him that “meth made him do
crazy things.” However, earlier in the trial the victim admitted that he had previously
told police officers that he acted “crazy” while under the influence of
methamphetamine. As such, it was a prior consistent statement.
A prior consistent statement will be admissible only if:
(1) the witness’ credibility has been attacked, by some means other than impeachment by evidence of character or prior convictions; and (2) the prior statement logically rebuts that attack. Further, if the attack is by a charge of recent fabrication or improper influence or motive, a prior statement may logically rebut the attack only if it was made before the alleged fabrication, influence, or motive came about.
7 McGarity v. State, 311 Ga. 158, 165 (3) (856 SE2d 241) (2021) (punctuation
omitted); see OCGA § 24-6-613 (c). Our review of the record reveals that while the
victim’s credibility was attacked, the prior consistent statement did not logically rebut
that attack. Here, the victim admitted to the very statement at trial, and no other
evidence was introduced to show that methamphetamine did not make the victim
“crazy.” As such, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by holding that the prior
consistent statement was inadmissible.4
(b) Watkins also argues that the trial court erred by limiting his cross-
examination of the victim regarding potential bias. While on cross-examination,
defense counsel asked the victim questions about his prior arrest “for meth,” and the
victim responded that he was on probation. Defense counsel then asked: “Are you
concerned that . . . since the State is asking you to testify, that might have an effect
on your probation?” The State objected, and the trial court sustained the objection.
4 Watkins also claims that the trial court erred by allowing the district attorney’s investigator to testify regarding a conversation he had with the victim after the victim and Watkins brought the affidavit to the district attorney’s office, arguing that it was hearsay. However, as Watkins attacked the victim’s credibility regarding whether he wanted to sign the affidavit, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the evidence as a prior consistent statement. See OCGA § 24-6-613 (c).
8 “[A] defendant must be allowed to cross-examine a witness about punishment
that the witness may have avoided as a result of a deal with the State for his testimony
in the prosecution of the defendant.” Hill v. State, 310 Ga. 180, 190-191 (7) (850
SE2d 110) (2020) (citation and punctuation omitted). While a trial court has
discretion in limiting cross-examination, “[i]t is clear that the trial court abuses its
discretion and commits error when it cuts off all inquiry on a subject on which the
defense is entitled to reasonable cross-examination.” Id. at 191 (7) (citation and
punctuation omitted). However, “trial courts retain wide latitude insofar as the
Confrontation Clause is concerned to impose reasonable limits on such
cross-examination based on concerns about, among other things, harassment,
prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness’ safety, or interrogation that is
repetitive or only marginally relevant.” Id. (citation and punctuation omitted).
Here, the victim was questioned regarding his incarceration for a different
offense at time of the trial, and the victim agreed when asked on cross-examination:
“when you’re talking - - when you’re answering these questions and everything, in
the back of your mind, you understand that they have you in custody right now?” The
victim also agreed that he did not want to be in custody anymore. Further, Watkins
has failed to present any evidence of a deal or potential deal between the victim and
9 the State for his statement or testimony. See Williams v. State, 292 Ga. 844, 846 (2)
(742 SE2d 445) (2013). The trial court did not cut off all inquiry into the possible bias
of the victim, but rather allowed the cross-examination to proceed while limiting the
inquiry into whether he believed his testimony might impact his probation. We see
no abuse of discretion in the limitation of the cross-examination of the victim. See
generally id. at 847 (2).
(c) Watkins also argues that the trial court erred by ruling that evidence of an
interaction between the victim and his mother was inadmissible. Watkins sought to
introduce evidence that the victim had been charged with a violent crime against his
mother at some time after the underlying attack. Watkins argues that the evidence was
relevant for impeachment purposes because the victim testified that
methamphetamine did not make him violent.
“A witness may be impeached by disproving the facts testified to by the
witness. The use of extrinsic evidence to impeach a witness by contradiction,
however, is not unlimited.” Moore v. State, 356 Ga. App. 752, 755 (2) (848 SE2d
910) (2020) (citations and punctuation omitted). Watkins does not cite to any proffer
of evidence, instead he cites to his counsel stating that the victim’s mother would
testify that on one prior occasion the victim “acted violently toward her” while he was
10 under the influence of methamphetamine. The record suggests that the incident with
the victim’s mother happened after the underlying incident, and a review of the
videotape of the incident does not demonstrate that the victim was the initial
aggressor. The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it excluded the
impeachment evidence regarding whether the victim had ever acted violently while
using methamphetamine. See generally id.
4. Watkins argues that the trial court erred by giving the jury charges in an
order that he claims was “atypical” and “unusual.” Watkins claims that the trial court
erred by providing the affirmative defense jury charges prior to the charges for the
offenses. However, the court provided the jury charges for both aggravated battery
and battery, then immediately afterwards stated, “[n]ow I’m going to charge you with
respect to an affirmative defense” and provided the jury charge for justification. As
such, Watkins’s claimed error did not occur. Furthermore, viewed as a whole, the jury
charges were not misleading or confusing. See generally Jones v. State, 303 Ga. 496,
501-502 (III) (813 SE2d 360) (2018) (citation and punctuation omitted).
5. Watkins claims that the State engaged in prosecutorial misconduct, including
obtaining perjured testimony from the district attorney’s investigator and a police
11 officer. “A charge of prosecutorial misconduct is a serious charge and is not to be
lightly made; having raised it, appellant has the duty to prove it by the record and by
legal authority.” Kim v. State, 298 Ga. App. 402, 403 (2) (680 SE2d 469) (2009)
(citation and punctuation omitted). Watkins fails to support his claim that the
investigator or officer gave perjured testimony. Watkins’s other claims, such as that
the State asked leading questions of its witnesses, do not amount to prosecutorial
misconduct. See Fugate v. State, 263 Ga. 260, 266 (10) (431 SE2d 104) (1993) (“The
mere fact that by parsing the record one may discover that the prosecutor ‘got by’
with asking a few arguably leading questions on direct examination hardly supports
a claim of prosecutorial misconduct.”). This enumerated error has no merit.
6. Watkins argues that he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel due
to a number of alleged errors. To prevail on his claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, Watkins must show
both that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient and that this deficiency prejudiced his defense. To establish deficient performance, an appellant must overcome the strong presumption that his counsel’s conduct falls within the broad range of reasonable professional conduct and show that his counsel performed in an objectively unreasonable way in the light of all of the circumstances.
12 State v. Lane, 308 Ga. 10, 18 (2) (838 SE2d 808) (2020) (one citation and punctuation
omitted) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687 (104 SCt 2052, 80
LE2d 674) (1984)).
(a) Many of Watkins’s claimed errors are unsupported by law or argument. For
example, Watkins argues that his counsel failed to properly investigate and prepare
the case, noting that Jones approached Watkins and not his counsel or investigators.
However, Watkins called Jones as a witness at trial, and Watkins fails to even argue
that he would have obtained a different result at trial if his counsel had approached
Jones first. Similarly, although Watkins complains that counsel lost his train of
thought while questioning him, the record shows that Watkins reminded counsel
about the line of inquiry, counsel asked Watkins questions on the subject and the trial
continued. There was no harm. Watkins also claims that it was error for his counsel
to fail to call multiple witnesses or play an audio recording taken of the victim.
However, he fails to point to a proffer of evidence regarding what the witnesses were
expected to testify about or what the recording stated, and the evidence was not
offered at the motion for new trial hearing. These unsupported claims fail. See
Manriquez v. State, 285 Ga. 880, 881 (2) (684 SE2d 650) (2009) (defendant has
burden to demonstrate both Strickland prongs, and when a defendant claims that trial
13 counsel performed deficiently by failing to call a witness for trial, the defendant
“must introduce either testimony from the uncalled witness or a legally recognized
substitute for his [or her] testimony, such as an affidavit”).
(b) Watkins claims that his counsel should have asked the emergency room
physician about the effects of methamphetamine on a person’s brain and behavior.
“The scope of cross-examination is grounded in trial tactics and strategy, and will
rarely constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” Gaston v. State, 307 Ga. 634, 642
(2) (d) (837 SE2d 808) (2020) (citation and punctuation omitted). “Decisions about
cross-examination do not amount to deficient performance unless they are so
unreasonable that no competent attorney would have made them under similar
circumstances.” Id. (citation and punctuation omitted).
As discussed in Division 3 (a), the victim testified that methamphetamine made
him “crazy.” Therefore, even if the physician had been asked about the general effect
of methamphetamine on people, his response would have been, at best, cumulative.
Watkins also argues that his counsel should have asked the physician whether the
victim’s collarbone injury could have resulted from a bicycle accident. However,
Watkins’s trial counsel did ask this exact question. Watkins has failed to show that
his counsel’s cross-examination of the physician was ineffective.
14 (c) Watkins points to his trial counsel’s alleged failure to object to the evidence
of his attempts to influence the victim.5 However, “evidence of a defendant’s attempt
to influence or intimidate a witness can serve as circumstantial evidence of guilt.”
Dukes v. State, 290 Ga. 486, 488 (3) (722 SE2d 701) (2012) (citation and punctuation
omitted). This evidence was legally admissible and Watkins’s trial counsel did not
err by not objecting.
(d) Watkins claims that his counsel failed to consult with him regarding
strategy. However, his counsel testified at the motion for new trial hearing that he met
with Watkins and reviewed evidence with him. Watkins has failed to show how
additional consultation would have effected the case. Counsel’s alleged failure to
consult did not constitute ineffective assistance of trial counsel. See generally
Hendrix v. State, 298 Ga. 60, 64 (2) (a) (779 SE2d 322) (2015) (“In the context of a
failure-to-consult claim such as that alleged here, the defendant must establish that
his counsel’s failure to consult was prejudicial to his defense, i.e., that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s failure to consult, the result of his trial
would have been different.”) (citation and punctuation omitted).
5 Watkins’s trial counsel filed a motion in limine regarding evidence of Watkins’s actual arrest for influencing a witness, and the trial court granted the motion.
15 (e) Watkins also takes issue with his counsel’s closing argument, while
admitting that the closing argument was not transcribed. “Speculation that error may
have occurred is insufficient to show any deficiency on the part of counsel, or
prejudice therefrom, and is insufficient to show reversible error.” Parrott v. State, 330
Ga. App. 801, 805-806 (3) (a) (769 SE2d 549) (2015) (citation and punctuation
omitted); see also Campbell v. State, 269 Ga. 186, 188 (11) (496 SE2d 724) (1998)
(“Because closing arguments were not transcribed, [Watkins] cannot show that any
impermissible argument was made[.]”).
(f) Watkins argues that the cumulative effect of trial counsel’s alleged errors
prejudiced the outcome of his trial. “When reviewing such a claim, we evaluate only
the effects of matters determined to be error, not the cumulative effect of non-errors.”
Cox v. State, 306 Ga. 736, 743 2 (e) (832 SE2d 354) (2019) (citation and punctuation
omitted). Because Watkins has failed to show deficiency on any of his allegations of
ineffective assistance, his cumulative effect claim has no merit. See id.
Judgment affirmed. Rickman, C. J. and Dillard, P. J., concur.