Erik Pyle v. Chief Justin Gibbs Glenn County Sheriff Officer Doe,1

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 ERIK PYLE, Case No. 2:24-cv-02940-TLN-CSK (PS) 12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS GRANTING DEFENDANTS SHERIFF 13 v. JUSTIN GIBBS AND GLENN COUNTY SHERIFF’S DEPARTMENT’S MOTION TO COUNTY SHERIFF OFFICER DOE,1 15 (ECF No. 42) Defendants. 16

17 18 Plaintiff Erik Pyle is proceeding in this action pro se. Pending before the Court is 19 Defendants Sheriff Justin Gibbs (sued as “Cheif [sic] Justin Gibbs”) and Glenn County 20 Sheriff’s Department’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”) 21 (ECF No. 30) pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) and 12(b)(6).2 (ECF 22 No. 42.) The motion is fully briefed. (ECF Nos. 42, 43, 44, 45.) Pursuant to Local Rule 23 230(g), the Court submitted the motion without argument and vacated the April 7, 2026 24 hearing. 3/30/2026 Minute Order (ECF No. 46). For the reasons that follow, the Court 25 recommends GRANTING Defendants’ motion to dismiss the SAC without leave to

26 1 Defendants are named as they appear on the caption page of Plaintiff’s Second 27 Amended Complaint (ECF No. 30). Spelling errors are in the original. 2 This matter proceeds before the undersigned pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636, Fed. R. 28 Civ. P. 72, and Local Rule 302(c). 1 amend. 3 A. Factual Allegations3 4 Plaintiff alleges that on an unspecified date, while Plaintiff was driving in Glenn 5 County, “multiple marked vehicles belonging to the Glenn County Sheriff’s Office” pulled 6 over Plaintiff. SAC at 2 ¶ 1 (ECF No. 30).4 After Plaintiff pulled over, “[s]everal deputies 7 exited their patrol vehicles with firearms drawn and aimed directly at Plaintiff, shouting 8 conflicting commands and treating him as if he were a violent fugitive.” Id. at 2 ¶ 2. 9 Plaintiff alleges he was ordered out of his vehicle and then almost immediately ordered 10 back in. Id. at 2 ¶ 3. Plaintiff alleges that “Chief Gibbs, who appeared to be supervising 11 the encounter, shouted at Plaintiff: ‘When are you going to get enough of this woman? 12 Thirty years you’ve been putting up with this woman!’” Id. at 3 ¶ 4. Plaintiff alleges that 13 “Deputies then conducted a full search of Plaintiff’s vehicle without warrant, consent, or 14 exigent circumstances.” Id. at 3 ¶ 5. Plaintiff alleges he was arrested “on suspicion of 15 domestic violence, an accusation entirely unsupported by witness statements or 16 probable cause.” Id. at 3 ¶ 6. Plaintiff was then allegedly transported and detained “in a 17 small filthy isolation cell with no toilet, sink, or running water” and “a strong, 18 overwhelming odor of urine.” Id. at 3 ¶ 8. Plaintiff was allegedly “denied access to a 19

20 3 These facts primarily derive from the Second Amended Complaint (ECF No. 30), which are construed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff as the non-moving party. 21 Faulkner v. ADT Sec. Servs., 706 F.3d 1017, 1019 (9th Cir. 2013). However, the Court does not assume the truth of any conclusory factual allegations or legal conclusions. 22 Paulsen v. CNF Inc., 559 F.3d 1061, 1071 (9th Cir. 2009). The Court notes that Plaintiff’s 23 SAC appears to have been drafted with the help of generative artificial intelligence (“GenAI”) or similar tools because it contains apparent GenAI responses to prompts. See 24 SAC at 2:19-21, 3:26-28, 4:25-28, 6:22-24, 7:11-13. Of particular concern is an apparent reference to “Sheriff Owens” in one of the responses, who is not named elsewhere in the 25 SAC. See SAC at 3:26-27. This raises concerns that the SAC may contain facts that the 26 generative AI “hallucinated,” that is, made up. The Court previously warned Plaintiff that a misuse of generative AI that includes hallucinations of facts or legal authority can 27 violate Rule 11. See 10/14/2025 Order and Findings and Recommendations at 6. 4 Citations to the SAC refer to page and paragraph numbers where available; 28 otherwise, citations are by page and line numbers. 1 phone, legal counsel, and contact with family.” Id. at 3 ¶ 9. Plaintiff was released after 2 about twenty-four hours, and Plaintiff alleges that subsequent arrest reports were altered 3 to indicate he was arrested for “harassment” rather than domestic violence. Id. at 3 4 ¶¶ 10, 11. 5 B. Procedural Posture 6 Plaintiff filed the initial complaint on October 25, 2024, naming as defendants 7 Glenn County Sheriff’s Department, Glenn County Board of Supervisors, and Orland 8 Police Department. (ECF No. 1.) On May 28, 2025, Defendants Glenn County Sheriff’s 9 Department, Glenn County Board of Supervisors, and Orland Police Department filed a 10 motion to dismiss the complaint. (ECF No. 12.) Plaintiff did not file an opposition or 11 statement of non-opposition to the motion. See Docket. On June 17, 2025, the Court 12 issued a minute order directing Plaintiff to show cause why the Court should not 13 construe Plaintiff’s failure to file a timely opposition as a non-opposition to Defendants’ 14 motion and why this case should not be dismissed for failure to prosecute. 6/17/2025 15 Minute Order (ECF No. 14). On June 23, 2025, Plaintiff filed a response to the Court’s 16 June 17, 2025 Order, requesting leave to file an amended complaint pursuant to Federal 17 Rules of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2). (ECF No. 15.) On June 27, 2025, the Court issued a 18 minute order granting Plaintiff’s request to file an amended complaint for good cause 19 pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15. 6/27/2025 Minute Order (ECF No. 16). 20 On July 14, 2025, Plaintiff filed the First Amended Complaint (“FAC”), naming as 21 defendants Glenn County Sheriff’s Department, Orland Police Department, and Does 1- 22 10. (ECF No. 17.) On July 31, 2025, Defendant Glenn County Sheriff’s Department filed 23 a motion to dismiss the FAC. (ECF No. 18.) After briefing, the Court took the motion 24 under submission. 8/19/2025 Minute Order (ECF No. 20). On October 14, 2025, the 25 undersigned issued Findings and Recommendations recommending that the motion to 26 dismiss be granted with leave for Plaintiff to amend. 10/14/2025 Order and Findings and 27 Recommendations (ECF No. 25). Plaintiff filed objections to these Findings and 28 Recommendations on October 24, 2025. (ECF No. 27.) The district judge adopted the 1 Findings and Recommendations on November 26, 2025. 11/26/2025 Order (ECF No. 2 34). 3 On November 12, 2025, while the October 14, 2025 Findings and 4 Recommendations were still pending before the district judge, Plaintiff filed a notice of 5 voluntary dismissal as to Defendant Orland Police Department and filed the SAC, which 6 names “Cheif [sic] Justin Gibbs Glenn County Sheriff Officer Doe” as Defendants. (ECF 7 Nos. 29, 30.) The SAC appears to allege one cause of action for violation of civil rights 8 under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 based on Monell liability. SAC at 4 ¶¶ 1-8. Plaintiff seeks 9 monetary damages and declaratory and injunctive relief. Id. at 6:16-21, 7:14-28, 8. 10 Because the October 14, 2025 Findings and Recommendations were still pending 11 before the assigned district judge, the Court struck the SAC as premature. 11/25/2025 12 Minute Order (ECF No. 33). After the district judge adopted the October 14, 2025 13 Findings and Recommendations, the Court withdrew its November 25, 2025 Order 14 striking Plaintiff’s SAC and ordered Defendants to respond to the now-operative SAC 15 within twenty-one days. 2/5/2026 Minute Order (ECF No. 38). 16 On February 26, 2026, Defendants Sheriff Justin Gibbs and Glenn County 17 Sheriff’s Department filed the instant motion to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint 18 and set it for hearing on April 7, 2026 before the undersigned. (ECF No. 42.) On March 19 17, 2026, Defendants filed a notice that Plaintiff had failed to timely file an opposition to 20 the motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 43.) That same day, Plaintiff filed a late opposition. Pl. 21 Opp’n (ECF No. 44). Defendants replied to the opposition on March 27, 2026. Def. Reply 22 (ECF No. 45). The Court then took the motion to dismiss under submission and vacated 23 the April 7, 2026 hearing. 3/30/2026 Minute Order (ECF No. 46). 25 A. Rule 8, Pro Se Pleadings, Construction and Amendment 26 Pro se pleadings are to be liberally construed and afforded the benefit of any 27 doubt. Chambers v. Herrera, 78 F.4th 1100, 1104 (9th Cir. 2023). However, the court 28 need not accept as true conclusory allegations, unreasonable inferences, or 1 unwarranted deductions of fact. Western Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 624 (9th 2 Cir. 1981). To give fair notice of the claims and the grounds on which they rest, a plaintiff 3 must allege with at least some degree of particularity overt acts by specific defendants 4 which support the claims. See Kimes v. Stone, 84 F.3d 1121, 1129 (9th Cir. 1996). A 5 formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action does not suffice to state a claim. 6 Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007); Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 7 662, 678 (2009). To state a claim on which relief may be granted, the plaintiff must 8 allege enough facts “to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 9 U.S. at 570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that 10 allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 11 misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 12 Upon dismissal of any claims, the court must tell a pro se plaintiff of a pleading’s 13 deficiencies and provide an opportunity to cure such defects. Garity v. APWU Nat'l Lab. 14 Org., 828 F.3d 848, 854 (9th Cir. 2016). However, if amendment would be futile, leave to 15 amend does not need to be provided. Lathus v. City of Huntington Beach, 56 F.4th 1238, 16 1243 (9th Cir. 2023). 17 To determine the propriety of a dismissal motion, the court may not consider facts 18 raised outside the complaint (such as in an opposition brief), but it may consider such 19 facts when deciding whether to grant leave to amend. Broam v. Bogan, 320 F.3d 1023, 20 1026 n.2 (9th Cir. 2003). 21 B. Failure to State a Claim under Rule 12(b)(6) 22 A claim may be dismissed because of the plaintiff’s “failure to state a claim upon 23 which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A complaint fails to state a claim if 24 it either lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient facts to support a cognizable legal 25 theory. Mollett v. Netflix, Inc., 795 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 2015). When considering 26 whether a claim has been stated, the court must accept the well-pleaded factual 27 allegations as true and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the non- 28 moving party. Id. However, the court is not required to accept as true conclusory factual 1 allegations contradicted by documents referenced in the complaint, or legal conclusions 2 merely because they are cast in the form of factual allegations. Paulsen v. CNF Inc., 559 3 F.3d 1061, 1071 (9th Cir. 2009). 5 Defendants Sheriff Justin Gibbs and Glenn County Sheriff’s Department move to 6 dismiss the entire SAC for failure to satisfy the pleading requirements of Federal Rule of 7 Civil Procedure Rule 8 and for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted 8 pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Def. Mot. (ECF No. 42-1.) Prior to 9 addressing Defendants’ motion to dismiss, the Court first addresses Plaintiff’s late 10 opposition. 11 A. Plaintiff’s Late Opposition 12 Defendants’ motion to dismiss the SAC was filed on February 26, 2026. See Def. 13 Mot. Thus, pursuant to the Local Rules, Plaintiff’s opposition was due on March 12, 14 2026. See E.D. Cal. Local Rule 230(c). Plaintiff filed his opposition to the motion on 15 March 17, 2026. See Pl. Opp’n. Defendants argue on reply that because Plaintiff’s 16 opposition is untimely, the opposition should be struck. Def. Reply at 2. The Court notes 17 that this is not the first time this has occurred. 10/14/2025 Order and Findings and 18 Recommendations at 5. In addition, the Court granted Plaintiff e-service of filings such 19 that Plaintiff receives filings electronically through CM/ECF simultaneous with their filing. 20 (ECF No. 25.) Despite this, the Court declines Defendants’ request to strike Plaintiff’s 21 opposition given Plaintiff’s pro se status and where Defendants were able to respond to 22 Plaintiff’s late opposition and are therefore not prejudiced. 23 B. Motion to Dismiss 24 Defendants move to dismiss the SAC for (1) failure to present a short and plain 25 statement of Plaintiff’s claims pursuant to Rule 8(a)(2), and (2) failure to allege sufficient 26 facts to support a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). Def. Mot. at 4-5, 5-8. Defendants 27 argue that the SAC does not comply with Rule 8 because it fails to identify who are the 28 defendant parties and does not clearly indicate what, if any other, causes of action 1 Plaintiff asserts apart from a Section 1983 claim based solely on a Monell theory. Id. at 2 1, 5. Defendants argue that, even if the SAC satisfies Rule 8, it should be dismissed 3 pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) because: (1) any claims against Defendant Gibbs in his official 4 capacity must be dismissed as duplicative of Plaintiff’s Monell claim; (2) any claims 5 against Defendant Gibbs in his individual capacity are based on conclusory, speculative 6 allegations; and (3) the claim based on Monell liability fails to allege facts to identify or 7 support an unconstitutional custom, policy, or practice by Defendants. Id. at 5-8. 8 1. Rule 8 Pleading Requirements 9 Plaintiff's SAC does not contain a short and plain statement of a claim as required 10 by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 because the SAC fails to allege, with at least some 11 degree of particularity, overt acts by specific defendants which support Plaintiff’s claims. 12 See Kimes, 84 F.3d at 1129. 13 As an initial problem, Plaintiff has not adequately identified the defendants to the 14 SAC. The caption page provides “Cheif [sic] Justin Gibbs [line break] Glenn County 15 Sheriff Officer Doe” as the Defendants, but nowhere in the SAC does Plaintiff clarify 16 whether he is suing one defendant (Defendant Gibbs), two (Defendants Gibbs and 17 Glenn County Sheriff’s Department), or three or more defendants, including Doe 18 defendants. See SAC at 1. Under the “Cause of Action” heading, the SAC appears to 19 allege a Section 1983 claim based on Monell liability, but there it names “[t]he County of 20 Glenn” rather than the Glenn County Sheriff’s Department, which was named in the 21 FAC. Id. at 4 ¶ 7. Under the “Prayer for Relief” heading, the SAC refers to “Defendants,” 22 “the Glenn County Sheriff’s Office,” and “County of Glenn.” Id. at 7:15-28, 8. Thus, 23 because the defendants to the SAC are not clearly identified, the SAC fails to satisfy the 24 requirements of Rule 8. 25 Further, nowhere in the SAC does Plaintiff clearly identify (apart from the Monell 26 claim) what other claim(s), if any, Plaintiff brings, what defendants against whom Plaintiff 27 seeks to bring such claim(s), and on what theory of liability. “[C]ourts have routinely 28 granted motions to dismiss” where defendants “lack notice as to which theory of liability 1 Plaintiffs are advancing against which of them and cannot make informed responses as 2 to Plaintiffs' allegations.” Taylor v. City of Torrance, 2025 WL 4059416, at *3 (C.D. Cal. 3 Oct. 8, 2025). Plaintiff’s opposition fails to address these omissions. See Pl. Opp’n at 3- 4 4. As the Court earlier cautioned Plaintiff, the SAC must not require the Court and 5 defendants to guess at what is being alleged against whom. See 10/14/2025 Order and 6 Findings and Recommendations at 10; McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1177 (9th Cir. 7 1996) (affirming dismissal of a complaint where the district court was “literally guessing 8 as to what facts support the legal claims being asserted against certain defendants”). 9 Accordingly, because the SAC fails to comply with Rule 8 in providing notice to 10 Defendants of what claims are being brought against them, the Court recommends the 11 SAC be dismissed. 12 2. Monell Claim 13 Defendants argue that any claim against the Glenn County Sheriff’s Department 14 based on Monell liability fails because the SAC does not allege facts to identify or 15 support an unconstitutional custom, policy, or practice by Defendants. Def. Mot. at 5-8. 16 42 U.S.C. § 1983 “provides a cause of action for the deprivation of any rights, 17 privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States.” 18 Wilder v. Virginia Hosp. Ass'n, 496 U.S. 498, 508 (1990) (internal quotation marks 19 omitted). “Section 1983 is not itself a source of substantive rights but merely provides a 20 method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.” Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 21 266, 271 (1994) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). To state a cognizable 22 Section 1983 claim, a plaintiff must allege the violation of a right protected by the 23 Constitution and laws of the United States, and that the alleged deprivation was 24 committed by a person who acted under color of state law. 42 U.S.C. § 1983; see also 25 Florer v. Congregation Pidyon Shevuyim, N.A., 639 F.3d 916, 921 (9th Cir. 2011). An 26 individual defendant is not liable on a civil rights claim unless the facts establish the 27 defendant's personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation or a causal connection 28 between the defendant's wrongful conduct and the alleged constitutional deprivation. 1 See Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 645 (9th Cir. 1989); Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 2 740, 743-44 (9th Cir. 1978). 3 “In order to establish municipal liability [under Monell], a plaintiff must show that a 4 ‘policy or custom’ led to the plaintiff's injury.” Castro v. County of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 5 1060, 1073 (9th Cir. 2016) (en banc) (quoting Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs. of City of 6 New York, 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978)). To state a Monell claim, a plaintiff must allege that 7 (1) he was deprived of a constitutional right; (2) the municipality has a policy; (3) the 8 policy amounts to deliberate indifference to plaintiff's constitutional rights; and (4) the 9 policy is the moving force behind the constitutional violation. See Anderson v. Warner, 10 451 F.3d 1063, 1070 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Oviatt v. Pearce, 954 F.2d 1470, 1474 (9th 11 Cir. 1994)). The complaint must identify the particular policy that the plaintiff alleges 12 caused his constitutional injury. See Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 681 (9th 13 Cir. 2002); see also Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 60 (2011) (under § 1983, local 14 governments are responsible only for “their own illegal acts,” and therefore to impose 15 liability on a local government, plaintiffs must prove that an “action pursuant to official 16 municipal policy” caused their injury) (citations omitted). Further, the policy at issue must 17 be the result of a decision of a person employed by the entity who has final decision or 18 policymaking authority. Monell, 436 U.S. at 694. There must be a direct causal link 19 between the policy or custom and the injury, and a plaintiff must be able to demonstrate 20 that his injury resulted from a permanent and well-settled practice. Anderson, 451 F.3d 21 at 1070. 22 Here, the SAC fails to state a Section 1983 claim under a Monell theory of liability. 23 Plaintiff alleges his constitutional deprivations were “part of an established custom, 24 policy, and failure of training and supervision within the Glenn County Sheriff’s Office to 25 engage in unlawful detentions, use intimidation tactics, and disregard constitutional 26 rights.” SAC at 3 ¶ 12. Plaintiff alleges that “Chief Gibbs and other supervisory officials 27 within the Glenn County Sheriff’s Office acted . . . within the scope of their employment 28 as policymakers and decision-makers for the County.” Id. at 4 ¶ 2. Plaintiff also alleges 1 that “Chief Gibbs, acting in a supervisory and decision-making capacity, personally 2 directed and oversaw deputies who conducted the unlawful stop, the search, and the 3 confinement.” Id. at 6:11-12. Plaintiff further alleges “the policies, customs, and decisions 4 made and carried out during [Plaintiff’s] arrest and detention were the direct and moving 5 force behind the violations of his constitutional rights.” Id. at 4 ¶ 3. Plaintiff pleads 6 minimal allegations and fails to sufficiently state a Monell claim. As they relate to the 7 “execution of a government’s policy or custom” to deprive constitutional rights, the 8 allegations are conclusory. Monell, 436 U.S. at 694. In his opposition, Plaintiff asserts 9 that “[a]t the pleading stage, a plaintiff is not required to prove the existence of a policy 10 or custom.” To the extent Plaintiff means he does not have to allege non-conclusory 11 facts about a municipal entity’s policy to succeed on a Monell claim, Plaintiff is wrong. 12 See A. E. ex rel. Hernandez v. Cnty. of Tulare, 666 F.3d 631, 637 (9th Cir. 2012) 13 (clarifying that Monell claims may not be pleaded with conclusory allegations reciting 14 elements of cause of action). Thus, the Court recommends that Plaintiff's Monell claims 15 against Defendant Glenn County Sheriff’s Department be dismissed. 16 3. Claims Against Defendant Gibbs 17 Plaintiff alleges Defendant Gibbs was present when Plaintiff was pulled over and 18 that Defendant Gibbs shouted, “When are you going to get enough of this woman? 19 Thirty years you’ve been putting up with this woman!” SAC at 3 ¶ 4. Plaintiff also alleges 20 that Defendant Gibbs supervised the actions depriving Plaintiff of his constitutional 21 rights; that Plaintiff’s arrest records were modified, “indicating possible coordination 22 among supervisory personnel—including Chief Gibbs”; and that Defendant Gibbs’s 23 “verbal remarks during the encounter show active participation and bias.” Id. at 4 ¶ 7, 24 5:3-6, 6:11-15. In their motion to dismiss, Defendants argue that to the extent Plaintiff 25 brings claims against Defendant Gibbs, Plaintiff fails to allege sufficient facts to state a 26 claim because (1) claims against Defendant Gibbs in his official capacity must be 27 dismissed as duplicative of Plaintiff’s Monell claim; and (2) any Section 1983 claims 28 against Defendant Gibbs in his individual capacity are conclusorily alleged. Def. Mot. at 1 5-7. The Court agrees. 2 As a threshold matter, the SAC does not indicate whether Plaintiff seeks to bring 3 Section 1983 claims against Gibbs in his individual or official capacity, or whether those 4 allegations are intended to support only Plaintiff’s Monell claim. The Court considers 5 both possibilities. “[A] suit against a state official in his or her official capacity is not a suit 6 against the official but rather is a suit against the official's office. As such, it is no 7 different from a suit against the State itself.” Will v. Mich. Dep't of State Police, 491 U.S. 8 58, 71 (1989) (citation omitted); see Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166 (1985). If 9 an individual is sued in his official capacity as a municipal official and the municipal entity 10 is also sued, the claims against the individuals are duplicative and should be dismissed. 11 Coronado v. City of Fresno, 2025 WL 3004080, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 27, 2025) 12 (dismissing official-capacity claims as duplicative of municipal-liability claims); Myrtle St. 13 Flats LLC v. City of Vallejo, 2017 WL 5754891, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 28, 2017) (same). 14 Here, a Section 1983 claim against Defendant Gibbs in his official capacity is 15 effectively a Section 1983 claim against Defendant Glenn County Sheriff’s Department. 16 See Coronado, 2025 WL 3004080, at *4. Because Plaintiff also brings claims against the 17 municipal entity (the Glenn County Sheriff’s Department), Plaintiff's claims against 18 Defendant Gibbs should be dismissed as duplicative to the extent they are brought 19 against Defendant Gibbs in his official capacity. See id.; Myrtle St. Flats LLC, 2017 WL 20 5754891, at *5. 21 Even assuming that Plaintiff seeks to bring claims against Defendant Gibbs in his 22 individual capacity, the SAC fails to allege facts sufficient to state a claim. Individual 23 defendants may be held independently liable as supervisors under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 if 24 there exists either “(1) his or her personal involvement in the constitutional deprivation, 25 or (2) a sufficient causal connection between the supervisor's wrongful conduct and the 26 constitutional violation.” Hanson v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 (9th Cir. 1989). “[A]n officer 27 ‘must be more than a mere bystander’ to be liable under § 1983.” Taylor, 2025 WL 28 4059416, at *3 (quoting Reynaga Hernandez v. Skinner, 969 F.3d 930, 941 (9th Cir. 1 2020)). Courts in the Ninth Circuit have dismissed supervisory liability claims against 2 police department chiefs where the pleadings were conclusory and there were no factual 3 allegations to support a causal connection between the chief's conduct and the 4 unconstitutional actions allegedly committed by subordinate officers. See Sterling, 2023 5 WL 2600454, at *6; Mitchell v. County of Contra Costa, 2022 WL 526161, at *7 (N.D. 6 Cal. Feb. 22, 2022) (finding that pleadings that only state that the supervisor “directed 7 his or her subordinates in conduct that violated Plaintiff's rights,” “set in motion a series 8 of acts and omissions by his or her subordinates,” “failed to act to prevent his or her 9 subordinate from engaging in conduct,” and “disregarded the consequence of a known 10 or obvious training deficiency” were conclusory and contained no factual allegations to 11 support supervisory liability); Arteaga v. City of Oakley, 2020 WL 511876, at *7 (N.D. 12 Cal. Jan. 31, 2020) (dismissing a claim for supervisory liability on similarly pleaded 13 allegations). 14 Here, Plaintiff’s SAC falls short in similar ways. The SAC’s allegations do not 15 sufficiently allege that Defendant Gibbs personally participated in constitutional violations 16 against Plaintiff or that Defendant Gibbs’s conduct had a causal connection to 17 unconstitutional actions allegedly committed by subordinate officers. However, Plaintiff’s 18 opposition alleges for the first time that when Plaintiff was stopped, Defendant Gibbs 19 “announced that Plaintiff was under arrest for domestic violence.” Pl. Opp’n at 5. This 20 allegation is unavailing. On a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), “a court may not 21 look beyond the complaint to a plaintiff's moving papers, such as a memorandum in 22 opposition to a defendant's motion to dismiss.” Schneider v. California Dep't of Corr., 151 23 F.3d 1194, 1197 n.1 (9th Cir. 1998) (emphasis in original). The Court disregards 24 Plaintiff’s allegations raised for the first time in his opposition. However, even if the Court 25 were to consider this allegation, Plaintiff has not sufficiently pleaded Defendant Gibbs’s 26 personal participation in an unlawful arrest with factual allegations that would indicate a 27 lack of probable cause. See Graves v. Fresno Cnty. Mental Health, 2019 WL 2125457 28 (E.D. Cal. May 15, 2019) (holding that general allegations of lack of probable cause for 1 arrest are insufficient to state claim under Section 1983). 2 Accordingly, Plaintiff has failed to plead liability against Defendant Gibbs in his 3 individual capacity. The Court therefore recommends dismissal of any claims Plaintiff 4 brings against Defendant Gibbs. 5 C. Leave to Amend 6 Although the Federal Rules adopt a flexible pleading policy, even a pro se 7 litigant's complaint must give fair notice and state the elements of a claim plainly and 8 succinctly. Jones v. Community Redev. Agency, 733 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1984). If the 9 court finds that a complaint should be dismissed for failure to state a claim, it has 10 discretion to dismiss with or without leave to amend. Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1126-30. Leave 11 to amend should be granted if it appears possible that the defects in the complaint could 12 be corrected, especially if a plaintiff is pro se. Id. at 1130-31; see also Cato, 70 F.3d at 13 1106 (“A pro se litigant must be given leave to amend his or her complaint, and some 14 notice of its deficiencies, unless it is absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the 15 complaint could not be cured by amendment.”) (citation omitted). However, if, after 16 careful consideration, it is clear that a complaint cannot be cured by amendment, the 17 court may dismiss without leave to amend. Cato, 70 F.3d at 1105-06. 18 Here, Plaintiff has amended his complaint twice. (See ECF Nos. 17, 30.) The 19 Court also provided Plaintiff a detailed explanation of the deficiencies in his First 20 Amended Complaint. See 10/14/2025 Order and Findings and Recommendations. 21 Despite this, Plaintiff has been unable to cure the deficiencies and allege sufficient facts 22 to state a claim against any defendant. Accordingly, the Court finds that further 23 amendment would be futile. The SAC should therefore be dismissed without leave to 24 amend. See Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1130-31; Cato, 70 F.3d at 1105-06. 26 Based upon the findings above, it is RECOMMENDED: 27 1. Defendants’ motion to dismiss (ECF No. 42) be GRANTED; 28 2. Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint (ECF No. 30) be DISMISSED 1 without leave to amend; and 2 3. The Clerk of the Court be directed to CLOSE this case. 3 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District 4 | Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within 5 | 14 days after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file 6 || written objections with the Court and serve a copy on all parties. This document should 7 || be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any 8 || reply to the objections shall be served on all parties and filed with the Court within 14 9 | days after service of the objections. Failure to file objections within the specified time 10 || may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 11 | 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153, 1156-57 (9th Cir. 1991). 12 13 | Dated: May 12, 2026 C iy $ 45 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 16 || 8, pyle.2940.24.mtd 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 14