1 WO MDR 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 9 Ernest Grekov, No. CV-26-03633-PHX-MTL (JFM) 10 Petitioner, ORDER 11 v. 12 Erik Rokosky, 13 Respondent.
14 15 On May 22, 2026, self-represented Petitioner Ernest Grekov, who is confined in the 16 Eloy Detention Center, filed a Petition Under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 for a Writ of Habeas 17 Corpus (Doc. 1) challenging his immigration detention. The Court will deny the Petition 18 and dismiss this action. 19 I. Petitioner’s First Petition 20 Petitioner first sought habeas corpus relief in Grekov v. Rokosky, CV-26-02672- 21 PHX-MTL (JMF). In his petition, Petitioner did not allege when or how he entered the 22 United States, but alleged he had been detained since February 12, 2025, and had a pending 23 appeal of an immigration judge’s order denying his application for asylum, withholding of 24 removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). In an April 21, 25 2026 Order, the Court denied his petition, concluding Petitioner was subject to mandatory 26 detention and, therefore, not entitled to a bond hearing under statutory or constitutional 27 authority. See Doc. 3 in CV-26-02672. 28 . . . . 1 II. Petitioner’s Current Petition 2 In his current Petition, Petitioner states he entered the United States in February 3 2023, using the CPB One application and was released on parole.* He claims his “process 4 was going right outside” and he never did anything criminal, never had “any problems with 5 [the] immigration process,” and obtained a Social Security card, work permit, and driver’s 6 license. He also filed an application for asylum and withholding of removal. 7 Petitioner alleges he was re-detained on February 11, 2025, and has been in 8 immigration detention since then. On November 17, 2025, an immigration judge denied 9 his application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT. 10 Petitioner filed an appeal, which is pending before the Board of Immigration Appeals. 11 In Ground One, Petitioner contends his prolonged detention violates his right to due 12 process. In Ground Two, he asserts Immigration and Customs Enforcement is detaining 13 him “under the wrong statute.” In Ground Three, he raises a claim regarding his conditions 14 of detention and medical care. In Ground Four, he appears to allege he should not have 15 been re-detained. 16 III. Discussion 17 A. Conditions of Confinement Claim 18 Petitioner’s conditions of detention claim arises, if at all, under civil rights law, not 19 habeas corpus law. See Muhammad v. Close, 540 U.S. 749, 750 (2004) (per curiam) 20 (“Challenges to the validity of any confinement or to particulars affecting its duration are 21
22 * Petitioner asserts his “admission class [was] DT.” United States Citizenship and 23 Immigration Services explains: 24 Aliens who are outside of the United States may request to be paroled into the United States based on urgent humanitarian 25 reasons or a significant public benefit. These aliens are not paroled into the United States under a categorical parole 26 program or process. Often, the Class of Admission (COA) for these aliens is “DT” . . . . 27 See https://www.uscis.gov/save/current-user-agencies/guidance/faqs-on-the-effect- 28 of-changes-to-parole-and-temporary-protected-status-tps-for-save-agencies [https://perma.cc/AY36-JEA5]. 1 the province of habeas corpus; requests for relief turning on circumstances of confinement 2 may be presented in a [civil rights] action.” (citation omitted)). The Court will dismiss 3 Ground Three. 4 B. Remaining Claims 5 First, Petitioner was not entitled to a hearing before being re-detained. Under 8 6 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(5), the “Secretary of Homeland Security may . . . in his discretion parole 7 into the United States temporarily under such conditions as he may prescribe only on a 8 case-by-case basis for urgent humanitarian reasons or significant public benefit any alien 9 applying for admission to the United States.” Aliens paroled under this section are not 10 deemed admitted and “when the purposes of [the] parole shall, in the opinion of the 11 Secretary of Homeland Security, have been served the alien shall forthwith return or be 12 returned to the custody from which he was paroled” and “his case shall continue to be dealt 13 with in the same manner as that of any other applicant for admission.” Id. (emphasis 14 added). 15 The Ninth Circuit has explained that there is “no substantive liberty or property 16 interest . . . in temporary parole status.” Wong v. United States, 373 F.3d 952, 968 (9th 17 Cir. 2004), abrogated on other grounds as stated in Pettibone v. Russell, 59 F.4th 449, 18 452-53 (9th Cir. 2023). “The [Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)] does not create any 19 liberty interest in temporary parole that is protected by the Fifth Amendment,” but instead 20 “makes clear that whether and for how long temporary parole is granted are matters entirely 21 within the discretion of the Attorney General.” Id. And as the Supreme Court has 22 explained, the “procedural component of the Due Process Clause does not protect 23 everything that might be described as a ‘benefit.’” Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 24 U.S. 748, 756 (2005). For example, “a benefit is not a protected entitlement if government 25 officials may grant or deny it in their discretion.” Id. By its own terms, parole under 26 § 1182(d)(5) is such a benefit that may be granted or denied in the discretion of the 27 Secretary of Homeland Security. Petitioner therefore lacks any interest in maintaining his 28 1 parole that is protected by the Due Process Clause and that would require the government 2 to provide him with a hearing before terminating parole. 3 Second, “[a]n alien present in the United States who has not been admitted or who 4 arrives in the United States (whether or not at a designated port of arrival . . . ) shall be 5 deemed for purposes of this chapter an applicant for admission.” 8 U.S.C. § 1225(a)(1). 6 Applicants for admission who are found “not clearly and beyond a doubt entitled to be 7 admitted . . . shall be detained.” Id. § 1225(b)(2)(A). Aliens classified under 8 § 1225(b)(2)(A) are not entitled to a bond hearing. See Chavez v. Noem, 819 F. Supp. 3d 9 958, 959-61 (D. Ariz. 2026); see also Buenrostro-Mendez v. Bondi, 166 F.4th 494, 499 10 (5th Cir. 2026) (“Section 1225(b)(2) does not include any exception that permits the 11 government to release detained aliens on bond.”). Petitioner was not found “clearly and 12 beyond a doubt entitled to be admitted,” 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(2)(A), and, therefore, is 13 properly classified as subject to mandatory detention under § 1225. 14 That Petitioner was paroled upon his entry to the United States does not change the 15 Court’s analysis. Vazquez Romero v. Garland, 999 F.3d 656, 661 (9th Cir. 2021) (“The 16 parole of an alien into the United States does not affect the alien’s immigration status. 17 Aliens paroled elsewhere in the country for years pending removal are treated for due 18 process purposes as if stopped at the border.” (citations and quotation marks omitted)). 19 Petitioner’s status did not change when he was granted parole, nor did it change when his 20 parole was revoked. See 8 U.S.C.
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1 WO MDR 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 9 Ernest Grekov, No. CV-26-03633-PHX-MTL (JFM) 10 Petitioner, ORDER 11 v. 12 Erik Rokosky, 13 Respondent.
14 15 On May 22, 2026, self-represented Petitioner Ernest Grekov, who is confined in the 16 Eloy Detention Center, filed a Petition Under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 for a Writ of Habeas 17 Corpus (Doc. 1) challenging his immigration detention. The Court will deny the Petition 18 and dismiss this action. 19 I. Petitioner’s First Petition 20 Petitioner first sought habeas corpus relief in Grekov v. Rokosky, CV-26-02672- 21 PHX-MTL (JMF). In his petition, Petitioner did not allege when or how he entered the 22 United States, but alleged he had been detained since February 12, 2025, and had a pending 23 appeal of an immigration judge’s order denying his application for asylum, withholding of 24 removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). In an April 21, 25 2026 Order, the Court denied his petition, concluding Petitioner was subject to mandatory 26 detention and, therefore, not entitled to a bond hearing under statutory or constitutional 27 authority. See Doc. 3 in CV-26-02672. 28 . . . . 1 II. Petitioner’s Current Petition 2 In his current Petition, Petitioner states he entered the United States in February 3 2023, using the CPB One application and was released on parole.* He claims his “process 4 was going right outside” and he never did anything criminal, never had “any problems with 5 [the] immigration process,” and obtained a Social Security card, work permit, and driver’s 6 license. He also filed an application for asylum and withholding of removal. 7 Petitioner alleges he was re-detained on February 11, 2025, and has been in 8 immigration detention since then. On November 17, 2025, an immigration judge denied 9 his application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT. 10 Petitioner filed an appeal, which is pending before the Board of Immigration Appeals. 11 In Ground One, Petitioner contends his prolonged detention violates his right to due 12 process. In Ground Two, he asserts Immigration and Customs Enforcement is detaining 13 him “under the wrong statute.” In Ground Three, he raises a claim regarding his conditions 14 of detention and medical care. In Ground Four, he appears to allege he should not have 15 been re-detained. 16 III. Discussion 17 A. Conditions of Confinement Claim 18 Petitioner’s conditions of detention claim arises, if at all, under civil rights law, not 19 habeas corpus law. See Muhammad v. Close, 540 U.S. 749, 750 (2004) (per curiam) 20 (“Challenges to the validity of any confinement or to particulars affecting its duration are 21
22 * Petitioner asserts his “admission class [was] DT.” United States Citizenship and 23 Immigration Services explains: 24 Aliens who are outside of the United States may request to be paroled into the United States based on urgent humanitarian 25 reasons or a significant public benefit. These aliens are not paroled into the United States under a categorical parole 26 program or process. Often, the Class of Admission (COA) for these aliens is “DT” . . . . 27 See https://www.uscis.gov/save/current-user-agencies/guidance/faqs-on-the-effect- 28 of-changes-to-parole-and-temporary-protected-status-tps-for-save-agencies [https://perma.cc/AY36-JEA5]. 1 the province of habeas corpus; requests for relief turning on circumstances of confinement 2 may be presented in a [civil rights] action.” (citation omitted)). The Court will dismiss 3 Ground Three. 4 B. Remaining Claims 5 First, Petitioner was not entitled to a hearing before being re-detained. Under 8 6 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(5), the “Secretary of Homeland Security may . . . in his discretion parole 7 into the United States temporarily under such conditions as he may prescribe only on a 8 case-by-case basis for urgent humanitarian reasons or significant public benefit any alien 9 applying for admission to the United States.” Aliens paroled under this section are not 10 deemed admitted and “when the purposes of [the] parole shall, in the opinion of the 11 Secretary of Homeland Security, have been served the alien shall forthwith return or be 12 returned to the custody from which he was paroled” and “his case shall continue to be dealt 13 with in the same manner as that of any other applicant for admission.” Id. (emphasis 14 added). 15 The Ninth Circuit has explained that there is “no substantive liberty or property 16 interest . . . in temporary parole status.” Wong v. United States, 373 F.3d 952, 968 (9th 17 Cir. 2004), abrogated on other grounds as stated in Pettibone v. Russell, 59 F.4th 449, 18 452-53 (9th Cir. 2023). “The [Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)] does not create any 19 liberty interest in temporary parole that is protected by the Fifth Amendment,” but instead 20 “makes clear that whether and for how long temporary parole is granted are matters entirely 21 within the discretion of the Attorney General.” Id. And as the Supreme Court has 22 explained, the “procedural component of the Due Process Clause does not protect 23 everything that might be described as a ‘benefit.’” Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 24 U.S. 748, 756 (2005). For example, “a benefit is not a protected entitlement if government 25 officials may grant or deny it in their discretion.” Id. By its own terms, parole under 26 § 1182(d)(5) is such a benefit that may be granted or denied in the discretion of the 27 Secretary of Homeland Security. Petitioner therefore lacks any interest in maintaining his 28 1 parole that is protected by the Due Process Clause and that would require the government 2 to provide him with a hearing before terminating parole. 3 Second, “[a]n alien present in the United States who has not been admitted or who 4 arrives in the United States (whether or not at a designated port of arrival . . . ) shall be 5 deemed for purposes of this chapter an applicant for admission.” 8 U.S.C. § 1225(a)(1). 6 Applicants for admission who are found “not clearly and beyond a doubt entitled to be 7 admitted . . . shall be detained.” Id. § 1225(b)(2)(A). Aliens classified under 8 § 1225(b)(2)(A) are not entitled to a bond hearing. See Chavez v. Noem, 819 F. Supp. 3d 9 958, 959-61 (D. Ariz. 2026); see also Buenrostro-Mendez v. Bondi, 166 F.4th 494, 499 10 (5th Cir. 2026) (“Section 1225(b)(2) does not include any exception that permits the 11 government to release detained aliens on bond.”). Petitioner was not found “clearly and 12 beyond a doubt entitled to be admitted,” 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(2)(A), and, therefore, is 13 properly classified as subject to mandatory detention under § 1225. 14 That Petitioner was paroled upon his entry to the United States does not change the 15 Court’s analysis. Vazquez Romero v. Garland, 999 F.3d 656, 661 (9th Cir. 2021) (“The 16 parole of an alien into the United States does not affect the alien’s immigration status. 17 Aliens paroled elsewhere in the country for years pending removal are treated for due 18 process purposes as if stopped at the border.” (citations and quotation marks omitted)). 19 Petitioner’s status did not change when he was granted parole, nor did it change when his 20 parole was revoked. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(5)(A) (stating that “parole of such alien shall 21 not be regarded as an admission of the alien”); 8 C.F.R. § 1.2 (stating that an “arriving alien 22 remains an arriving alien even if paroled pursuant to [8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(5)], and even 23 after any such parole is terminated or revoked”). 24 Third, an alien unlawfully present in the United States “has only those rights 25 regarding admission that Congress has provided by statute,” and the “Due Process Clause 26 provides nothing more.” Dep’t of Homeland Sec. v. Thuraissigiam, 591 U.S. 103, 140 27 (2020); see also Lopez v. Noem, No. CV-26-00345 (JHR), 2026 WL 266597, at *3 28 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 2026). As the Supreme Court has long held, in these circumstances “the 1 decisions of executive or administrative officers, acting within powers expressly conferred 2 by Congress, are due process of law.” Thuraissigiam, 591 U.S. at 138 (emphasis added) 3 (citation omitted). Petitioner was not entitled to anything beyond the process provided him 4 under the INA before being re-detained. See Angov v. Lynch, 788 F.3d 893, 898 (9th Cir. 5 2015) (rejecting that an alien’s “constitutional right to procedural due process” was 6 violated because the alien “never formally entered the United States” and thus “ha[d] no 7 such right”). 8 Fourth, the Supreme Court has determined there is no statutory right to periodic 9 bond hearings for aliens detained during the pendency of removal proceedings. Jennings 10 v. Rodriguez, 583 U.S. 281, 297 (2018) (“Until [removal proceedings end] nothing in the 11 statutory text imposes any limit on the length of detention. And neither § 1225(b)(1) nor 12 § 1225(b)(2) says anything whatsoever about bond hearings.”). And while Jennings did 13 not address whether such a right exists under the Constitution, the Supreme Court 14 subsequently held that an alien unlawfully present in the United States “has only those 15 rights regarding admission that Congress has provided by statute.” Thuraissigiam, 591 16 U.S. at 140; see also Lopez, 2026 WL 266597, at *3. Petitioner is subject to mandatory 17 detention and, therefore, is not entitled to a bond hearing under statutory or constitutional 18 authority. 19 Finally, the Court lacks jurisdiction to review the decision to terminate Petitioner’s 20 parole. “[N]o court shall have jurisdiction to review” any “decision or action of the 21 Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security the authority for which is 22 specified . . . to be in the discretion of the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland 23 Security . . . .” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii). The Ninth Circuit has held that a district court 24 “properly reject[s] [the] argument that it [has] jurisdiction to review the revocation of 25 advance parole” under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(5). See Hassan v. Chertoff, 593 F.3d 785, 789- 26 90 (9th Cir. 2010) (per curiam); see also Vazquez Romero, 999 F.3d at 665 (“[T]he 27 jurisdiction-stripping provision of § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) applies to discretionary parole 28 decisions under § 1182(d)(5).”); Torres v. Barr, 976 F.3d 918, 931-32 (9th Cir. 2020) (en 1 | banc) (“[T]he parole authority under [8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(5)] of the [[NA] is delegated solely to the Secretary of Homeland Security . .. .” (third alteration in original) (quotation marks omitted)). Indeed, § 1182(d)(5) (emphasis added) provides that an alien previously granted parole must be returned to custody “when the purposes of such parole shall, in the opinion of the Secretary of Homeland Security, have been served.” Additionally, the APA 6 | states that it does not apply to “statutes [that] preclude judicial review” or to “agency action 7 | [that] is committed to agency discretion by law.” 5 U.S.C. § 701(a); see also Padilla v. 8 | Bondi, No. CV-24-00332-TUC-JCH, 2025 WL 2663010, at *5 (D. Ariz. Sep. 17, 2025) 9| (stating the “Court does not have the jurisdiction to review the denial of Plaintiff's advance 10 | parole application” and citing 5 U.S.C. § 701(a) and 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)); Syed v. 11 | Mayorkas, No. 3:23-cv-00083-IM, 2023 WL 6596330, at *3 (D. Or. Oct. 10, 2023) 12) (“Because the decision to parole Plaintiff into the United States is discretionary under 13 | § 1182(d)(5), the INA and APA prevent this Court from reviewing the USCIS’s 14) decision.”). 15 IT IS ORDERED that the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Doc. 1) is denied. The Clerk of Court must enter judgment accordingly and close this case. 17 Dated this 2nd day of June, 2026. 18 Wichael T. Sihurde Michael T. Liburdi 21 United States District Judge 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 -6-