06-4652-cv Em ployers Insurance of Wausau v. Fox Entertainm ent Group, Inc.
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 3 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 4 5 6 7 August Term, 2007 8 9 (Argued: March 7, 2008 Decided: March 27, 2008) 10 11 Docket No. 06-4652-cv 12 13 14 EMPLOYERS INSURANCE OF WAUSAU and NATIONAL CASUALTY COMPANY , 15 16 Plaintiffs-Appellants, 17 18 –v.– 19 20 FOX ENTERTAINMENT GROUP, INC., TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX FILM CORPORATION , TWENTIETH 21 CENTURY FOX INTERNATIONAL TELEVISION , NEW WORLD ENTERTAINMENT , LTD ., NEW WORLD 22 TELEVISION PRODUCTIONS, INC. and NEWS CORPORATION , 23 24 Defendants-Appellees. 25 26 27 28 Before: 29 30 MCLAUGHLIN and WESLEY , Circuit Judges, and COGAN , District Judge.* 31 32 Appeal from a final judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District 33 of New York (Mukasey, C.J.) dismissing Plaintiffs’ declaratory judgment action under the 34 “special circumstances” exception to the first-filed rule, and finding that no case or controversy 35 existed between Plaintiffs and Defendants News. Corp. and Fox Entertainment Group, Inc. We 36 reverse and remand, holding that, without manipulative or deceptive conduct, special 37 circumstances do not exist in the absence of a direct threat of litigation in a forum with more than 38 a de minimis connection to the litigation. 39
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The Honorable Brian M. Cogan, United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.
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3 DAVID B. SMALLMAN , Wollmuth Maher & Deutsch LLP, New York, NY for 4 Appellants, 5 6 ANDREW N. BOURNE , Dickstein, Shapiro, Morin & Oshinsky, LLP, New York, 7 NY (Randy Paar, Kirk A. Pasich, of counsel, on the brief), for Appellees, 8 9 LAURA A. FOGGAN , Wiley Rein LLP, Washington, DC for Amicus Curiae 10 Complex Insurance Claims Litigation Association in Support of 11 Appellants. 12 13 14 15 WESLEY , Circuit Judge:
16 This appeal requires us to decide whether the “special circumstances” exception to the 17 first-filed rule applies to a declaratory judgment action filed in the absence of a direct threat of 18 litigation in a forum with at least some ties to the litigation. We hold that it does not, and reverse 19 the judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York 20 (Mukasey, C.J.) and remand for a determination of whether the balance of conveniences favor 21 giving priority to the second-filed action. 22 BACKGROUND 23 Employers Insurance of Wausau, a company with its principal place of business in 24 Wisconsin, and National Casualty Company, a Wisconsin corporation with its principal place of 25 business in Arizona (collectively, the “Insurers”) issued five “Media Special Perils” policies (the 26 “Policies”) to SCI Television, Inc., Andrews Group, Inc. (“Andrews”), and all of their 27 subsidiaries, divisions, and affiliated companies “in a line of corporate progression now existing 28 or hereafter created.” Mafco Holdings, Inc. (“Mafco”), as well as “its predecessors and any and 29 all of its subsidiaries, divisions, associated and/or affiliated companies,” were listed as an 30 additional named insured.
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1 New World Television Productions, Inc., a California corporation, and New World 2 Entertainment, Ltd., a Delaware corporation, with their principal places of business in California 3 (collectively, the “New World Entities”), were listed as additional named insureds on one of the 4 Policies. At the time the Policies were issued, Mafco was the ultimate parent of the New World 5 Entities.1 According to Appellees, the New World Entities are entitled to coverage under the 6 Policies because they were subsidiaries of named insureds Mafco and Andrews. 7 In January 1997, Fox Acquisition Co., Inc, merged with New World Communications 8 Group, Inc., purchasing all of its stock, including all stock in the New World Entities. Following 9 the merger, Fox Entertainment Group, Inc. (“Fox Entertainment”), a Delaware Corporation with 10 its principal place of business in New York, listed the New World Entities, Twentieth Century 11 Fox Film Corp. (“Fox Film”), and Twentieth Century Fox International Television (“Fox 12 Television”) as its subsidiaries. Fox Film is a Delaware corporation; Fox Television is a New 13 York corporation, and both have their principal places of business in California with secondary 14 offices in New York. News Corp., a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in 15 New York, is the ultimate parent corporation of these defendants. 16 On November 12, 2003, an attorney for musical composer Aeone Watson notified 17 counsel for Fox Film, Fox Television, and New World Television Productions, Inc. of claims for 18 copyright infringement arising out of the unlicensed use of Watson’s compositions in the 19 television program Santa Barbara. On July 6, 2004, a class action against Fox Film, Fox 20 Television, and the New World Entities was filed in the United States District Court for the 21 Central District of California. Captioned East et al. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation
1 In a lengthy corporate chain, Mafco was the parent of MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc.
(“MacAndrews”), which in turn was the corporate parent of Andrews. Andrews owned New World Communications Group, Inc., which held the New World Entities as subsidiaries.
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1 et al., No. CV 04-4920 (C.D. Cal.), the action was brought on behalf of all owners of copyrighted 2 musical compositions and sound recordings used on Santa Barbara without the owners’ 3 permission. On March 9, 2005, counsel for several major record labels and music publishing 4 companies informed Randall Kender of Fox Legal Group that they were entitled to over $75 5 million in damages for willful copyright infringement on Santa Barbara. 6 In May 2005, eighteen months after it first received the Watson letter, Fox Entertainment 7 faxed copies of the Watson and Kender letters and the East complaint to Media/Professional 8 Insurance (“Media/Professional”), the Kansas-based claims manager for the Insurers. The letters 9 were dated May 17, 2005, and printed on Fox Entertainment letterhead with a return address in 10 Beverly Hills, California. 11 Media/Professional’s response came in October 2005, when its claims counsel requested 12 information relating to Fox Entertainment’s relationship to the New World Entities. In the 13 interim, both sides retained coverage counsel and the parties exchanged lengthy correspondence. 14 This back-and-forth culminated on February 10, 2006, when Fox Entertainment provided the 15 agreement and plan of merger between Fox and New World. 16 Eighteen days later, on February 28, 2006, the Insurers commenced the instant action by 17 filing a complaint in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, 18 naming Fox Entertainment, Fox Film, and Fox Television, but not the New World Entities, as 19 defendants. The Insurers sought a declaratory judgment that they had no obligations to the three 20 named defendants relating to the East action because they had breached provisions of the Policies 21 requiring prompt notice and cooperation. On March 1, the day after filing suit, Defendants sent a 22 letter to claims counsel for the Insurers inquiring as to the “status” of the Insurers’ coverage 23 investigation. The following day, the Insurers denied coverage and informed Defendants of their
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1 New York action. 2 On March 24, 2006, Fox Film, Fox Television, and the New World Entities filed a 3 complaint of their own in the Superior Court of California, seeking damages for breach of 4 contract and tortious breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing, and a declaration 5 that the Insurers were obligated to provide coverage for the East action. That action was 6 subsequently removed to the United States District Court for the Central District of California on 7 April 21, 2006. On May 30, 2006, the Insurers filed an amended complaint in the first-filed New 8 York declaratory judgment action, adding the New World Entities and News Corp. as defendants. 9 The Insurers suffered a string of setbacks in the summer of 2006. First, on July 27, the 10 district court in the New York action granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss. See Employers Ins. 11 of Wausau v. News Corp., 439 F. Supp. 2d 328 (S.D.N.Y. 2006). The court noted that “[w]here 12 ‘essentially the same lawsuit involving the same parties and the same issues’ is pending in two 13 different federal courts, the ‘first-filed rule’ creates a presumption that the case filed earliest will 14 take priority.” Id. at 333 (quoting Factors Etc., Inc. v. Pro Arts, Inc., 579 F.2d 215, 218 (2d Cir. 15 1978), abrogated on other grounds by Pirone v. MacMillan, Inc., 894 F.2d 579 (2d Cir. 1990)). 16 The later of the two cases will only take priority where there is a showing of “balance of 17 convenience” or “special circumstances.” Id. Without balancing the conveniences, the court 18 concluded that special circumstances existed, in large measure based on two operative facts. 19 First, the Insurers filed suit before Appellees requested coverage and before coverage was denied 20 to them. Second, the Insurers “selectively excluded the New World Entities – the most logical 21 parties against which to bring a coverage action,” and entities with strong ties to California. Id. 22 at 334. According to the district court, the Insurers desired a New York forum to enjoy the 23 advantage of New York law, which, unlike California law, allows an insurer to disclaim coverage
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1 based on late notice without requiring a showing of prejudice.2 Id. 2 The Insurers were handed a second defeat on August 16, when the district court in 3 Appellees’ California action denied the Insurers’ motion to transfer venue to the Southern 4 District of New York. See New World Television Prods., Inc. v. Nat’l Cas. Co., No. CV 06- 5 02489 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 16, 2006). Finally, on September 5, Judge Mukasey denied the Insurers’ 6 motion for reconsideration. See Employers Ins. of Wausau v. News Corp., No. 06 Civ. 1602, 7 2006 WL 2564394 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 5, 2006). The Insurers appeal, arguing that the district court 8 erred in not applying the first-filed rule and dismissing their complaint. 9 DISCUSSION 10 I 11 This Court reviews a district court’s decision to apply or depart from the first-filed rule 12 for an abuse of discretion. See Adam v. Jacobs, 950 F.2d 89, 92 (2d Cir. 1991). As a general 13 rule, “[w]here there are two competing lawsuits, the first suit should have priority.” First City 14 Nat’l Bank & Trust Co. v. Simmons, 878 F.2d 76, 79 (2d Cir. 1989) (quoting Motion Picture Lab. 15 Technicians Loc. 780 v. McGregor & Werner, Inc., 804 F.2d 16, 19 (2d Cir. 1986)) (alteration in 16 original). This rule “embodies considerations of judicial administration and conservation of 17 resources” by avoiding duplicative litigation and honoring the plaintiff’s choice of forum. Id. at 18 80. We have recognized only two exceptions to the first-filed rule: (1) where the “balance of 19 convenience” favors the second-filed action, see, e.g., Motion Picture Lab. Technicians Loc. 780, 20 804 F.2d at 19; Remington Prods. Corp. v. Am. Aerovap, Inc., 192 F.2d 872, 873 (2d Cir. 1951), 21 and (2) where “special circumstances” warrant giving priority to the second suit, see, e.g., First
2 The court also held that the Insurers did not allege a “case or controversy” against Fox Entertainment or “News Corp.” because they neither faced suit in the East action nor claimed coverage under the Policies. Employers Ins. of Wausau, 439 F. Supp. 2d at 333 n.8.
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1 City Nat’l Bank, 878 F.2d at 79. Although these basic principles are “well-settled,” id., their 2 application has yielded dramatically inconsistent results. 3 The two exceptions to the first-filed rule are premised on the notion that the “federal 4 declaratory judgment is not a prize to the winner of a race to the courthouses.” Factors Etc., Inc., 5 579 F.2d at 219 (quoting Perez v. Ledesma, 401 U.S. 82, 119 n.12 (1971) (Brennan, J., 6 dissenting)). However, this admonition merely reminds us that the first-filed rule does not 7 constitute an invariable mandate. The inquiry still requires selection of the more appropriate 8 forum, since the first-filed rule is only a “‘presumption’ that may be rebutted by proof of the 9 desirability of proceeding in the forum of the second-filed action.” Berisford Capital Corp. v. 10 Cent. States, Se. & Sw. Areas Pension Fund, 677 F. Supp. 220, 222 (S.D.N.Y. 1988); see also 11 Columbia Pictures Indus., Inc. v. Schneider, 435 F. Supp. 742, 751 (S.D.N.Y. 1977) (“[A]n even 12 or inconclusively tilted ‘balance of convenience’ would ordinarily support application of the 13 first-filed rule.”). 14 In applying the “balance of convenience” exception, we have considered the ties between 15 the litigation and the forum of the first-filed action. See Motion Picture Lab. Technicians Loc. 16 780, 804 F.2d at 19. We agree with several district courts within our circuit that the “factors 17 relevant to the balance of convenience analysis are essentially the same as those considered in 18 connection with motions to transfer venue pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a).” Everest Capital 19 Ltd. v. Everest Funds Mgmt., L.L.C., 178 F. Supp. 2d 459, 465 (S.D.N.Y. 2002). Among these 20 factors are:
21 (1) the plaintiff’s choice of forum, (2) the convenience of witnesses, (3) the 22 location of relevant documents and relative ease of access to sources of proof, (4) 23 the convenience of the parties, (5) the locus of operative facts, (6) the availability 24 of process to compel the attendance of unwilling witnesses, [and] (7) the relative 25 means of the parties.
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1 D.H. Blair & Co. v. Gottdiener, 462 F.3d 95, 106-07 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Albert Fadem Trust 2 v. Duke Energy Corp., 214 F. Supp. 2d 341, 343 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)) (alteration in original). A 3 balance of these factors will identify the more appropriate forum. 4 Given the centrality of the balance of convenience, the “special circumstances” in which a 5 district court may dismiss the first-filed case without this analysis are quite rare. In fact, we have 6 identified only a limited number of such circumstances. One exists where the first-filed lawsuit 7 is an improper anticipatory declaratory judgment action.3 See Factors Etc., Inc., 579 F.2d at 219 8 (holding that the district court properly allowed later-filed suit to proceed because first-filed 9 declaratory judgment suit was triggered by notice letter and was therefore “in apparent 10 anticipation of [the later-filed suit]”). District courts in this Circuit have recognized that, in order 11 for a declaratory judgment action to be anticipatory, it must be filed in response to a direct threat 12 of litigation that gives specific warnings as to deadlines and subsequent legal action.4 See, e.g., 13 Reliance Ins. Co. v. Six Star, Inc., 155 F. Supp. 2d 49, 55 (S.D.N.Y. 2001); Fed. Ins. Co. v. May 14 Dep’t Stores Co., 808 F. Supp. 347, 350 (S.D.N.Y. 1992). Another special circumstance is 15 “where forum shopping alone motivated the choice of the situs for the first suit.” William 16 Gluckin & Co. v. Int’l Playtex Corp., 407 F.2d 177, 178 (2d Cir. 1969) (emphasis added). This 17 does not mean that any evidence of forum shopping will suffice. Any lawyer who files a case on 18 behalf of a client must consider which of the available fora might yield some advantage to his
3 Another, more specific special circumstance exists when the first-filed suit is against the customer of an alleged patent infringer, while the second suit involves the infringer directly. See Mattel, Inc. v. Louis Marx & Co., 353 F.2d 421, 424 n.4 (2d Cir. 1965) (citing Delamere Co. v.
Taylor-Bell Co., 199 F. Supp. 55 (S.D.N.Y. 1961)).
4 As one commentator noted, a plaintiff should not be permitted to file “a preemptive action in order to deprive the ‘natural plaintiff’ of its choice of forum.” 17 James Wm. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 111.13[1][c][i] (3d ed. 2007).
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1 client, and thus, to that degree, engages in “forum shopping.” Rather, the first-filing plaintiff 2 must engage in some manipulative or deceptive behavior, or the ties between the litigation and 3 the first forum must be so tenuous or de minimis that a full “balance of convenience” analysis 4 would not be necessary to determine that the second forum is more appropriate than the first. 5 Where special circumstances are not present, a balancing of the conveniences is necessary. 6 II 7 Applying these rules to this appeal, we conclude that the district court erred in finding 8 special circumstances warranting departure from the first-filed rule. The court premised its 9 dismissal on its factual determinations that the Insurers filed suit before Appellees requested 10 coverage and that the Insurers deliberately failed to name the New World Entities to avoid 11 strengthening the ties between the action and California. See Employers Ins. of Wausau, 439 F. 12 Supp. 2d at 333. Neither has a factual basis in the record. Therefore, neither can support a 13 departure from the first-filed rule without a balancing of the conveniences. 14 The Insurers’ declaratory judgment suit was not an improper anticipatory action – an 15 action filed in response to a specific, direct threat of litigation. No such threat existed here. 16 Despite receiving a notice letter in November 2003 and being named in the East action in July 17 2004, the Appellees did not notify the Insurers of potential claims against the Policies until May 18 2005. The Insurers’ formal response to this notice in October was followed by frequent 19 negotiations and requests for information, leading up to the filing of this action on February 28, 20 2006. The district court stated that the Appellees did not actually request coverage until March 21 1, 2006, one day later. Id. at 335. However, the record is replete with earlier coverage requests 22 and inquiries by the Appellees, such as a January 6, 2006 letter requesting that counsel for the 23 Insurers “[p]lease let us know what conclusion your client has reached regarding coverage for
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1 this matter,” and a January 24 letter requesting that counsel for the Insurers inform Appellees’ 2 counsel of the “conclusion your client has reached regarding coverage.” Consequently, under 3 New York law, the Insurers were within their rights to disclaim coverage by filing for declaratory 4 judgment – they were under no obligation to disclaim coverage before doing so. See, e.g., 5 Atlantic Mut. Ins. Co. v. Balfour Maclaine Int’l Ltd., 775 F. Supp. 101, 110 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) 6 (“Under New York law, the filing of a declaratory judgment action by an insurance company 7 concerning liability for a particular claim is sufficient notice of disclaimer.”); Norfolk & Dedham 8 Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Petrizzi, 503 N.Y.S.2d 51, 53 (N.Y. App. Div. 1st Dep’t 1986). 9 The action was not improperly anticipatory – it was not a response to a direct threat of 10 litigation by the Appellees. Although litigation was clearly on the horizon, evidenced by the 11 parties’ retention of coverage counsel and the general tenor of the communications leading up to 12 the action, and the Appellees may have been caught off guard by the timing of the complaint, 13 there was no notice letter or other communication conveying a specific threat of litigation. 14 Nor was the Insurers’ declaratory judgment action motivated solely by forum shopping. 15 Appellees argue that the Insurers were manipulative in selectively naming Defendants in this 16 action. We disagree for two reasons. 17 First, in their original complaint, the Insurers sued three entities: Fox Entertainment, Fox 18 Film, and Fox Television. It was not until April 30, 2006, after the New World Entities sued 19 them in California, that the Insurers filed their amended complaint, adding the New World 20 Entities and News Corp. The district court held that because the New World Entities were “the 21 most logical” defendants – those who happened to have the strongest ties to California and 22 virtually no connection to New York – their omission from the complaint demonstrated forum 23 shopping on the part of the Insurers. Employers Ins. of Wausau, 439 F. Supp. 2d at 334.
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1 The Insurers argue that the New World Entities did not provide them with a notice of 2 claim or request for coverage, and that they named the parties identified by the Defendants in 3 their correspondence. The original May 2005 notices were written on the letterhead of the “Fox 4 Entertainment Group, Inc.,” and the February 10, 2006 letter was written on the letterhead of the 5 “Fox Group [:] A Unit of News Corporation,” by Randall Kender, litigation counsel for Fox 6 Television and Fox Film. If the Insurers were trying to manipulate the parties in order to 7 strengthen the action’s ties to New York, as Appellees assert, they presumably would have 8 named News Corp, since it was identified on the letterhead of the February 10, 2006 letter and 9 has its principal place of business in New York. Since they did not, and since they added the 10 New World Entities in their amended complaint shortly thereafter, their initial omission suggests 11 a lack of familiarity with Appellees’ corporate structure rather than an improper attempt at 12 manipulation.5 13 Second, if the district court’s conclusion that the decision not to join the New World 14 Entities was tactical, then it was an extremely short-sighted tactic. The Insurers surely knew that 15 forum selection litigation was a distinct possibility. They also had to know that in such motion 16 practice, Appellees would raise the very point they have raised here – that the failure to join the 17 New World Entities constituted “impermissible” forum shopping, and their absence pointed to 18 California as a preferable forum. Indeed, the Insurers’ amendment to include the New World 19 Entities was an acknowledgment that the Insurers had little chance to prevail on a forum motion 20 by excluding parties. The district court’s conclusion that the failure to name the New World
5 The conveniences should be measured at the time they are balanced, rather than at the time of the original complaint, since the court’s primary concern is determining the connection between the action and the forum.
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1 Entities was tactical therefore requires a finding that the Insurers were simultaneously clever and 2 myopic. While it may have been more likely that the omission was the result of the complexities 3 of the merger and acquisition activity among the Appellees rather than any deliberate attempt to 4 gain an advantage in the anticipated forum litigation, ultimately our decision finding an abuse of 5 discretion finds adequate support in the district court’s factual error with regard to the chronology 6 of events leading up to the commencement of the litigation in New York. 7 Moreover, although we express no opinion on the relative merits of a New York or a 8 California forum, a matter we leave for the district court to determine on remand, the ties 9 between the litigation and New York are not so de minimis that a balance of convenience 10 analysis was unnecessary. Because no special circumstances existed, the district court was 11 required to undertake a balance of convenience analysis in order to depart from the first-filed 12 rule. 13 III 14 We also reverse the district court’s dismissal of Fox Entertainment and News Corp. based 15 on lack of a justiciable case or controversy. “That the liability may be contingent does not 16 necessarily defeat jurisdiction of a declaratory judgment action. Rather, courts should focus on 17 the practical likelihood that the contingencies will occur[].” E.R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. v. Lloyd’s 18 & Cos., 241 F.3d 154, 177 (2d Cir. 2001) (quoting Associated Indem. Corp. v. Fairchild Indus., 19 Inc., 961 F.2d 32, 35 (2d Cir. 1992)) (omission in original). The district court determined that 20 since neither entity faced liability in the East action or sought coverage under the Policies, they 21 “conced[ed], albeit obliquely,” that they were not insured by the Policies. Employers Ins. of 22 Wausau, 439 F. Supp. 2d at 333 n.8. The record reflects otherwise. First, in their February 28, 23 2006 letter submitted pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 28(j), Insurers point out that Fox
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1 Entertainment’s current insurer has reserved all of its rights to seek contribution from them for 2 the underlying claims. Moreover, Appellees have informed this Court that News Corp. and Fox 3 Entertainment may seek coverage from the Insurers. The record demonstrates that jurisdiction 4 exists. Cf. U.S. Underwriters Ins. Co. v. City Club Hotel, LLC, 369 F.3d 102, 107 (2d Cir. 2004) 5 (affirming dismissal from coverage action of defendants who were not seeking coverage or sued 6 in the underlying action). 7 CONCLUSION 8 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is REVERSED and the case 9 is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.