NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 28 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ERIC KIMBLE, No. 17-99002
Petitioner-Appellee, D.C. No. 2:90-cv-04826-SVW
v. MEMORANDUM* RONALD DAVIS, Warden,
Respondent-Appellant.
ERIC KIMBLE, No. 17-99003
Petitioner-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:90-cv-04826-SVW
v.
RONALD DAVIS, Warden,
Respondent-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Stephen V. Wilson, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted December 12, 2022 Pasadena, California
Before: HURWITZ, OWENS, and BENNETT, Circuit Judges. Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge HURWITZ.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. Eric Kimble was charged with brutally murdering Harry and Avone
Margulies in their Los Angeles home, robbing Harry, raping Avone, and
burglarizing their stereo store. A jury convicted Kimble of these offenses, and in
1981 sentenced him to death.1 Almost forty years later, the district court granted
28 U.S.C. § 2254 sentencing relief on Kimble’s claims that his trial counsel
furnished ineffective assistance during the penalty phase by failing to investigate
and present additional mitigation evidence, and that the cumulative effect of
counsel’s penalty-phase deficiencies was prejudicial. The State appeals.
Kimble cross-appeals. He claims: (1) the evidence was insufficient to prove
rape and the rape-murder special circumstance; (2) one of the jurors was
impermissibly biased due to his concealment of his son’s criminal history during
voir dire; and (3) the trial court failed to properly instruct the jury regarding the
robbery-murder special circumstance. The district court granted a certificate of
appealability (“COA”) as to each of these three claims. Kimble also requests to
expand the COA to include one uncertified claim: that trial counsel furnished
ineffective assistance during the guilt phase. See 9th Cir. R. 22-1(e).
We reverse the district court’s grant of penalty-phase relief and affirm as to
the cross-appeal. We decline to expand the COA.
1 The facts have been recited in prior legal proceedings. See, e.g., People v. Kimble, 749 P.2d 803 (Cal. 1988). As the parties are familiar with those facts, we do not recite them in detail here.
2 I. The State’s Appeal (Mitigation and Cumulative Error)
A. Relevant Standards for Ineffective Assistance of Counsel (“IAC”)
Because Kimble’s federal petition was filed before AEDPA’s effective date
of April 24, 1996, pre-AEDPA standards apply here. “Under pre-AEDPA
standards, both questions of law and mixed questions of law and fact are subject to
de novo review, which means that a federal habeas court owes no deference to a
state court’s resolution of such legal questions (in contrast with post-AEDPA
standards).” Clark v. Chappell, 936 F.3d 944, 953 (9th Cir. 2019). However, “[t]o
the extent it is necessary to review findings of fact made in the district court, the
clearly erroneous standard applies.” Silva v. Woodford, 279 F.3d 825, 835 (9th
Cir. 2002).
An ineffective assistance of counsel claim requires a petitioner to show both
that his counsel’s performance was deficient and that he was prejudiced by that
deficiency. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). “With
respect to prejudice, a petitioner must demonstrate that, ‘but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors,’ there is a ‘reasonable probability’ that the ‘result of the
proceeding would have been different.’” Andrews v. Davis, 944 F.3d 1092, 1108
(9th Cir. 2019) (en banc) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “[I]t is enough to
show ‘a reasonable probability that at least one juror’ would have recommended a
3 sentence of life instead of death.” Id. (quoting Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 537
(2003)).
B. Counsel’s Deficient Investigation
The appropriate IAC standards at the time Kimble was tried included the
principle that “penalty phase investigations in capital cases should include
inquiries into social background, including investigation of any family abuse,
mental impairment, physical health history, and substance abuse history.” Correll
v. Ryan, 539 F.3d 938, 941, 943 (9th Cir. 2008).2 But Kimble’s trial counsel did
not do this. As the district court noted, counsel “did not conduct even a
rudimentary investigation of [Kimble’s] background.” Such an investigation was
deficient.
C. Counsel’s Presentation
We also assume without deciding that Kimble’s counsel’s penalty-phase
presentation was deficient. Kimble’s mitigation case consisted of six witnesses
(family and friends) who testified that Kimble, who had been 18 at the time of the
murders, was a loved and caring member of his family, and had been active in his
church and his community. He had coached youth basketball for several years, and
2 The district court’s deficient performance analysis was not contrary to Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 310 (1989), which holds that, with two exceptions not applicable here, “new constitutional rules of criminal procedure will not be applicable to those cases which have become final before the new rules are announced.”
4 regularly babysat and acted as a “big brother” to the neighborhood children. He
had also volunteered his time to help two ailing elderly neighbors by doing various
errands for them.
Presenting only this type of mitigation evidence is not necessarily deficient,
but deficiency depends on what else could have been presented, and what the State
could have presented in rebuttal. See, e.g., Siripongs v. Calderon, 133 F.3d 732,
736–37 (9th Cir. 1998). But because we find no prejudice, we need not decide
whether counsel’s presentation was deficient under Strickland.
D. Prejudice
Reviewing the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and mixed
questions of law and fact de novo, we find that Kimble was not prejudiced by his
counsel’s inadequate investigation and arguably inadequate presentation because
the mitigating evidence Kimble could have introduced is negligible when
compared to the evidence the State would have introduced in rebuttal. See Cullen
v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 201 (2011) (taking into account that certain mitigating
evidence would have exposed the petitioner to further aggravating evidence).
Had counsel introduced evidence of Kimble’s difficult childhood and,
through expert testimony, various mental illnesses, the State would have
5 introduced evidence of Kimble’s antisocial personality disorder (“ASPD”),3 his
related behaviors,4 and acts resulting in his prior 1978 conviction for statutory
rape.5 Thus, when viewed alongside the State’s penalty-phase rebuttal evidence,
the penalty-phase evidence Kimble now claims he did not have the opportunity to
present as a result of his counsel’s ineffectiveness was “by no means clearly
mitigating, as the jury might have concluded that [Kimble] was simply beyond
rehabilitation.” Cullen, 563 U.S. at 201; see also Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S.
3 The operative Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in use at the time of the trial, the DSM–III, described those diagnosed with ASPD as sociopathic or psychopathic. See APA, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 428–29 (3d ed. 1980) (DSM–III). Several of the State’s experts diagnosed Kimble as having ASPD and not other mental illnesses. One concluded: “Surveying Kimble’s school records and juvenile arrest and probation records for the period of 1971 through 1978, . . . they ‘reveal a pattern of belligerent, rebellious, violent and unsocialized conduct’” typical of a person with ASPD. The district court described that same expert as testifying that he “would have advised defense counsel not to introduce mental health testimony in mitigation because it would have opened the door to potentially devastating rebuttal evidence.” 4 We accept the district court’s view that this evidence would likely have been presented in the penalty phase through the testimony of both Kimble’s and the State’s mental health experts. 5 The district court recognized that Kimble’s 1977 arrest for rape “stands out from the long list of school misbehavior and property and drug crimes both in its seriousness and its prima facie similarity to the rape of Avone Margulies one year later.” Kimble’s defense attorney would have needed to factor into the calculus of a more involved mitigation case at least the possibility that the rape evidence would have come in. And there is, of course, no guarantee that the trial court would have ruled on that admissibility before the additional “mitigation” evidence would have come in.
6 168, 186 (1986) (trial counsel’s failure to present any mitigating evidence was not
deficient because such evidence would have opened the door to damaging rebuttal
evidence); Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776, 793 (1987) (failure to present
psychological records was not IAC because records suggested “violent tendencies”
that would have undermined defense strategy of portraying petitioner as acting
under the influence of other perpetrators).6
II. Cross-Appeal: Insufficient Evidence of Rape
We turn next to Kimble’s cross-appeal. Kimble argues that “the evidence
did not establish that a [rape] had been committed, much less that [he] had
committed the crime.” We reject these claims and affirm the district court’s
determination that the evidence of rape was sufficient.
When the police found Harry and Avone’s bodies, Harry was fully clothed,
and Avone was naked. Her hands were tied behind her back, her eyes and mouth
were covered with tape, and her clothing was found in her adult son’s room, who
was still living at home at the time. Evidence at trial showed that semen in
6 See also Gerlaugh v. Stewart, 129 F.3d 1027, 1035 (9th Cir. 1997) (a diagnosis of ASPD may be “potentially more harmful to [a] petitioner than [helpful]”); id. (evidence of ASPD “[i]n its best possible light, it is a basket of cobras”); Daniels v. Woodford, 428 F.3d 1181, 1204, 1210 (9th Cir. 2005) (evidence that a capital defendant is a “sociopath” can be aggravating rather than mitigating); Beardslee v. Woodford, 358 F.3d 560, 583 (9th Cir. 2004) (an ASPD diagnosis can be damaging to a capital defendant).
7 Avone’s vagina came from someone with Type A blood; both Kimble and Harry
Margulies had Type A blood.7 The medical examiner testified that Avone had
engaged in sexual intercourse within six hours of her death. Although there was no
visible trauma to Avone’s genitals, her body had scrapes on both breasts, and there
were various scrapes on Avone’s shoulder, arms, abdomen, and thigh. Viewing
this “evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of
fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis omitted).
III. Cross-Appeal: Juror Bias
Kimble next claims that the district court erred in denying Claim 14(G) of
his habeas petition, regarding juror misconduct. Kimble alleges juror Earnest Bray
lied about his son, Bray Jr., during voir dire. Bray Jr. was convicted of robbery;
Bray knew about his son’s conviction but did not disclose it when questioned.
Kimble advances both an implied bias claim and bias based on Bray’s dishonesty
during voir dire. See McDonough Power Equip., Inc. v. Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548,
556 (1984).
We have found “implied bias in those extreme situations where the
relationship between a prospective juror and some aspect of the litigation is such
7 Though irrelevant to the sufficiency of the evidence at trial, later DNA testing confirmed that the semen was Kimble’s.
8 that it is highly unlikely that the average person could remain impartial in his
deliberations under the circumstances.” Fields v. Brown, 503 F.3d 755, 770 (9th
Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Implied bias presents
a mixed question of law and fact which is reviewable de novo.” Estrada v.
Scribner, 512 F.3d 1227, 1240 (9th Cir. 2008). McDonough bias occurs where “a
juror failed to answer honestly a material question on voir dire, and . . . a correct
response would have provided a valid basis for a challenge for cause.” 464 U.S. at
556. The district court held that even though Bray was dishonest during voir dire,
Kimble failed to show either actual or implied bias. We agree.
This case does not present an “extreme situation” of implied bias where it is
“highly unlikely that the average person could remain impartial in his
deliberations.” Fields, 503 F.3d at 770. And it was not clearly erroneous for the
district court to find that Bray was “reluctant, out of embarrassment,” to disclose
his son’s crimes. See Silva, 279 F.3d at 835.
As to McDonough bias, there is nothing to support the argument that if Bray
had disclosed that his son was in prison, Kimble would have had a valid challenge
for cause. We affirm the district court’s rejection on the merits of Claim 14(G).
IV. Cross-Appeal: Special Circumstances
Kimble also appeals the district court’s denial of Claim 19 of his habeas
petition regarding the robbery-murder special circumstance. He argues that with
9 proper instructions, the jury never could have returned a verdict that resulted in a
death sentence. In People v. Green, 609 P.2d 468 (Cal. 1980), the California
Supreme Court clarified its interpretation of the felony-murder special
circumstance, holding that to narrow the class of murderers eligible for the death
penalty, the murder cannot be incidental to the felony alleged. Id. at 505. In other
words, a “murder is not committed during a robbery [or other qualifying felony]
within the meaning of the statute unless the accused has ‘killed in cold blood in
order to advance an independent felonious purpose.’” People v. Thompson, 611
P.2d 883, 893 (Cal. 1980) (quoting Green, 609 P.2d at 506).
Kimble argues, relying on Green, that the jury was wrongfully instructed
that the robbery-murder special circumstance could be found “if the jury found that
a willful, deliberate, premeditated murder occurred ‘during the commission’ of
the” robbery. Instead, he argues the jury should have been instructed that the
robbery-murder special circumstance could be returned only if the jury found that
Kimble killed Harry and Avone to advance the purposes of his robbery.8
We review error in jury instructions for harmless error, see Brecht v.
Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 638 (1993), and find that any error in instructing the
jury was harmless. As the California Supreme Court held on direct appeal, “there
was substantial evidence from which the jury could have found the . . . robberies
8 Kimble appears to have abandoned the IAC aspect of this claim.
10 were not ‘incidental’ to the murders.” Kimble, 749 P.2d at 816–17. Moreover, the
fact that the jury found other special circumstances rendering Kimble eligible for
the death penalty means that any error resulting from failure to give these
instructions was harmless. See Brown v. Sanders, 546 U.S. 212, 220 (2006) (“An
invalidated sentencing factor (whether an eligibility factor or not) will render the
sentence unconstitutional . . . unless one of the other sentencing factors enables the
sentencer to give aggravating weight to the same facts and circumstances.”).
V. Cross-Appeal: Guilt Phase Ineffective Assistance
Kimble also requests to expand the COA to include an uncertified claim on
which we ordered supplemental briefing. He claims he was denied the effective
assistance of counsel at the guilt phase of his criminal trial, Claim 10 of his habeas
petition. He alleges, among other things, that his counsel failed to adequately
investigate and present the supposedly viable defense that there were multiple
perpetrators involved in the home-invasion crimes, which would have rebutted the
requirement for imposition of the death penalty that Kimble personally committed,
or physically aided the commission of, the murders.9
9 Kimble also argues that his counsel failed to: “establish any kind of meaningful relationship with his client,” “interview prosecution witnesses,” “conduct any investigation into viable guilt phase defenses,” “seek any relevant records,” “review important records given to him by the prosecution,” and “seek the assistance of co-counsel, investigators, or any kind of experts, including forensic experts or mental state experts.” But as described above, IAC claims require
11 A petitioner seeking a COA “must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would
find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or
wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). Such a showing requires
“something more than the absence of frivolity or the existence of mere good faith
on [the petitioner’s] part.” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 338 (2003)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). And “whatever procedures are
employed at the COA stage should be consonant with the limited nature of the
inquiry.” Buck v. Davis, 580 U.S. 100, 117 (2017).
Here, the district court found that Kimble offered no admissible evidence to
support his multiple perpetrator theory. We agree and therefore deny a COA on
the guilt-phase IAC claim.
VI. Conclusion
For these reasons, we reverse the district court’s grant of habeas relief, and
otherwise affirm. We reject Kimble’s request to expand the COA.
prejudice, and the only prejudice Kimble alleges is counsel’s failure to present evidence related to the multiple-perpetrator theory.
12 Kimble v. Davis, Nos. 17-99002, 17-99003 FILED HURWITZ, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part: JUN 28 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
I agree with the majority that the district court did not err in declining to grant
habeas relief as to Kimble’s conviction. I respectfully dissent, however, from the
majority’s reversal of the district court’s grant of a conditional writ as to the penalty
phase. This is a pre-AEDPA case in which we need not defer to the state courts’
legal conclusions. See Clark v. Chappell, 936 F.3d 944, 953 (9th Cir. 2019). And,
the district court was plainly correct in concluding that Kimble received ineffective
assistance of counsel during the penalty phase and that it was reasonably probable
that this ineffective assistance prejudiced him.
The majority correctly concedes that counsel’s virtually nonexistent
investigation into possible mitigating evidence was deficient. The majority also
assumes without deciding that counsel’s performance at the penalty phase was
deficient. It clearly was. Putting on some mitigating evidence is not enough. See
Frierson v. Woodford, 463 F.3d 982, 987, 993–94 (9th Cir. 2006); Bemore v.
Chappell, 788 F.3d 1151, 1159–60, 1176 (9th Cir. 2015); Mayfield v. Woodford, 270
F.3d 915, 928 (9th Cir. 2001) (en banc). The issue is whether counsel has presented
available evidence that might reasonably lead a jury to spare the defendant’s life. In
making that decision, the jury has “broad latitude to consider amorphous human
factors, in effect, to weigh the worth of one’s life against his culpability.” Hendricks
1 v. Calderon, 70 F.3d 1032, 1044 (9th Cir. 1995). And juries can reasonably conclude
“that defendants who commit criminal acts that are attributable to a disadvantaged
background, or to emotional and mental problems, may be less culpable than
defendants who have no such excuse.” Karis v. Calderon, 283 F.3d 1117, 1135 (9th
Cir. 2002) (cleaned up).
Counsel presented no such evidence in the penalty phase, although it was
readily available. This is a textbook case of deficient performance. Although
counsel presented “humanizing” evidence to show that Kimble was generally a good
person, “explanatory” evidence—offered to show why a terrible crime occurred—is
typically much more persuasive. See Mann v. Ryan, 828 F.3d 1143, 1159 (9th Cir.
2016) (“[C]ourts generally find explanatory mitigation evidence more convincing
than humanizing mitigation evidence.”); Allen v. Woodford, 395 F.3d 979, 1006–07
(9th Cir. 2005) (explaining the difference between “humanizing” and “explanatory”
mitigation); Crittenden v. Ayers, 624 F.3d 943, 970 n.18 (9th Cir. 2010).
The majority concludes that any deficient performance did not prejudice
Kimble “because the mitigating evidence Kimble could have introduced is negligible
when compared to the evidence the State would have introduced in rebuttal.” Mem.
Disp. at 5. As an initial matter, counsel did not make a tactical decision not to
introduce mental health mitigation evidence to avoid the State’s rebuttal. Indeed,
counsel never knew about this evidence in the first place, so he could not have made
2 a reasoned decision about whether to present it. See Elmore v. Sinclair, 799 F.3d
1238, 1255–56 (9th Cir. 2015) (Hurwitz, J., concurring in part and concurring in the
result).
More importantly, I cannot conclude that there was no reasonable probability
of a different outcome if counsel had performed effectively. I do not quarrel with
the majority’s conclusion that, had counsel presented mental health evidence, the
door would have been opened for the State to present expert testimony that Kimble
had antisocial personality disorder (“APSD”). See Atwood v. Ryan, 870 F.3d 1033,
1063 (9th Cir. 2017). But, Kimble’s habeas expert opined that he did not. And,
unlike one of the prosecution’s experts, the defense expert actually had examined
Kimble. Even if the jury believed that Kimble had APSD, the abundance of
unpresented mitigation evidence—including Kimble’s age, learning disabilities, and
abusive childhood—might well have persuaded at least one juror to vote for a life
sentence, despite the gruesome nature of the crimes. See Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S.
510, 537 (2003).
Strikingly, even after counsel’s ineffective performance, the jury took three
days to return a penalty-phase verdict and did so only after indicating it might be
deadlocked. Under these circumstances, and in the absence of deferential AEDPA
review, counsel’s ineffectiveness surely undermines any confidence in the outcome.
3 See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984). I would therefore affirm
the well-reasoned judgment of the district court.