EnergyNorth v. Lloyd's, et al.

2003 DNH 038

• Court: District Court, D. New Hampshire
• Decided: March 13, 2003
• Docket: CV-97-064-M
• Status: Published

Opinion

EnergyNorth v. Lloyd's, et al. CV-97-064-M 03/13/03 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

EnergyNorth Natural Gas, Inc., Plaintiff v. Civil No. 97-064-M Underwriters at Lloyd's, Defendant

Opinion No. 2003 DNH 038

EnergyNorth Natural Gas, Inc., Plaintiff v. Civil No. 99-049-M Utica Mutual Insurance Company; St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance C o .; Northern Assurance Company of America; Underwriters at Lloyd's; Insurance Company of North America; Indemnity Insurance Company of North America; and Century Indemnity Company, Defendants

O R D E R

Background

As discussed in prior orders, EnergyNorth Natural Gas, Inc.

("EnergyNorth") is pursuing a number of suits in both federal and

state courts seeking insurance coverage, under "accident" and

"occurrence" general liability policies, for environmental

pollution clean-up costs imposed upon it by governmental

authorities. The suits involve pollution damage to property at

several different manufactured gas plant ("MGP") sites in New Hampshire for which EnergyNorth is legally responsible. These

are two of those cases.

A similar suit, brought in state court, ended when summary

judgment in favor of the defendant insurer was affirmed by the

New Hampshire Supreme Court. EnergyNorth Natural Gas, Inc. v.

Continental Ins. Co., 146 N.H. 156 (2001). The court held in

Continental that, under New Hampshire law, EnergyNorth's (or, its

predecessors') deliberate discharge of toxic wastes from gas

manufacturing operations to the environment gualified as

"inherently injurious acts." I d . at 165. Because an insured's

intentional act cannot gualify as an accident "when it is so

inherently injurious that 'it cannot be performed without a

certainty that some injury will result,'" the court held that

pollution damage from deliberate discharges was not covered under

the "accident" or "occurrence" policies at issue. I d . at 162

(guoting Providence M u t . Fire Ins. Co. v. Scanlon, 138 N.H. 301,

306 (1994)). In addition, the court noted that "since an

'occurrence' is defined in terms of an 'accident' . . ., it is

apparent that to obtain coverage under either the accident-based

or the occurrence-based policies injury must have been caused by

2 an accident." I d . at 158 (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted).

In light of Continental, this court directed EnergyNorth to

show cause why the complaints in these cases should not be

dismissed for failure to state a viable claim. Although

EnergyNorth fell short in that effort, nevertheless, this court

afforded it an opportunity to amend its complaints to plead

around the exclusion described in Continental, if it could do so

in good faith. See, e.g., Millipore Corp. v. Travelers Indem.

C o ., 115 F.3d 21, 34 (1st Cir. 1997) ("[W]e think the better,

fairer outcome is to permit the parties to make new submissions,

if they wish, in light of the significant intervening

clarification of the law.") (citations omitted). That is,

EnergyNorth was directed to give fair notice to the defendant

insurers of just what is being claimed with regard to qualifying

discrete accidents or occurrences, (i.e., events not qualifying

as inherently injurious acts) during the respective policy

periods, that might trigger coverage.

3 EnergyNorth took advantage of that opportunity and filed

amended complaints, albeit under protest. The defendant insurers

promptly moved to dismiss those amended complaints as well, for

failure to state a viable claim, given the holding in

Continental.

With regard to identifying specific events EnergyNorth

claims to have occurred at the two sites, during applicable

policy periods, that might gualify as "accidents" triggering

coverage, the complaints are not very clear. A hearing was held

on the motions to dismiss, primarily for the purpose of

determining just what EnergyNorth was asserting in the amended

complaints. Based upon a careful review of each amended

complaint, and relying on counsel's oral representations at the

hearing in construing the language used, it appears that the

amended complaints do pass muster. Accordingly, with

reservations noted below, the motions to dismiss (documents 307

and 154, respectively) are necessarily denied.

That determination brings these cases full circle, or, at

least, back to that point at which the court resolved to certify

4 to the New Hampshire Supreme Court the fundamental "trigger-of-

coverage" guestion that underlies these cases (i.e.. What are New

Hampshire's legal rules for determining when an "accident" or

"occurrence" happens for pollution damage insurance coverage

purposes?). Even accepting that EnergyNorth has adeguately met

the forgiving notice pleading reguirements of the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure, and has asserted enough to avoid dismissal

under Continental, it still cannot be determined whether the

policies at issue cover the claimed property damage, without

first determining what trigger-of-coverage principle New

Hampshire law would apply. This court simply cannot resolve that

issue, given the conflicting precedent among courts that have

addressed it, including this court, and the absence of any

definitive ruling by the New Hampshire Supreme Court.

The Laconia Amended Complaint (Civil No. 97-064-M)

Without belaboring the matter, the amended complaint

pertaining to the Laconia MGP site meets the basic reguirements

of Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a), in that it asserts, inter alia, that:

- "The damage at the Site that ENGI has been reguired to clean up was predominantly caused by accidental leaks and spills. That damage is

5 appreciable and identifiable . . . Am. Compl. 5 16. (emphasis added).

- "The primary contaminant at the site is tar . . . primarily under the gas holders on the southeastern portion of the Site, and at the location of the former tar treatment pit on PSNH property." Am. Compl. 5 17.

- " [M]ost if not all of the soil and groundwater contamination was caused by unintentional leaks and spills in and around the gas holders and related pipes, by leaks from the bottom of the tar treatment pit, and potentially by inadvertent contamination during demolition activities in 1952." Am. Compl. 5 19.

- Underground pipe leaks were inadvertent, "might go undetected . . . for months or yea r s [,] . . . [and] [j]ust a few tiny drips undetected for the sixty-year life of this plant, such as from the gas holder bottoms, would probably have released thousands of gallons of tar to the environment." Am. Compl. 5 24.

- "The sediment contamination at Opechee Bay was caused by inadvertent leaks and spills. There is no evidence of a wastewater stream discharging to Opechee Bay." Am. Compl. 5 29.

During the hearing on September 18, 2002, EnergyNorth's

counsel made it clear that the amended complaint's assertions are

properly read to plead two basic claims: one for coverage for

damage associated with migration of pollutants from the unlined

tar pit, and another for damage associated with migration of

pollutants from underground leaks from the masonry gas holders

(one of which had been converted to act as a tar storage tank).

6 Counsel also made clear that the amended complaint is properly

read to plead identifiable accidents within the policy period(s)

that caused environmental property damage unrelated to any damage

occasioned by intentional disposal. Tr. (document no. 166) at

72. Finally, counsel asserted that the property damage

occasioned by leaks associated with the gasholders was separate

from and not related to any damage caused by migration from the

open tar pit, located on a different part of the site.

Whether EnergyNorth can withstand a properly supported

motion for summary judgment, once the trigger-of-coverage issue

is resolved, remains to be seen. But, on a motion to dismiss,

"[t]he issue is not whether a plaintiff will ultimately prevail

but whether the claimant is entitled to offer evidence to support

the claims." Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A . , 534 U.S. 506, 511,

(2002) (guoting Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974)).

"[A] complaint should be dismissed under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)

for failure to state a claim . . . only if it is clear that no

relief could be granted under any set of facts that could be

proved consistent with the allegations'" set forth in the

complaint. Gorski v. N.H. Dep't of Corr., 290 F.3d 466, 473 (1st

7 Cir. 2002) (quoting Hishon v. King & Spaulding, 467 U.S. 69, 73

(1984)). Here, given the assertions made, it cannot be said that

no relief could be granted on "any set of facts that could be

proved consistent with the allegations" in the complaint.

Having said that, however, the court hastens to reiterate

comments made at the hearing regarding tar-pit-related property

damage. It is highly likely, indeed it is probably inevitable,

that property damage associated with the tar pit will prove to be

uninsured, as the result of inherently injurious acts, i.e., the

deliberate dumping or discharge of toxic MGP wastes into an

unlined pit dug into the ground. Those claims will survive, for

now, pending review on summary judgment (which will likely

establish undisputed facts implicating the Continental holding) .

That review, however, must await resolution of the trigger-of-

coverage issue.

The Nashua Amended Complaint (Civil No. 99-049-M)

Similarly, EnergyNorth asserts in its amended complaint

relative to the Nashua MGP site that: - "Most, if not all of this [pollution] damage, was unintentionally caused. Am. Compl. 5 47.

- "[T]he damage at the Site was predominantly, if not completely, caused by accidental leaks and spills. That damage is appreciable and identifiable based on the evidence and sound scientific principles." Am. Compl. 5 26.

- "The groundwater is most heavily contaminated on the site near and downgradient from the areas where gas holder bottoms, tar separators, sumps and tanks were located, thus confirming that inadvertent leaking from these devices caused the contamination." Am. Compl. 5 28.

- Tar and related toxic substances inadvertently spilled onto the site and toward the river when the plant was demolished in the early 1970s. Some wastes remained in a relief holder and, when the holder was filled with sand, those wastes spilled onto the site. "This release was limited in time and lasted for at most 'a day or so.'" Am. Compl. 5 37.

- A serious flood occurred in 1936, inundating the plant and seriously damaging gas holders, causing substantial amounts of tar and related toxic substances to be released to the environment. Am. Compl. 5 38.

_____ As in the Laconia case, EnergyNorth's amended complaint

pertaining to the Nashua site sufficiently pleads events that, if

true (and if a hospitable trigger-of-coverage theory is available

under New Hampshire law), would plainly fall outside the

Continental exclusion. The events pled might gualify as

"accidents" and "occurrences" as those terms are properly understood.1 At least, at this point, EnergyNorth is entitled to

present evidence supporting its claims.

The Continental decision did not declare all manufactured

gas plant operations to be inherently injurious to property.

Rather, the court held that it is the intentional discharge to

the environment of known toxic wastes from such operations that

gualifies as an inherently injurious act. And, an inherently

injurious act does not constitute as an "accident" for purposes

of determining insurance coverage under "occurrence" or

"accident" based policies. EnergyNorth has carefully pled around

that exclusion, and notice pleading is all that is reguired to

avoid Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal. See also Millipore, 115 F.3d at

33 explaining that (under Massachusetts law, even in pollution-

prone industries, a subseguent unexpected release of a

1 Under New Hampshire law, an "accident," for purposes of coverage in these cases, is "an undesigned contingency, a happening by chance, something out of the usual course of things, unusual, fortuitous, not anticipated, and not naturally to be expected." Continental, 146 N.H. at 160, (guoting Vermont Mut. Ins. Co. v. Malcolm, 128 N.H. 521, 523 (1986)). And, "since an ''occurrence' is defined in terms of an 'accident' . . ., it is apparent that to obtain coverage under either the accident-based or the occurrence-based policies injury must have been caused by an accident." I d . at 158 (citation and internal guotation omitted).

10 significant amount of pollutants may qualify for coverage under

an accident-based policy).

Trigger of Coverage and the Need for Certification

While, at least facially, the amended complaints assert

releases of pollutants that might qualify as "accidental" for

insurance coverage purposes (that is, releases arguably not

subject to the "inherently-injurious-act" exclusion), the legal

viability of even those claims necessarily depends upon an

effective trigger-of-coverage theory - e.g., one encompassing

within the definition of "accident" the gradual continuous

migration of pollutants through the soil over decades, and

particularly during the periods covered by the policies at issue.

Other trigger theories may suffice as well, but yet others may

completely doom plaintiff's cause.

The various insurance policies at issue in these cases cover

intermittent periods beginning in 1958 and ending in January of

1983. Thus, the earliest coverage began some six years after all

gas manufacturing operations at both the Laconia and Nashua

plants had ceased. There were no spills or leaks, unexpected or

11 otherwise, that occurred after 1958, unless, that is. New

Hampshire law would deem continuous migration of pollutants as an

ongoing series of discrete "spills" or "leaks." That remains to

be determined.

Conclusion

The motions to dismiss (documents 307 and 154, respectively)

are denied. The parties, in each case, shall review the attached

proposed order of certification to the New Hampshire Supreme

Court and, if they desire, file comments or suggested revisions,

on or before April 18, 2003. (It may prove useful, for example,

for the parties in each case to stipulate to the operative policy

language, since some of the policies reguired reconstruction.)

SO ORDERED.

Steven J. McAuliffe United States District Judge

March 13, 2003

12 cc: Bruce W. Felmly, Esq. Doreen F. Connor, Esq. Robert P. Firriolo, Esq. Eric A. Kane, Esq. Jeffrey P. Heppard, Esq. Mary A. Dempsey, Esq. Charles P. Bauer, Esq. John D. Frumer, Esq. Michael F. Aylward, Esq. Kevin E. Buchholz, Esq.