Emilio Adame and Kathy Adame v. Vista Bank

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: November 10, 2014
• Docket: 07-14-00098-CV
• Status: Published

Opinion

In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

No. 07-14-00098-CV

EMILIO ADAME AND KATHY ADAME, APPELLANTS

V.

VISTA BANK, APPELLEE

On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 3 Lubbock County, Texas Trial Court No. 2012-568,283, Honorable Judy Parker, Presiding

November 10, 2014

MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.

Emilio and Kathy Adame, proceeding pro se, appeal the trial court’s summary

judgment in favor of Vista Bank. The Adames present several issues on appeal from

the judgment awarding Vista Bank $99,309.08 as damages, interest, and fees relating

to its claim for a deficiency on a secured transaction. We will affirm. Factual and Procedural History

Since 2001, the Adames had owned and operated a limousine service business

called D’Elegance Limousine Service. In 2010 and in furtherance of their business

objectives, the Adames entered into loan agreements with Vista Bank. Securing the

promissory notes were several limousines. More specifically, the Adames borrowed

$75,550 in loan number 60248 and $48,691.24 in loan number 60276. When the

Adames failed to make payments on the loans, several of the vehicles serving as

collateral were sold for a total of $26,945.00 and the proceeds of the sales were applied

to the balance of loan 60248.

Alleging that the Adames defaulted on loan numbers 60248 and 60276 and that

all other conditions precedent to suit have been met, Vista Bank sued the Adames for

the deficiency remaining on the loans. The Adames filed a general denial. Vista Bank

moved for summary judgment, and the Adames responded, though they did so

untimely. The trial court did not expressly permit the Adames’ late response, and it

ultimately granted summary judgment in favor of the bank on the deficiency.

The Adames raise a number of issues on appeal, one of which challenges Vista

Bank’s summary judgment evidence relating to the status of the loans following a

ninety-day extension agreement. In their second issue, they challenge the credibility of

statements made in an affidavit in support of the bank’s motion for summary judgment.

In their third issue, the Adames point to the bank’s act of permitting its representative,

Shay Wallace, to continue to deal with the Adames despite the fact that Wallace was

being investigated by the FDIC and was later formally prohibited from, inter alia,

2 participating in the conduct of certain enumerated affairs of any financial institution or

organization. The Adames’ fourth issue raises the bank’s failure to attend and its

subsequent failure to reschedule mediation. Finally, the Adames assert that Vista

Bank’s sale of the collateral securing the two promissory notes was not commercially

reasonable.

Analysis

Ninety-day Extension; Credibility of Affidavit

The Adames raise two issues relating to the existence of a ninety-day extension

agreement entered into by the Adames and Vista Bank. In their first issue, they

maintain that, in light of the extension agreement, Vista Bank failed to prove that one of

the loans was in default, and, in their second issue, the Adames attack the credibility of

an affidavit in support of the bank’s motion for summary judgment in that the affidavit

presents false information by failing to acknowledge the extension agreement. Based

on our interpretation of the Adames’ first issue, we will address that issue later in the

opinion and, at this juncture, focus on the Adames’ second point of error.

In that second issue, the Adames maintain that summary judgment in favor of

Vista Bank is improper because the affidavit of bank representative Toby Cecil failed to

acknowledge the extension agreement. Indeed, the Adames have provided this Court a

copy of the ninety-day extension agreement, which appears to be executed by the

parties and does not appear in Vista Bank’s evidence in support of its motion. The

obstacle facing the Adames in this second issue relating to the extension agreement is

3 that the evidence of the extension agreement appears first and only in the appendix to

Adames’ brief.

So, assuming only for the sake of analysis that the merits of the Adames’

contention regarding the extension are sound, the couple’s failure to bring forth

evidence of the extension agreement is fatal to their position on appeal because

summary judgment motions and responses “must stand or fall on the grounds expressly

presented” to the trial court. See McConnell v. Southside Indep. Sch. Dist., 858 S.W.2d

337, 341 (Tex. 1993); see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); D.R. Horton-Tex., Ltd. v. Markel

Int’l Ins. Co., 300 S.W.3d 740, 743 (Tex. 2009). Consequently, appellate review of a

summary judgment is limited to the record that was before the trial court when it granted

summary judgment. See Ramirez v. Garcia, 413 S.W.3d 134, 149 (Tex. App.—Amarillo

2013, pet. filed); Davis v. Med. Evaluation Specialists, Inc., 31 S.W.3d 788, 793 n.4

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied) (op. on reh’g).

The record before the trial court included no evidence of the ninety-day

extension. Even if the trial court would have considered the Adames’ late-filed

response to the bank’s motion for summary judgment, that response did not include

evidence of the extension agreement. Accordingly, based on the record as it was

before the trial court at the time it granted summary judgment, we cannot reverse

summary judgment on grounds related to evidence or the absence of evidence of the

extension agreement. Put another way, looking only at what was before the trial court

at the time it granted summary judgment, we cannot say that the trial court erred when it

granted summary judgment on that record. Therefore, we overrule the Adames’ second

issue on appeal.

4 Wallace’s Participation, FDIC Orders

The Adames contend that, knowing that the FDIC was investigating Shay

Wallace, the loan officer with whom the Adames regularly dealt, Vista Bank nonetheless

allowed Wallace to represent the bank in dealing with the Adames. The Adames point

out that the FDIC ultimately and formally found that Wallace “engaged or participated in

violations of the law or regulations, unsafe or unsound banking practices, and/or

breaches of fiduciary duty as an institution-affiliated party” and prohibited him by order

from participation in certain activities related to banking. Asserting that the continued

dealing with Wallace was unethical, the Adames raise the issue of Wallace's ineligibility

on appeal. Again, though, the Adames failed to raise the issue until appeal; the FDIC

“Order of Prohibition from Further Participation” appears only in the Adames’ appendix

on appeal. Consequently, we are constrained by general principles of error

preservation as well as the well-established proposition that motions for summary

judgment and responses to them “must stand or fall on the grounds expressly presented

to the trial court.” See D.R. Horton-Tex., Ltd., 300 S.W.3d at 743; see also TEX. R. CIV.

P. 166a(c) (“Issues not expressly presented to the trial court by written motion, answer

or other response shall not be considered on appeal as grounds for reversal.”). We

cannot reach the merits of the issue raised and, therefore, must and do overrule it.

Failure to Attend Mediation

Likewise, we may not reach the Adames’ issue relating to Vista Bank’s failure to

participate in mediation. The trial court was never apprised of the Adames’ complaint

that Vista Bank canceled and failed to reschedule the date provided in the trial court’s

5 scheduling order. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). This issue is also not properly before us,

and we overrule it as well.

Legal Sufficiency: Default Status of Loans and Commercially Reasonable Sale

Procedural Considerations

The trial court set a hearing on Vista Bank’s motion for summary judgment on

January 10, 2014, and the Adames filed their response to the motion on January 9,

2014. The Texas Rules of Civil Procedure provide that parties choosing to file a

response to a motion for summary judgment must do so no later than seven days prior

to the date of the scheduled hearing. See id. Late filing is permitted only upon leave of

the trial court. See id. Nothing in the record before us indicates that the trial court

granted leave for the Adames to file their late response. In the absence of the record’s

suggestion that the trial court granted such leave, a reviewing court must presume that

the trial court did not consider it. See INA of Tex. v. Bryant, 686 S.W.2d 614, 615 (Tex.

1985).

Nonetheless, the trial court could not grant Vista Bank summary judgment by

default; the bank was still required to prove that it was entitled to judgment as a matter

of law. See Amedisys, Inc. v. Kingwood Home Health Care, LLC, 437 S.W.3d 507,

511–12 (Tex. 2014). That is, the bank’s summary judgment evidence is reviewable for

legal sufficiency. See id. at 512.

6 Standard of Review

We review the trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Ferguson v.

Bldg. Materials Corp. of Am., 295 S.W.3d 642, 644 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam) (citing Tex.

Mun. Power Agency v. Pub. Util. Comm’n of Tex., 253 S.W.3d 184, 192 (Tex. 2007)).

We consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting

evidence favorable to the nonmovant if a reasonable factfinder could, and disregarding

contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. See Mack Trucks, Inc. v.

Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex. 2006).

The movant for traditional summary judgment has the burden of showing that

there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding,

289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). In particular, a plaintiff moving for summary

judgment must conclusively prove all essential elements of its claim. Cullins v. Foster,

171 S.W.3d 521, 530 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (citing MMP,

Ltd. v. Jones, 710 S.W.2d 59, 60 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam)).

Applicable Law

Vista Bank’s claim for a deficiency on a secured transaction called on it to prove

the following elements: (1) the Adames executed a loan contract and security

agreement specifying the collateral, (2) the Adames defaulted on the loan, (3) the

Adames failed to repay the note despite notice and demand from Vista Bank, (4) Vista

Bank foreclosed its security interest in the collateral and sold the collateral in a

commercially reasonable manner, and (5) after disposition of the collateral, a deficiency

7 existed, repayment of which was required to make the secured party whole. See

McGee v. Deere & Co., No. 03-04-00222-CV, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 2179, at *4-5 (Tex.

App.—Austin Mar. 24, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. §§

9.610, 9.615 (West 2011)).

Discussion

After having interpreted and addressed the issues the Adames raise on appeal,

the Adames’ remaining, viable points of error challenge only whether Vista Bank met its

summary-judgment burden regarding (1) the element of default status of the loan, and

(2) the commercial reasonableness aspect of the fourth element. We will limit our

analysis accordingly.

Default status

Returning to the issues concerning the ninety-day extension agreement, the

Adames maintain in their first point of error that one of the loans, loan number 60248,

was not in default after the parties had agreed to the ninety-day extension, the formal

written evidence of which Vista failed to provide in support of its motion for summary

judgment. As we pointed out supra, the Adames have provided this Court a copy of the

ninety-day extension agreement, which appears to be duly executed by the parties.

And, as we concluded earlier as to the Adames’ second point of error, the extension

agreement’s impact on the credibility of an affidavit in support of Vista Bank’s motion for

summary judgment is an issue that was never raised—not even in the Adames’ late

response—and we may not consider it.

8 To the extent the Adames’ first issue concerning the extension agreement raises

the sufficiency of Vista Bank’s evidence that the subject loans were in default, we

address that issue. It appears the Adames contend that Vista Bank failed to prove that

loan number 60248 was in default because the parties executed the extension.

However, as the Adames point out in their second point of error, evidence of the

extension agreement was never brought to the trial court, not by Vista Bank and not

even in the Adames’ late-filed response had it been considered below. We must

examine the sufficiency of Vista Bank’s evidence based on the record before the trial

court at the time it granted summary judgment. See Ramirez, 413 S.W.3d at 149;

Davis, 31 S.W.3d at 793 n.4. Vista Bank presented evidence demonstrating the terms

and conditions of repayment as outlined in the promissory notes and also presented the

payment history on the loans, evidence upon which the trial court could and did grant

summary judgment. We cannot conclude that the trial court erroneously granted

summary judgment based on evidence that was never introduced for its consideration.

The trial court did not err by concluding that Vista Bank’s evidence—albeit arguably

incomplete as later-exposed evidence may suggest—established as a matter of law that

the Adames defaulted in their repayment on loan 60248. We overrule the Adames’ first

point of error that contends otherwise.

Commercial Reasonableness

A commercially reasonable disposition is defined as one that is made (1) in the

usual manner on any recognized market, (2) at the price current in any recognized

market at the time of the disposition, or (3) otherwise in conformity with reasonable

commercial practices among dealers in the type of property that was the subject of the

9 disposition. TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 9.627(b) (West 2011). The creditor’s burden

of showing commercially reasonable disposition of collateral and notification of

disposition to debtor can be met by pleading specifically or averring generally that all

conditions precedent to deficiency suit have been met. See Greathouse v. Charter Nat’l

Bank-Sw., 851 S.W.2d 173, 176–77 (Tex. 1992); Friedman v. Atl. Funding Corp., 936

S.W.2d 38, 41 (Tex. App.—Austin 1996, no writ).

Vista Bank averred generally in its petition that all conditions precedent had been

met. Therefore, in order for Vista Bank to have been required to set forth proof

regarding the commercial reasonableness of the sale, the Adames would have had to

specifically deny that the sale was commercially reasonable. See Greathouse, 851

S.W.2d at 174. The Adames’ answer only generally denied Vista Bank’s allegations,

and it was, therefore, inadequate to shift the burden back to Vista Bank to specifically

allege and prove the commercial reasonableness of the sale of the vehicles.1 That said,

Vista Bank was not required to specifically prove commercially reasonable disposition of

the vehicles. See id. We overrule the Adames’ fifth and final point of error.

1 Further, even if the Adames had raised the issue in their answer in the same manner as they now raise it on appeal, there remains a question as to whether it would have properly raised the issue of the commercial reasonableness of the sale of the vehicles. The mere allegation that property was sold for less than the purported market value is insufficient to raise a question as to the commercial reasonableness of the sale. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 9.627(a) (providing that fact that a greater amount could have been obtained by disposition at a different time or in a different method from that selected by secured party is not of itself sufficient to preclude secured party from establishing that disposition was made in commercially reasonable manner).

10 Conclusion

Having overruled each of the Adames’ five points of error, we affirm the trial

court’s judgment. See TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(a).

Mackey K. Hancock Justice