Eric Michael Crapser v. Secretary, Department of Corrections

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
• Decided: May 17, 2021
• Docket: 20-12898
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

USCA11 Case: 20-12898 Date Filed: 05/17/2021 Page: 1 of 8

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________

No. 20-12898 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________

D.C. Docket No. 4:18-cv-00309-RH-MJF

ERIC MICHAEL CRAPSER,

Petitioner-Appellant,

versus

SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida ________________________

(May 17, 2021)

Before ROSENBAUM, NEWSOM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: USCA11 Case: 20-12898 Date Filed: 05/17/2021 Page: 2 of 8

Eric Crapser, a counseled Florida prisoner, appeals the district court’s denial

of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The district

court granted a certificate of appealability as to whether trial counsel rendered

ineffective assistance by failing to request a lesser-included-offense instruction.

Crapser was charged with sexual battery (Count I) and lewd or lascivious

molestation (Count II) of his seven-year-old stepdaughter. Crapser’s trial counsel

requested a lesser-included-offense instruction for Count I, but not for Count II. The

jury ultimately found Crapser guilty of misdemeanor battery, a lesser-included

offense of Count I, and of lewd or lascivious molestation as charged in Count II. He

was sentenced to time served for the battery offense and twenty-five years in prison

for the molestation offense, followed by a lifetime on sex offender probation. The

Florida courts affirmed his convictions and denied his motion for postconviction

relief. Crapser then filed a federal § 2254 petition, which the district court denied.

Crapser appeals, arguing that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance

under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), by failing to request a lesser-

included-offense jury instruction as to Count II. He contends that, had his trial

counsel requested such an instruction, there is a reasonable probability that the jury

would have convicted him of the lesser offense, as it did on Count I, notwithstanding

that the evidence supported his conviction for the greater offense.

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We review the district court’s denial of a state prisoner’s § 2254 petition de

novo but review the state habeas court’s decision with deference. Reed v. Sec’y, Fla.

Dep’t of Corr., 593 F.3d 1217, 1239 (11th Cir. 2010); Wright v. Sec’y for Dep’t of

Corr., 278 F.3d 1245, 1254–55 (11th Cir. 2002).

To succeed on an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, a defendant must

show that his counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient

performance prejudiced his defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. The prejudice

prong requires the petitioner to show that there is a “reasonable probability that, but

for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been

different.” Id. at 694. In evaluating prejudice, according to Strickland, “a court

should presume, absent challenge to the judgment on grounds of evidentiary

insufficiency, that the judge or jury acted according to law. An assessment of the

likelihood of a result more favorable to the defendant must exclude the possibility

of arbitrariness, whimsy, caprice, ‘nullification,’ and the like.” Id. In other words,

“[a] defendant has no entitlement to the luck of a lawless decisionmaker.” Id. at 695.

Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), we may grant the writ of habeas corpus only if

the Florida appellate court’s decision denying Crapser relief on his Strickland claim

“was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of” Strickland, or “was

based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence

presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

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Crapser relies on the “unreasonable application” prong, arguing that the

Florida Supreme Court’s decision in Sanders v. State, 946 So. 2d 953, 960 (Fla.

2006), which held that the failure to request an instruction on a lesser-included

offense cannot establish Strickland prejudice as a matter of law, constitutes an

unreasonable application of Strickland.1 Crapser asserts that Strickland prohibits

such “bright-line” rules and instead requires courts to conduct case-specific

determinations of performance and prejudice.

In Sanders, the Florida Supreme Court explained that ineffective-assistance

claims alleging a failure to request an instruction on a lesser-included offense cannot

establish Strickland prejudice because they are based solely on the possibility of a

“jury pardon.” A jury pardon “allows the jury to acquit a defendant of a greater

offense and convict him or her of a lesser one even though the evidence supports

both crimes.” 946 So. 2d at 957–58. “By definition,” Sanders explains, “jury

pardons violate the oath jurors must take before trial, as well as the instructions the

trial court gives them.” Id. at 958. These instructions require a jury to “render a true

verdict according to the law and the evidence” and to convict of a lesser-included

offense “only if it decides that the main accusation has not been proved beyond a

reasonable doubt.” Id. So when a jury has convicted a defendant of a greater

1 Crapser’s factual claim—that the state court made an unreasonable determination of the facts by failing to find prejudice—is entirely derivative of his legal challenge. 4 USCA11 Case: 20-12898 Date Filed: 05/17/2021 Page: 5 of 8

offense, it has decided that guilt was proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. “To

assume that, given the choice, the jury would now acquit the defendant of the same

crime of which it convicted him, and instead convict of a lesser offense, is to assume

that the jury would disregard its oath and the trial court’s instructions.” Id. In other

words, “any finding of prejudice resulting from defense counsel’s failure to request

an instruction on lesser-included offenses necessarily would be based on a faulty

premise: that a reasonable probability exists that, if given the choice, a jury would

violate its oath, disregard the law, and ignore the trial court’s instructions.” Id. at

959. Because defendants are not entitled to “the luck of a lawless decisionmaker”

under Strickland, the Court stated, the possibility of a jury pardon, which does not

call into question the validity of the offense of conviction, “cannot form the basis for

a finding of prejudice.” Id. at 960.

Here, Crapser is not entitled to relief under § 2254. Under Florida law, a jury

must “render a true verdict according to the law and the evidence” and, therefore, a

jury is permitted to convict of a lesser included offense “only if it decides that the

main accusation has not been proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 958; see

Williams v. Singletary, 78 F.3d 1510, 1515 (11th Cir. 1996) (stating that we are

bound by decisions of the relevant state supreme court when addressing issues of

state law). Strickland requires that we assume the jury in Crapser’s trial followed

this rule of law. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694 (“[A] court should presume, absent

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challenge to the judgment on grounds of evidentiary insufficiency, that the judge or

jury acted according to law.”). The jury concluded that the evidence against him

supported his conviction for the molestation offense on which it was instructed.

Therefore, even if the lesser-offense instructions had been given, the jury would not

have been permitted to convict Crapser of the lesser-included offenses because it

had concluded that the evidence established that he was guilty of the greater

offenses. See Sanders, 946 So. 2d at 958.

Crapser’s claim does not undermine the validity of his conviction or sentence

on Count II. 2 His assertion of prejudice depends, as he admits, on the possibility of

a jury pardon—that is, that the jury would have disregarded its oath and violated its

instructions by acquitting him of the greater offense and convicting him of a lesser

one even though the evidence supported both crimes. See id. at 957–58. But he says

that the possibility of a jury pardon is sufficient to establish prejudice in this case

because the jury’s verdict affirmatively demonstrates that it violated its oath by

convicting him of a lesser-included offense on Count I, despite evidence supporting

the greater offense. So in his view, there is a reasonable probability that the jury

would have exercised the same leniency had trial counsel requested a lesser-

included-offense instruction on Count II.

2 Arguably, therefore, trial counsel’s alleged ineffective assistance did not result in Crapser’s being held “in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). 6 USCA11 Case: 20-12898 Date Filed: 05/17/2021 Page: 7 of 8

Even if we assume he is right about that as a practical matter, though, that

reasoning cannot be squared with Strickland. In Strickland, the Supreme Court made

clear that “[a] defendant has no entitlement to the luck of a lawless decisionmaker”

and that the prejudice inquiry excludes the “particular idiosyncrasies” of the jury and

“the possibility of arbitrariness, whimsy, caprice, ‘nullification,’ and the like,” such

as a jury pardon. 466 U.S. at 695. These limitations follow from the nature of the

prejudice inquiry, which is “whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the

errors, the factfinder would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt.” Id. It is

not, as Crapser proposes, whether the jury would have reached a different verdict for

any reason, such as a desire for mercy or leniency.

Because Crapser is not entitled to the “luck of a lawless decisionmaker,”

which is essentially all that he seeks, the state court reasonably concluded that he

had no recourse under Strickland, notwithstanding that the outcome of the trial may

have been more favorable had counsel requested lesser-included instructions as to

Count II. To the extent there is some fairminded disagreement among jurists as to

whether the failure to request a lesser-included-offense instruction can establish

Strickland prejudice, see Crace v. Herzog, 798 F.3d 840, 849 (9th Cir. 2015)

(“Nothing in Strickland, therefore, forbids courts from considering the possibility

that a jury would have convicted on a lesser included offense if given the option to

do so.”), that is not enough to show that the state court’s decision was an

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unreasonable application of Strickland. See Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101

(2011) (“A state court’s determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal

habeas relief so long as fairminded jurists could disagree on the correctness of the

state court’s decision.” (quotation marks omitted)).

AFFIRMED.