COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, McClanahan and Senior Judge Willis Argued by teleconference
ERIC D. WARD MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 2079-08-1 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS DECEMBER 29, 2009 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF SUFFOLK Westbrook J. Parker, Judge
Jean Veness, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
Robert H. Anderson, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General (William C. Mims, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Eric D. Ward (“Ward”) appeals his conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to
distribute, in violation of Code § 18.2-248. On appeal, Ward contends that the trial court erred in
denying his motion to suppress evidence of a crack cocaine cookie block found beneath his seat
and his subsequent confession at the police precinct. Ward argues that his seizure was invalid
under the Fourth Amendment because the police lacked a reasonable, articulable suspicion to
believe he was engaged in criminal activity, rendering the evidence obtained as a result of that
seizure inadmissible at trial. For the following reasons, we disagree and affirm.
Ward argues that, at the time he was asked to place his hands on the dashboard of the
vehicle, the police lacked a reasonable, articulable suspicion to believe he was engaged in
criminal activity. Thus, Ward contends that this seizure was invalid under the Fourth
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Amendment and that the trial court erred by not suppressing both the cocaine found in the
vehicle and Ward’s subsequent confession. We disagree.
“When reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, ‘we are bound by the trial
court’s findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them and
we give due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law
enforcement officers.’” Thompson v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 1, 5, 675 S.E.2d 832, 834
(2009) (quoting McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997)
(en banc)). The burden is on the defendant to show that the denial of his suppression motion,
when the evidence is considered in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, was
reversible error. McCain v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 483, 489-90, 545 S.E.2d 541, 545 (2001)
(citing Fore v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 1007, 1010, 265 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1980)). “‘Ultimate
questions of reasonable suspicion and probable cause to make a warrantless search’ involve
questions of both law and fact and are reviewed de novo on appeal.” Thompson, 54 Va. App. at
6, 675 S.E.2d at 834 (quoting McGee, 25 Va. App. at 198, 487 S.E.2d at 261). “‘Similarly, the
question whether a person has been seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment is reviewed
de novo on appeal.’” Andrews v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 479, 488, 559 S.E.2d 401, 406
(2002) (quoting Reittinger v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 232, 236, 532 S.E.2d 25, 27 (2000)).
“The Fourth Amendment prohibits only unreasonable searches and seizures.” Thompson,
54 Va. App. at 7, 675 S.E.2d at 834. “The validity of a seizure ‘turns on an objective assessment
of the officer’s actions in light of the facts and circumstances confronting him at the time, and
not on the officer’s actual state of mind at the time the challenged action was taken.’” Welshman
v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 20, 30, 502 S.E.2d 122, 127 (1998) (quoting Maryland v.
Macon, 472 U.S. 463, 470-71 (1985)). “[P]olice officers may stop a person for the purpose of
investigating possible criminal behavior even though no probable cause exists for an arrest.”
-2- McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 552, 659 S.E.2d 512, 516 (2008) (citing Terry v. Ohio,
392 U.S. 1, 22 (1968)). Such a stop is valid under the Fourth Amendment, provided “the officer
has a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity may be afoot.” Id. (citing United
States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989)). “‘Reasonable suspicion is more than a mere hunch but
less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence.’” Middlebrooks v.
Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 469, 479, 664 S.E.2d 499, 504 (2008) (quoting Commonwealth v.
Thomas, 23 Va. App. 598, 610-11, 478 S.E.2d 715, 721 (1996)).
In determining whether or not reasonable suspicion exists, “‘a court must consider the
totality of the circumstances,’” id. (quoting Whitfield v. Commonwealth, 265 Va. 358, 361, 576
S.E.2d 463, 464 (2003)), including “‘the ‘characteristics of the area’ where the stops occurs, the
time of the stop, whether late at night or not, as well as any suspicious conduct of the person
accosted,’” Thomas, 23 Va. App. at 611, 478 S.E.2d at 721 (emphasis added) (quoting Smith v.
Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1100, 1103, 407 S.E.2d 49, 51-52 (1991)). Viewing the totality of
the circumstances in this case, we hold that Officer Aaron Huddleseon (“Huddleseon”) had a
reasonable, articulable suspicion to believe that criminal activity was afoot and, therefore,
Huddleseon’s seizure of Ward was valid.
“‘A police officer may stop the driver or occupants of an automobile for investigatory
purposes if the officer has a reasonable articulable suspicion, based on objective facts, that the
individual is involved in criminal activity.’” Harris v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 554, 562,
500 S.E.2d 257, 261 (1998) (emphasis added) (quoting Jones v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App.
519, 522, 484 S.E.2d 125, 126 (1997)). Here, Huddleseon received a report that a vehicle with
expired Alabama tags was driving recklessly up and down the 6200 block of Freeman Avenue, a
high-crime, high-drug area of the City of Suffolk. Shortly after receiving the report, Huddleseon
observed a vehicle matching the description, parked illegally on the left side of the road. Ward
-3- was a passenger in the vehicle. Huddleseon also observed two men crouched by the passenger
window of the vehicle. Huddleseon testified that, based on his training and experience, this sort
of behavior was consistent with “drug transactions, open market drug transactions.” The vehicle
had four occupants who were dressed in red clothing, indicating their affiliation with the Bloods
street gang.
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, McClanahan and Senior Judge Willis Argued by teleconference
ERIC D. WARD MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY v. Record No. 2079-08-1 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS DECEMBER 29, 2009 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF SUFFOLK Westbrook J. Parker, Judge
Jean Veness, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
Robert H. Anderson, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General (William C. Mims, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Eric D. Ward (“Ward”) appeals his conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to
distribute, in violation of Code § 18.2-248. On appeal, Ward contends that the trial court erred in
denying his motion to suppress evidence of a crack cocaine cookie block found beneath his seat
and his subsequent confession at the police precinct. Ward argues that his seizure was invalid
under the Fourth Amendment because the police lacked a reasonable, articulable suspicion to
believe he was engaged in criminal activity, rendering the evidence obtained as a result of that
seizure inadmissible at trial. For the following reasons, we disagree and affirm.
Ward argues that, at the time he was asked to place his hands on the dashboard of the
vehicle, the police lacked a reasonable, articulable suspicion to believe he was engaged in
criminal activity. Thus, Ward contends that this seizure was invalid under the Fourth
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. Amendment and that the trial court erred by not suppressing both the cocaine found in the
vehicle and Ward’s subsequent confession. We disagree.
“When reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, ‘we are bound by the trial
court’s findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them and
we give due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law
enforcement officers.’” Thompson v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 1, 5, 675 S.E.2d 832, 834
(2009) (quoting McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997)
(en banc)). The burden is on the defendant to show that the denial of his suppression motion,
when the evidence is considered in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, was
reversible error. McCain v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 483, 489-90, 545 S.E.2d 541, 545 (2001)
(citing Fore v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 1007, 1010, 265 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1980)). “‘Ultimate
questions of reasonable suspicion and probable cause to make a warrantless search’ involve
questions of both law and fact and are reviewed de novo on appeal.” Thompson, 54 Va. App. at
6, 675 S.E.2d at 834 (quoting McGee, 25 Va. App. at 198, 487 S.E.2d at 261). “‘Similarly, the
question whether a person has been seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment is reviewed
de novo on appeal.’” Andrews v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 479, 488, 559 S.E.2d 401, 406
(2002) (quoting Reittinger v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 232, 236, 532 S.E.2d 25, 27 (2000)).
“The Fourth Amendment prohibits only unreasonable searches and seizures.” Thompson,
54 Va. App. at 7, 675 S.E.2d at 834. “The validity of a seizure ‘turns on an objective assessment
of the officer’s actions in light of the facts and circumstances confronting him at the time, and
not on the officer’s actual state of mind at the time the challenged action was taken.’” Welshman
v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 20, 30, 502 S.E.2d 122, 127 (1998) (quoting Maryland v.
Macon, 472 U.S. 463, 470-71 (1985)). “[P]olice officers may stop a person for the purpose of
investigating possible criminal behavior even though no probable cause exists for an arrest.”
-2- McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 552, 659 S.E.2d 512, 516 (2008) (citing Terry v. Ohio,
392 U.S. 1, 22 (1968)). Such a stop is valid under the Fourth Amendment, provided “the officer
has a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity may be afoot.” Id. (citing United
States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989)). “‘Reasonable suspicion is more than a mere hunch but
less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence.’” Middlebrooks v.
Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 469, 479, 664 S.E.2d 499, 504 (2008) (quoting Commonwealth v.
Thomas, 23 Va. App. 598, 610-11, 478 S.E.2d 715, 721 (1996)).
In determining whether or not reasonable suspicion exists, “‘a court must consider the
totality of the circumstances,’” id. (quoting Whitfield v. Commonwealth, 265 Va. 358, 361, 576
S.E.2d 463, 464 (2003)), including “‘the ‘characteristics of the area’ where the stops occurs, the
time of the stop, whether late at night or not, as well as any suspicious conduct of the person
accosted,’” Thomas, 23 Va. App. at 611, 478 S.E.2d at 721 (emphasis added) (quoting Smith v.
Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1100, 1103, 407 S.E.2d 49, 51-52 (1991)). Viewing the totality of
the circumstances in this case, we hold that Officer Aaron Huddleseon (“Huddleseon”) had a
reasonable, articulable suspicion to believe that criminal activity was afoot and, therefore,
Huddleseon’s seizure of Ward was valid.
“‘A police officer may stop the driver or occupants of an automobile for investigatory
purposes if the officer has a reasonable articulable suspicion, based on objective facts, that the
individual is involved in criminal activity.’” Harris v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 554, 562,
500 S.E.2d 257, 261 (1998) (emphasis added) (quoting Jones v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App.
519, 522, 484 S.E.2d 125, 126 (1997)). Here, Huddleseon received a report that a vehicle with
expired Alabama tags was driving recklessly up and down the 6200 block of Freeman Avenue, a
high-crime, high-drug area of the City of Suffolk. Shortly after receiving the report, Huddleseon
observed a vehicle matching the description, parked illegally on the left side of the road. Ward
-3- was a passenger in the vehicle. Huddleseon also observed two men crouched by the passenger
window of the vehicle. Huddleseon testified that, based on his training and experience, this sort
of behavior was consistent with “drug transactions, open market drug transactions.” The vehicle
had four occupants who were dressed in red clothing, indicating their affiliation with the Bloods
street gang. None of the occupants, including Ward, had a driver’s license, and the vehicle was
registered to a woman in Alabama. When Huddleseon asked the men if they had driven the
vehicle that evening, they “just started laughing.” Viewed objectively, these facts are sufficient
to support Huddleseon’s detention of the vehicle and its occupants.
Huddleseon further testified that, as he questioned the occupants, all four men repeatedly
made furtive movements with their hands, reaching underneath their seats where Huddleseon
could not see. In addition, a group of approximately fifteen to twenty people began to gather on
the passenger side of the vehicle. As time passed, the group became increasingly hostile towards
the officers. Concerned for his safety, Huddleseon ordered the occupants to put their hands
where he could see them, instructing the occupants in the back of the vehicle to put their hands
on the headrests and the occupants in the front of the vehicle to put their hands on the dashboard.
“‘Under settled principles, once an officer has lawfully detained an individual, ‘he is authorized
to take such steps as [are] reasonably necessary to protect [his and others’] personal safety and to
maintain the status quo during the course of the stop.’” Welshman, 28 Va. App. at 34, 502
S.E.2d at 128-29 (quoting Servis v. Commonwealth, 6 Va. App. 507, 519, 371 S.E.2d 156, 162
(1988)). Furthermore, “[a]n officer may preserve the status quo by ordering the person detained
to place his hands where the officer can see them.” Id. Contrary to Ward’s contention,
Huddleseon’s command was valid under the circumstances. Thus, Ward’s Fourth Amendment
rights were not violated, and the trial court did not err in denying his motion to suppress.
Affirmed.
-4-