Eric Robertson v. State

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: September 25, 2015
• Docket: 07-15-00030-CR
• Status: Published

Opinion

In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

No. 07-15-00030-CR

ERIC ROBERTSON, APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

On Appeal from the 427th District Court Travis County, Texas1 Trial Court No. D-1-DC-14-904031, Honorable Jim Coronado, Presiding

September 25, 2015

MEMORANDUM OPINION Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.

Upon notice by the State and review of the record, we withdraw our prior opinion

of September 10, 2015, and issue the following in its place.

Appellant, Eric Robertson, was indicted in a four count indictment that alleged the

following offenses: Count 1, burglary of a habitation;2 Count 2, attempted aggravated

1 Pursuant to the Texas Supreme Court’s docket equalization efforts, this case was transferred to this Court from the Third Court of Appeals. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West 2013). 2 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02(a)(1) (West 2011). sexual assault;3 Count 3, aggravated assault with a deadly weapon causing bodily

injury;4 and Count 4, aggravated assault with a deadly weapon causing serious bodily

injury.5 Prior to commencing trial, the State withdrew Count 3 of the indictment. A jury

convicted appellant of all three counts that were alleged in the indictment and presented

to the jury. Appellant elected to have the jury assess punishment and, after hearing the

punishment evidence, the jury sentenced appellant to 60 years for burglary of a

habitation, 18 years for attempted aggravated sexual assault, and 10 years for

aggravated assault causing serious bodily injury, all sentences to be served

concurrently in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (ID-

TDCJ). Appellant has appealed the judgment and sentence for burglary of a habitation

via one issue. Appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to support the

jury’s verdict. Disagreeing with appellant, we will affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

Inasmuch as appellant only challenges the sufficiency of the evidence on the

issue of whether the location of the offense in question was a habitation, we will give an

abbreviated version of the factual background.

On August 21, 2013, a housekeeping worker at the Austin Marriott Hotel was

attacked while preparing Room 728 for the next hotel patron. As a result of the attack,

the housekeeper was hospitalized with severe injuries. While in the hospital, the worker

3 See id. §§ 15.01(b) (West 2011), 22.021(a)(1), (2) (West Supp. 2014). 4 See id. § 22.02(a)(2) (West 2011). 5 See id. § 22.02(a).

2 identified appellant as her attacker. Surveillance video shows appellant fleeing the

hotel. At trial, the housekeeper again identified appellant as her attacker.

During the trial, David Malberg, the general manager of the Marriott Hotel,

testified that the guest who had rented the room in question had checked out prior to the

attack at issue. Malberg testified that, at the time of the attack, the room was being

cleaned and was not ready for renting.

At the conclusion of the testimony during the guilt/innocence phase of the trial,

the jury found appellant guilty of the offense of burglary of a habitation. Following the

punishment portion of the trial, in accordance with the jury’s verdict, the trial court

sentenced appellant to confinement in the ID-TDCJ for a period of 60 years on the

burglary of a habitation count of the indictment. Appellant appeals, contending that the

evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s implied finding that the site of the burglary

was a habitation. Disagreeing, we will affirm.

Standard of Review

In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the

light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could

have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson

v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Brooks v. State,

323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). “[O]nly that evidence which is sufficient in

character, weight, and amount to justify a fact finder in concluding that every element of

the offense has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt is adequate to support a

conviction.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917 (Cochran, J., concurring). We remain mindful

3 that “[t]here is no higher burden of proof in any trial, criminal or civil, and there is no

higher standard of appellate review than the standard mandated by Jackson.” Id.

(Cochran, J., concurring). When reviewing all of the evidence under the Jackson

standard of review, the ultimate question is whether the jury’s finding of guilt was a

rational finding. See id. at 906, 907 n.26 (discussing Judge Cochran’s dissenting

opinion in Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 448–50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006), as

outlining the proper application of a single evidentiary standard of review). “[T]he

reviewing court is required to defer to the jury’s credibility and weight determinations

because the jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility and the weight to be given

their testimony.” Id. at 899.

The sufficiency standard set forth in Jackson is measured against a

hypothetically correct jury charge. See Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1997). Such a charge is one that accurately sets forth the law, is authorized by the

indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or

unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the

particular offense for which the defendant was tried. Id. The “‘law’ as ‘authorized by the

indictment’ must be the statutory elements of the offense” charged “as modified by the

charging instrument.” Curry v. State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

Applicable Law

The Texas Penal Code defines burglary, as indicted in this case, as entering a

habitation, or building (or any portion of a building) not then open to the public, without

the effective consent of the owner, and with intent to commit a felony, theft or an

4 assault, or remaining concealed with intent to commit a felony, theft or an assault. See

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02(a)(1), (2).6 Section 30.01(1) defines habitation as a

“structure or vehicle that is adapted for overnight accommodation of persons,” including

“each separately secured or occupied portion of the structure or vehicle” and “each

structure appurtenant to or connected with the structure or vehicle.” § 30.01(1).

Analysis

Appellant introduces his issue by identifying Room 728 as a room that is not

rented to a guest and not yet ready for renting at the time of the offense and then posits

that such a room cannot be a habitation; rather, it must be a building. However,

appellant’s issue is not properly framed. The true issue is whether a jury could have

rationally found all of the elements of burglary of a habitation, including that the room in

question was a habitation. See Blankenship v. State, 780 S.W.2d 198, 209–10 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1989) (en banc).

The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has offered some guidance on the question

of distinguishing a habitation from a building. According to the court, a jury might look at

the contents of the structure, including bedding, electricity, plumbing, or furniture;

further, the jury might look at the type of structure in question and its typical use as a

means of overnight accommodations. See Salazar v. State, 284 S.W.3d 874, 877 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2009).

When applying this factually specific analysis to the case before the Court, we

find that the record supports the following observations. First, the site of the assault

6 Further reference to the Texas Penal Code will be by reference to “section ____” or “§ ____.”

5 was in fact a room at the hotel, Room 728. The records of the hotel reveal that, on the

night immediately before the burglary, the room had been rented. The room contained

two beds and an operating bathroom. Additionally, the room also had chairs and a desk

in it, along with a dresser containing drawers for clothing and a closet. Thus, the record

clearly demonstrates that Room 728 was a structure adapted for overnight

accommodations. See § 30.01(1), see also Frazier v. State, 760 S.W.2d 334, 336

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 1988, pet. ref’d) (holding that, even though the particular rooms

at the motel were not rented at the time of the burglary, they were adapted for overnight

accommodations).

Appellant’s argument seems to confuse a room not ready for commercial renting

or leasing with a room not adapted for overnight accommodations. The fact that the

manager of the hotel says he will not rent a room to a customer until it has been

cleaned in no way impacts whether that room is adapted for overnight accommodations.

We find that the evidence supports the conclusion that a rational trier of fact

could find that the State had proven all the necessary elements of the charge beyond a

reasonable doubt. See Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917. Accordingly, the verdict of the jury

was a rational verdict. See id. at 906, 907 n.26. Appellant’s issue to the contrary is

overruled.

6 Conclusion

Having overruled appellant’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Mackey K. Hancock Justice

Do not publish.