WALKER, J.
This is an action for damages brought in the Circuit Court of Howell County by appellant Epps against respondents, in which it is charged that they conspired to prevent and did prevent him from obtaining the appointment as postmaster at Pomona, a small village in that county, and thereby secured the appointment of the respondent Duckett. • The- total amount estimated by Epps as his actual hurt by reason of this alleged conspiracy
dire
is the modest sum of five thousand dollars, to which he avers should be added a penalty in twice that sum. Moved perhaps by that Persian proverb preserved from oblivion by the poet Saadi, that “one is oftenest best served where least known,” Epps removed his cause by change of venue from his home circuit court to that of Texas County, where it was tried in November, 1916, resulting in a verdict and judgment for respondents, jfrom which this appeal is perfected.
A státement of the facts clothed in phraseology befitting the importance of the theme, as Balzac said in one of his Contes, rnns thns:
In 1914 appellant Epps and respondent Duckett were applicants, among others, for appointment to the position of postmaster at Pomona. The Postoffice Department subjected the applicants to a civil service examination, the pertinence of which in the determination of their fitness for the duties of a fourth-class postmaster, measured by the inquiries made, may well be the subject of intelligent difference of opinion, but not here. The result, of the inquiry showed that the appellant and respondent were among the eligibles according to the arbitrarv standard fixed by the Department, the former ranking higher in figures than the latter. In addition other tests were applied, deemed essential to test the fitness of one charged with the sale of stamps and the receipt and distribution of such mail ,as is wont to find its way to a fourth-class office.
We are not lacking in information on this subject emanating immediately from the then superintendent of the division of post-masters’ appointments, who testified at the trial. After volubly descanting generally upon the qualifications necessary to an efficient discharge of the duties of a postmaster in an office of this class, the witness, as definitive of the manner in which the wheat is winnowed from the chaff, or, to mix the figure, how the true prince of efficiency may be separated from the other applicants, said:
“Our first consideration was the service and serving of patrons. We first considered Number One and all things being equal, if there was nothing to create suspicion that he would not render as satisfactory and faithful service as the others, he was selected; but if there was, we sought light from any source, it made no difference from whence it came. It frequently happened that the Congressman in the district gave us a great deal of advice. We took that for what it was worth only.
When an old postmaster was an applicant we frequently went into the character of his service. We even went to the auditor to ascertain whether his services had been satisfactory. If it was a case of an old postmaster and other applicants, the record of the former would have a considerable bearing as to whether or not he would be considered as against the other eligibles on the list.
“If the Congressman preferred a particular individual, we would look over the whole case and take No. One on the list; and if the character of the town and the business indicated that a man would be better suited than a woman we would take No. One on the male list. If we preferred a man as postmaster we usually asked for male lists. We considered that out right under the civil service rules. Where there was no business of any considerable size, we preferred a man. We sought light from any source whatever, the candidate’s knowledge of business, his age and general fitness, mental and otherwise; we chose the first name on the list. That man proving not as acceptable as No. Two, we took No. Two. Number Two failing, we took No. Three. The latter failing, we would ask for a new list. If No. Three should have charges submitted against him — reflections against his character, statements by letter — I could not say as to whether we would eliminate him and take No. Four. It would depend upon the character' of the evidence. We would have to consider it as a whole; the age, experience and so forth of the various candidates, go over their papers and examinations, and the character of their answers, to judge of their business education and mental fitness. There are a good many things that enter into these matters. Sometimes you can see personal feeling cropping out with an evident desire to work down to someone else. And there would be charges, may be, against all three. Then, of course you would have to take the whole situation into consideration and judge it from an examination of all the papers as to which was best suited and all three might be a pretty bad proposi
tion. I have no doubt we have selected a good many not worth a tinker’s — .
“In the absence of complaint against an individual we took them in the way they came. If an old postmaster was an applicant we invariably looked up his record. If one of the applicants stood ahead and it appeared he was not a suitable person according to the charges presented, we would pass him up and take the others on the list according to their qualifications.”
Other facts adduced consist of, letters, petitions depositions and the oral testimony of witness at the trial. This mass of undigested testimony consists of more than 150 pages of matter, much of which is wholly irrelevant. Therefrom we are required to glean as best we may, for we have been furnished with no succinct statement of the facts, such relevant matter as may be found to sustain the issues made by the pleadings.
The letters are, in the main, from individuals who were patrons of the postoffice at Pomona; their tenor is commendatory of the respondent Duckett, and otherwise of the appellant. Interpreted according to their terms, they but express the individual opinions of the writers and declare their preference. That such preference is for the appointment of Duckett rather than Epps there can be no question. But to reach the composite opinion of the writers it is necessary to take their individual expressions and, so to speak, add them together. This process requires for its consummation the mental act of another than the writers and is therefore not indicative of such a concert of action as will constitute a conspiracy. The construction placed upon these letters by the Congressman of the district, who was a witness in the case and to whom they were addressed or who examined them on file in the department, is foreign to any conclusion indicating a combination on the part of the writers against Epps, such as is alleged in the petition. They constituted, as he definitely says, “protests” and are therefore to be construed as indi
vidual acts rather than a combined effort. As to their effect he says: “If there had been no protests against the appointment of Mr. Epps, he having a higher grade than Mr. Duckett, I believe he would have been appointed. But there were so many protests filed against him and none against Mr. Duckett, the appointing power felt Mr.
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WALKER, J.
This is an action for damages brought in the Circuit Court of Howell County by appellant Epps against respondents, in which it is charged that they conspired to prevent and did prevent him from obtaining the appointment as postmaster at Pomona, a small village in that county, and thereby secured the appointment of the respondent Duckett. • The- total amount estimated by Epps as his actual hurt by reason of this alleged conspiracy
dire
is the modest sum of five thousand dollars, to which he avers should be added a penalty in twice that sum. Moved perhaps by that Persian proverb preserved from oblivion by the poet Saadi, that “one is oftenest best served where least known,” Epps removed his cause by change of venue from his home circuit court to that of Texas County, where it was tried in November, 1916, resulting in a verdict and judgment for respondents, jfrom which this appeal is perfected.
A státement of the facts clothed in phraseology befitting the importance of the theme, as Balzac said in one of his Contes, rnns thns:
In 1914 appellant Epps and respondent Duckett were applicants, among others, for appointment to the position of postmaster at Pomona. The Postoffice Department subjected the applicants to a civil service examination, the pertinence of which in the determination of their fitness for the duties of a fourth-class postmaster, measured by the inquiries made, may well be the subject of intelligent difference of opinion, but not here. The result, of the inquiry showed that the appellant and respondent were among the eligibles according to the arbitrarv standard fixed by the Department, the former ranking higher in figures than the latter. In addition other tests were applied, deemed essential to test the fitness of one charged with the sale of stamps and the receipt and distribution of such mail ,as is wont to find its way to a fourth-class office.
We are not lacking in information on this subject emanating immediately from the then superintendent of the division of post-masters’ appointments, who testified at the trial. After volubly descanting generally upon the qualifications necessary to an efficient discharge of the duties of a postmaster in an office of this class, the witness, as definitive of the manner in which the wheat is winnowed from the chaff, or, to mix the figure, how the true prince of efficiency may be separated from the other applicants, said:
“Our first consideration was the service and serving of patrons. We first considered Number One and all things being equal, if there was nothing to create suspicion that he would not render as satisfactory and faithful service as the others, he was selected; but if there was, we sought light from any source, it made no difference from whence it came. It frequently happened that the Congressman in the district gave us a great deal of advice. We took that for what it was worth only.
When an old postmaster was an applicant we frequently went into the character of his service. We even went to the auditor to ascertain whether his services had been satisfactory. If it was a case of an old postmaster and other applicants, the record of the former would have a considerable bearing as to whether or not he would be considered as against the other eligibles on the list.
“If the Congressman preferred a particular individual, we would look over the whole case and take No. One on the list; and if the character of the town and the business indicated that a man would be better suited than a woman we would take No. One on the male list. If we preferred a man as postmaster we usually asked for male lists. We considered that out right under the civil service rules. Where there was no business of any considerable size, we preferred a man. We sought light from any source whatever, the candidate’s knowledge of business, his age and general fitness, mental and otherwise; we chose the first name on the list. That man proving not as acceptable as No. Two, we took No. Two. Number Two failing, we took No. Three. The latter failing, we would ask for a new list. If No. Three should have charges submitted against him — reflections against his character, statements by letter — I could not say as to whether we would eliminate him and take No. Four. It would depend upon the character' of the evidence. We would have to consider it as a whole; the age, experience and so forth of the various candidates, go over their papers and examinations, and the character of their answers, to judge of their business education and mental fitness. There are a good many things that enter into these matters. Sometimes you can see personal feeling cropping out with an evident desire to work down to someone else. And there would be charges, may be, against all three. Then, of course you would have to take the whole situation into consideration and judge it from an examination of all the papers as to which was best suited and all three might be a pretty bad proposi
tion. I have no doubt we have selected a good many not worth a tinker’s — .
“In the absence of complaint against an individual we took them in the way they came. If an old postmaster was an applicant we invariably looked up his record. If one of the applicants stood ahead and it appeared he was not a suitable person according to the charges presented, we would pass him up and take the others on the list according to their qualifications.”
Other facts adduced consist of, letters, petitions depositions and the oral testimony of witness at the trial. This mass of undigested testimony consists of more than 150 pages of matter, much of which is wholly irrelevant. Therefrom we are required to glean as best we may, for we have been furnished with no succinct statement of the facts, such relevant matter as may be found to sustain the issues made by the pleadings.
The letters are, in the main, from individuals who were patrons of the postoffice at Pomona; their tenor is commendatory of the respondent Duckett, and otherwise of the appellant. Interpreted according to their terms, they but express the individual opinions of the writers and declare their preference. That such preference is for the appointment of Duckett rather than Epps there can be no question. But to reach the composite opinion of the writers it is necessary to take their individual expressions and, so to speak, add them together. This process requires for its consummation the mental act of another than the writers and is therefore not indicative of such a concert of action as will constitute a conspiracy. The construction placed upon these letters by the Congressman of the district, who was a witness in the case and to whom they were addressed or who examined them on file in the department, is foreign to any conclusion indicating a combination on the part of the writers against Epps, such as is alleged in the petition. They constituted, as he definitely says, “protests” and are therefore to be construed as indi
vidual acts rather than a combined effort. As to their effect he says: “If there had been no protests against the appointment of Mr. Epps, he having a higher grade than Mr. Duckett, I believe he would have been appointed. But there were so many protests filed against him and none against Mr. Duckett, the appointing power felt Mr. Duckett should be appointed. If there had been no protests against Mr. Epps and I had believed his appointment would have been satisfactory to the patrons I should not have done anything to prevent his appointment. After receiving those-protests I recommended Mr. Duckett, not by letter, but in conversation with the appointing power. I gave him my opinion that the appointment -of Mr. Duckett would be more satisfactory to the people, but the appointing power acted, perhaps, more upon its own judgment than upon my recommendation, as he was familiar with' the protests filed against Mr. Epps. I would not state that he read all of those letters, nor postively state that he had read any of them, but I carried them to him and he or I either read them and their substance was discussed. Perhaps to some considerable extent he relied upon my judgment as knowing the needs and desires of the people in. that locality.”
One of the petitions, which was addressed to the Congressman and by .him filed in the Postoffice Department, after recommending the appointment of Duckett on account of personal fitness and the convenience of his business house as most suitable for a postoffice, adds:
“We further understand that Mr. Duckett and Mr. W. P. Epps will be the only Democrats on the eligible list and we desire to impression upon you the importance from a point of party interest as well as of business and moral interest to this community that Mr. Duckett be placed in position to receive the appointment and we state as a matter of common knowledge that the people do not want Mr. Epps for postmaster under any condition, as his character has been publicly assailed' and unsuccess
fully refuted. We confidently believe that as between these two Democrats fully 95 per cent, of the patrons favor Mr. Duckett.
“As a matter of party interest and harmony and moral consideration to our community as well as a just recognition of Mr. Duckett’s loyalty and service to his party and the interests of his town and community, we urgently request your prompt action in the matter indicated. ’ ’
The other petition consists simply of a recommendation of Duckett for appointment and is signed by four county officials and the Representative and State Senator in the General Assembly.
The oral testimony consisted largely in a recounting by the witnesses, of which there were many, of their knowledge of the personal character of Epps and his reputation in the neighborhood. No attempt was made to prove these statements untrue, but it was sought to show that by the efflux of time they had lost their odor. Except to determine the issuable facts as to whether or not the appellant was injured by the acts of the respondents, it is not deemed necessary to state this testimony in detail or to indicate whether it was commendatory or otherwise, as it did not even remotely tend to prove an unlawful confederation to injure the appellant and hence it is immaterial. Nor do the depositions lend color to such a conclusion.
The charge in that portion of the petition to the Post-office Department above quoted, and which was signed by certain of the respondents, as to the lack of moral character of the appellant, was sustained by his own testimony and that of a number of other witnesses. Waiving the question of qualified privilege in regard to a statement- made in good faith to a Government official or one having appointing power concerning the character of appellant (Posnett v. Marble, 62 Vt. 480, 22 Am. St. 126; Coogler v. Rhodes, 38 Fla. 240), his claim for damages on this account may be dissipated by the in
quiry as to how he could have been hurt by what he unhesitatingly admitted and all of the neighbors knew.
If it be true, as the texts and the adjudicated cases tell us, that to establish a conspiracy for which an action for civil liability will lie it is necessary to prove a combination of two or more persons to accomplish an unlawful object by unlawful means or a lawful object by unlawful means, the evidence adduced in this case is not sufficient to accomplish that end. [Clarkson v. Laiblan, 178 Mo. App. 708, 161 S. W. 660; Randall v. Lonstorf, Í26 Wis. 147, 5 Ann. Cas. 371.]
Furthermore, one of these defendants may have done all that is shown by the testimony without subjecting himself to an action for damages. This being true, it follows that what one may do the many may do if the combined acts
works no invasion of the complainant’s rights.
[Karges Furn. Co. v. Amalgamated Wood Workers, 165 Ind. 421, 6 Ann. Cas. 829.] This distinction noted in italics was overlooked in State ex rel. v. Assur. Cos., 251 Mo. l. c. 291, which by its terms overrules the early case of Hunt v. Simonds, 19 Mo. 583, and to that extent incorrectly states the law.
It must be borne in mind in weighing all of this testimony that the gist of the action consists not in the conspiracy, but in the damage inflicted in pursuance thereof. [Darrow v. Briggs, 261 Mo. l. c. 276; Carder v. Drainage Dist., 262 Mo. l. c. 558; Hunt v. Simonds, 19 Mo. l. c. 588; Hansen v. Nicoll, 40 App. Cas. (D. C.) 228, 33 Ann. Cas. 759 and notes; Martens v. Reilly, 109 Wis. 464; Young v. Aylesworth, 35 R. I. 259.]
In what manner and under what reasonable interpretation of the testimony can the appellant be said to have been damaged by anything shown to have been said or done by one or all of the respofidents ? He was an applicant for appointment to a public office. As such his personal character and official fitness were legitimate subjects of comment within the confines of truth.
The charges alleged to have been, made by the respondents against him, if construed as joint or having any reasonable resemblance to a concert of action, furnish no basis for this suit. As stated, they were shown to be true, and their truth was not only testified to by a number of witnesses residing in the vicinity of the postoffice, but it was admitted by- the appellant. Conceded to have been true by him and known to his neighbors, the local injury suffered by him on account of the publication of the charges, if such it can be called, by their being filed in the Postoffiee Department, must be said to have been negligible. Although they may have been effective in preventing the appointment of the appellant, the respondents are immune from an action based thereon because of their truth. [Smith v. Burrus, 106 Mo. l. c. 103; Commonwealth v. Clap, 4 Mass. 163; Bronson v. Bruce, 59 Mich. 467; Hamilton v. Eno, 81 N. Y. 126; Rearick v. Wilcox, 81 Ill. 77; Sweeney v. Baker, 13 W. Va. 158.]
Referring to some matter of inconsiderable moment, a quaint old author characterized it as no more formidable than the storm created'by a boiling saucepan. This we have modernized as a tempest in a teapot, by which sign this case may be fittingly designated. Finding no errors and the cause of action stated not having been sustained by the evidence, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
All concur.