Opinion by
Head, J.,
Although the record presents numerous assignments of error, they all revolve about two central questions on which the appellant planted its line of defense. A consideration of these two questions will therefore fairly dispose of all of the assignments.
The learned trial judge was asked to direct a verdict for the defendant and thereafter to enter judgment in its favor non obstante veredicto for the reasons, (1) that under the evidence he should have declared, as matter of law, there had befen a breach of the covenant in the policy providing for its forfeiture if the premises insured “be or become vacant or unoccupied and so remáih for ten days”; (2) that under the evidence the jury should have been instructed there had been a breach of the covenant which would avoid the policy “if the interest of the insured be other than unconditional and sole ownership.”
(1) There was a sharp conflict in the evidence as to the date on which the plaintiff’s tenant vacated the premises and surrendered the keys. It is agreed the fire occurred on April 30th, and at that time the building was without an occupant. The plaintiff testifies his tenant left during the day of April 20th and turned over to him the keys of the house on the evening of that day. He gave notice to the defendant company of the date of the vacation. The tenant himself, being called as a witness, was unable to testify with any certainty as to the date he left the property. His wife, however, called as a witness [428]*428by the defendant, stated quite emphatically they left the property not later than April 16th. Under this state of the evidence, we are unable to see how the learned trial judge could have done other than submit to the jury the disputed question of fact with proper instructions. The jury were clearly informed that if the property actually became vacant on the 16th, there had been a violation of a material covenant in the policy'and the plaintiff could not recover. On the other hand, if they accepted the plaintiff’s testimony that the house did not become vacant until some time during the day of the 20th of April, then there had been no breach of the policy covenant in that respect and the plaintiff might recover. There appears to us to be no just ground for any complaint concerning the manner in which the question was submitted, and we are therefore of opinion that this branch of the defense failed and furnished no legal justification either for a binding direction in favor of the defendant or for a judgment non obstante veredicto.
(2) The reason most vigorously and ably urged upon us as a proper ground for the reversal of the judgment is that under all of the evidence the trial judge should have declared, as matter of law, that plaintiff was not the sole and unconditional owner of the property insured within the meaning of the policy covenant on that subject. The standard by which the evidence must be measured in case of such a contention has been very recently laid down by the Supreme Court in Livingstone v. Boston Insurance Company, 255 Pa. 1. Excluding, for the sake of brevity, the many cases cited by Mr. Justice Walling, the following excerpt from his opinion interprets the covenant now in question: “The policy requires that the interest of the assured be that of sole ownership, not that the legal title be in her name. It is familiar law that equitable ownership is sufficient under such policy. Une. who is in undisputed possession and has the sole and entire beneficial ownership is properly described as sole and unconditional owner although the title is held in [429]*429another name, if there is no fraud or concealment.’ ‘If the insured is the absolute owner of the property destroyed a dry trust of the legal title in another will not prevent a recovery.’ Actual and substantial ownership is sufficient......Where the insured has an insurable interest so that in case of fire the entire loss would fall upon him, his title is sufficient.” To determine whether or not the plaintiff’s title to the insured property measures up to the standard thus declared, we must state as briefly as possible the facts appearing Horn the evidence.
It is conceded that prior to 1888 the plaintiff was the undisputed owner in fee of the property insured, with some additional property, and was in possession of the same, occupying it as his dwelling house. Having been overtaken by financial difficulties, judgments were entered against him and his property was sold at sheriff’s sale and bought in by his two brothers-in-law who were perhaps his chief creditors. The sheriff executed and delivered a deed to the purchasers and the same was duly recorded. That judicial sale of course destroyed the title of the plaintiff and disrupted his theretofore legal possession which was an incident of his ownership. The evidence discloses no arrangement of any kind between the sheriff’s vendees and the plaintiff until about a year after the date of their purchase. During that year plaintiff continued in possession of the premises, not as a tenant, not by any sort of contract or arrangement with the new owners, but simply as an occupant without any legal right whatever. After the expiration of about one year from the date of the sale, the plaintiff entered into a parol contract for the purchase from the sheriff’s vendees of the same property they had acquired at the sheriff’s sale. The property was sufficiently described and understood and the purchase-money was fixed and agreed upon, the common understanding being that the parol vendors would retain the legal title until the plaintiff was able to complete the payment of the purchase-money agreed upon. From the date of that contract [430]*430down to the time of the fire the plaintiff was in the continuous, open and exclusive possession of the premises, claiming to be the owner thereof and exercising almost every possible act of dominion over it incidental to such ownership. He had, before the date of the fire, paid one hundred and fifty dollars on account of the purchase-money. He had made repairs to the house which, considering its value and locality, might be fairly deemed considerable. He had paid the taxes continuously, which would afford a fair inference that the property was assessed in his name. He had kept it insured in his own name and paid the premiums therefor. After personally occupying it for some years he changed his residence and thereafter selected the tenants for the property, executed leases to them, and received and kept the accruing rents as his own. All of these things occurred practically under the eyes of the holders of the legal title, and never by word or deed did they assert that the legal title still resting in them was anything more than a security for the payment of the balance of the purchase-money. They do not now so assert. On the contrary, they came into the court below as witnesses and testified they had sold the property under the verbal contract indicated to the plaintiff; they regarded him as the owner of it, and at no time had made any claim to any further interest in it than the right to have the balance of their purchase-money. If this plaintiff was not then the sole and beneficial owner of the property insured, within the meaning of the decisions, it is impossible to discover who could be such owner.
Had the parol vendors — the only persons in the world who, apart fr.om the plaintiff, have any interest of any kind in the insured property — taken this policy in their names and right, the company could have defended on the principle of Ambrose v. First Nat. Fire Insurance Co., 19 Pa. Superior Ct. 120.
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Opinion by
Head, J.,
Although the record presents numerous assignments of error, they all revolve about two central questions on which the appellant planted its line of defense. A consideration of these two questions will therefore fairly dispose of all of the assignments.
The learned trial judge was asked to direct a verdict for the defendant and thereafter to enter judgment in its favor non obstante veredicto for the reasons, (1) that under the evidence he should have declared, as matter of law, there had befen a breach of the covenant in the policy providing for its forfeiture if the premises insured “be or become vacant or unoccupied and so remáih for ten days”; (2) that under the evidence the jury should have been instructed there had been a breach of the covenant which would avoid the policy “if the interest of the insured be other than unconditional and sole ownership.”
(1) There was a sharp conflict in the evidence as to the date on which the plaintiff’s tenant vacated the premises and surrendered the keys. It is agreed the fire occurred on April 30th, and at that time the building was without an occupant. The plaintiff testifies his tenant left during the day of April 20th and turned over to him the keys of the house on the evening of that day. He gave notice to the defendant company of the date of the vacation. The tenant himself, being called as a witness, was unable to testify with any certainty as to the date he left the property. His wife, however, called as a witness [428]*428by the defendant, stated quite emphatically they left the property not later than April 16th. Under this state of the evidence, we are unable to see how the learned trial judge could have done other than submit to the jury the disputed question of fact with proper instructions. The jury were clearly informed that if the property actually became vacant on the 16th, there had been a violation of a material covenant in the policy'and the plaintiff could not recover. On the other hand, if they accepted the plaintiff’s testimony that the house did not become vacant until some time during the day of the 20th of April, then there had been no breach of the policy covenant in that respect and the plaintiff might recover. There appears to us to be no just ground for any complaint concerning the manner in which the question was submitted, and we are therefore of opinion that this branch of the defense failed and furnished no legal justification either for a binding direction in favor of the defendant or for a judgment non obstante veredicto.
(2) The reason most vigorously and ably urged upon us as a proper ground for the reversal of the judgment is that under all of the evidence the trial judge should have declared, as matter of law, that plaintiff was not the sole and unconditional owner of the property insured within the meaning of the policy covenant on that subject. The standard by which the evidence must be measured in case of such a contention has been very recently laid down by the Supreme Court in Livingstone v. Boston Insurance Company, 255 Pa. 1. Excluding, for the sake of brevity, the many cases cited by Mr. Justice Walling, the following excerpt from his opinion interprets the covenant now in question: “The policy requires that the interest of the assured be that of sole ownership, not that the legal title be in her name. It is familiar law that equitable ownership is sufficient under such policy. Une. who is in undisputed possession and has the sole and entire beneficial ownership is properly described as sole and unconditional owner although the title is held in [429]*429another name, if there is no fraud or concealment.’ ‘If the insured is the absolute owner of the property destroyed a dry trust of the legal title in another will not prevent a recovery.’ Actual and substantial ownership is sufficient......Where the insured has an insurable interest so that in case of fire the entire loss would fall upon him, his title is sufficient.” To determine whether or not the plaintiff’s title to the insured property measures up to the standard thus declared, we must state as briefly as possible the facts appearing Horn the evidence.
It is conceded that prior to 1888 the plaintiff was the undisputed owner in fee of the property insured, with some additional property, and was in possession of the same, occupying it as his dwelling house. Having been overtaken by financial difficulties, judgments were entered against him and his property was sold at sheriff’s sale and bought in by his two brothers-in-law who were perhaps his chief creditors. The sheriff executed and delivered a deed to the purchasers and the same was duly recorded. That judicial sale of course destroyed the title of the plaintiff and disrupted his theretofore legal possession which was an incident of his ownership. The evidence discloses no arrangement of any kind between the sheriff’s vendees and the plaintiff until about a year after the date of their purchase. During that year plaintiff continued in possession of the premises, not as a tenant, not by any sort of contract or arrangement with the new owners, but simply as an occupant without any legal right whatever. After the expiration of about one year from the date of the sale, the plaintiff entered into a parol contract for the purchase from the sheriff’s vendees of the same property they had acquired at the sheriff’s sale. The property was sufficiently described and understood and the purchase-money was fixed and agreed upon, the common understanding being that the parol vendors would retain the legal title until the plaintiff was able to complete the payment of the purchase-money agreed upon. From the date of that contract [430]*430down to the time of the fire the plaintiff was in the continuous, open and exclusive possession of the premises, claiming to be the owner thereof and exercising almost every possible act of dominion over it incidental to such ownership. He had, before the date of the fire, paid one hundred and fifty dollars on account of the purchase-money. He had made repairs to the house which, considering its value and locality, might be fairly deemed considerable. He had paid the taxes continuously, which would afford a fair inference that the property was assessed in his name. He had kept it insured in his own name and paid the premiums therefor. After personally occupying it for some years he changed his residence and thereafter selected the tenants for the property, executed leases to them, and received and kept the accruing rents as his own. All of these things occurred practically under the eyes of the holders of the legal title, and never by word or deed did they assert that the legal title still resting in them was anything more than a security for the payment of the balance of the purchase-money. They do not now so assert. On the contrary, they came into the court below as witnesses and testified they had sold the property under the verbal contract indicated to the plaintiff; they regarded him as the owner of it, and at no time had made any claim to any further interest in it than the right to have the balance of their purchase-money. If this plaintiff was not then the sole and beneficial owner of the property insured, within the meaning of the decisions, it is impossible to discover who could be such owner.
Had the parol vendors — the only persons in the world who, apart fr.om the plaintiff, have any interest of any kind in the insured property — taken this policy in their names and right, the company could have defended on the principle of Ambrose v. First Nat. Fire Insurance Co., 19 Pa. Superior Ct. 120. We there said: “It is evident, as is clearly pointed out in the court below in entering judgment for the defendant, non obstante veredicto, [431]*431that the vendee and vendor cannot both at the same time be the sole and unconditional owners of the property. If loss occurs before the legal title passes from the vendor to the vendee, it falls, of course, entirely upon the vendee who is liable for the entire purchase-money, notwithstanding the loss by fire, &c.”
But assuming, arguendo, the parol contract set up by the plaintiff and established by the evidence was worthless and created no ownership in him, what becomes of his possession for a quarter of a century? It was visible, open, notorious and exclusive. There was never an hour in that long period of time when that possession rested on any other foundation thán a claim of ownership. The bona tides of that claim is attested by a continuous series of acts of dominion over the property inconsistent with any other relation to it than that of ownership. Is there anything in reason or authority to deny to this plaintiff the assertion of a, title that ordinarily would result from such a long continued possession? There cannot be. In Irwin v. Cooper, 92 Pa. 298, it was said: “The court below required the defendant to elect, whether he would defend under a parol purchase or the statute of limitations. By this means, the defendant was deprived of the latter defense......We see no sufficient reason why a party claiming to hold under a parol sale may not set up% the statute to protect his title. It might be a great hardship if he could not do so.” In Nulton v. Nulton, 247 Pa. 572, Mr. Justice Mestrezat said: “As already pointed out the purpose of introducing evidence of the parol gift was not to show title but merely to show the hostile inception of McConnell Nulton’s possession. Title by a parol gift (sale) and title by the statute of limitations are entirely separate and distinct, but both may be introduced as a defense to an action of ejectment: Irwin v. Cooper, 92 Pa. 298.” The peculiar facts that appear in Miller v. Keene, 5 Watts 348, easily distinguish that case from the one at bar and those we have just cited. If therefore the plaintiff never acquired any title [432]*432under his parol purchase, it was at least valuable as indicative of the character of the possession he thereafter maintained in the face of all of the world.
The able counsel for appellant has pressed upon us with much vigor the proposition that our own case of Prospect Dye Works v. Insurance Company, 33 Pa. Superior Ct. 223, “is on all fours with the case at bar and is conclusive thereof.” We do not find the argument convincing. In that case the owner of a factory property had leased it to a corporation which entered into possession as his tenant. While so in possession* the owner made a verbal offer to sell the property to the company on certain conditions, the performance of which required some time. No valuable consideration of any kind moved to the promisor or from the promisee. In anticipation of the completion of the proposal, the company procured a policy of insurance in its own name with loss payable to mortgagee clause and, before anything further was done by either party, a fire occurred a few days later. Does it, can it logically follow that, because the company incurred no liability in that case, this defendant may say it is under no obligation to respond to its contract of indemnity? We cannot think so. We are of opinion therefore the testimony discloses ample warrant for the conclusion reached by the learned trial judge, to wit, that he could not declare, as matter of law, there had been a breach of the covenant in the policy as to the sole and unconditional ownership of the property insured.
We conclude the judgment entered in the court below rests upon a solid legal foundation and should not be disturbed. The assignments of error are overruled.
Judgment affirmed.