By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.
delivering the opinion.
The facts in this case being somewhat complicated, a brief recapitulation of them may be necessary to a proper understanding of the points made in the bill of exceptions. The declaration contains two demises — one from John Cordery, the grantee, the other from Jeremiah Smith.
The plaintiff first read in evidence a grant from the State to John Cordery, dated the 19th of October, 1831, for the lot of land in dispute, namely: No 116, in the 16th district of originally Lee, now Sumter County; proved the defendant in possession of the premises, and closed his case.
The defendant then introduced a deed from John Cordery, the grantee, to Jonathan Lyon, purporting to have been executed on the 10th day of June, 1834, but not recorded till the 17th day of April, 1851. He next read in evidence a deed from Jonathan Lyon to Major Ellis, the tenant in possession, dated the 27th of November, 1837.
The defendant having thus shown title out of Cordery, one of the lessors of the plaintiff in ejectment, the plaintiff submitted to the Jury in rebuttal, a Sheriff’s deed to the lot of land in dispute, to Jeremiah Smith, the other lessor of the plaintiff, bearing date on the 5th day of March, 1835. This deed, among other things, recited, that in obedience to two writs of of fieri facias [259]*259issuing from a Justice’s Court in Washington County, in favor of James Boatwright vs. John Cordery and L. D. Cordery, that said land was seized and sold as the property of the defendants, on the first Tuesday in March, 1835, and bought by Jeremiah Smith, and the title conveyed to him, and duly recorded on the 30th of August thereafter.
It will be observed that the deed from Cordery to Lyon was not recorded until nearly seven years had elapsed after its execution, and until between five and six years after the Sheriff’s deed to Smith was recorded — this latter deed being registered within the time prescribed by the Stature — this is an important point to be borne in mind in the further consideration of this case.
When the Sheriff’s deed was tendered, it was proven by Ea-son Smith, that he had searched the Sheriff’s and Clerk’s offices for the fi. fas. under which the land was sold, and could not find them; that Morgan, the Sheriff who sold the land, was out of the State, and that his predecessor was dead, and the executions could not be found among his papers. Willis A. Hawkins testified that he had inquired of the presiding Justices of the Peace for the district in which the judgments were obtained, but could not find the executions. John Shepherd, a Justice of the Peace, for the district in Washington County where the fi. fas. issued, swore that he had in his possession the docket containing an entry of the judgments upon which the executions issued, that sold the land, from which Lit appeared that the judgments were rendered at the August Term preceding the Sheriff’s sale.
Counsel for the defendant objected to the reading of the Sheriff’s deed, on the ground that there was no proof of any execution or judgment authorizing the sale, or that the fi. fas. were ever levied by the proper officer; and for the further reason, that the plaintiff had not shown sufficient diligence in searching for the executions, so as to enable him to rely upon secondary evidence. The Court overruled all the objections to the testimony, whereupon counsel excepted.
[1.] As to what degree of diligence in the search for written instruments is necessary, it is impossible to define, as each must [260]*260depend very much on its particular circumstances. In general, the party is expected to show that he has, in good faith, exhausted all the sources of information and means of discovery which the nature of the case would naturally suggest, and which were accessible to him. Cowen's note 861, to 1 Phil. Evid. 452. Rex vs. Morton, 4 M. & S. 48. Rex vs. Castleton, 6 T. R. 236. 1 Stark. Evid. 336, 360. And this we think has been done. Recourse was had to the Magistrates who are the successors to the Justices who rendered the judgments, and who have the custody of the docket containing the entries of the judgments upon which the executions were issued. The Clerk’s and Sheriff’s offices have been examined; Morgan, the Sheriff who sold the land, is out of the State, and his successor dead. Upon inquiry the executions are not to be found among the papers of the latter.
Where else except in the possession of Smith himself, the purchaser at public sale, and party to the suit, are these documents likely to be ? We think the proof quite satisfactory to establish a reasonable presumption of the loss or destruction of these papers, and that his Honor Judge Warren, committed no error in deciding the preliminary inquiries as he did, and admitting the secondary evidence.
[2.] And the recitals in the deed of fha fi. fas. and the seizure and sale of the property under them, is prima facie proof at least of the facts contained in the deed. 6 Ga. Rep. 188.
The plaintiff next offered to read the depositions of John Cordery, the grantee, and one of the lessors of the plaintiff, to prove that the deed made by him to Lyon, was antedated, which was objected to, on two grounds : 1st, because the witness was interested, being a party to the record, and liable for costs; and 2dly, because the attesting witnesses ought first to be resorted to.
Counsel for plaintiff, to obviate the first objection, struck out the demise from Cordery, and the Court then permitted the depositions to he read, and defendant’s counsel excepted.
[3.] It is admitted, that the witness was incompetent at the time he was sworn. That being the case, we think it clear, that [261]*261the disability being subsequently removed, would not operate as a purgation of the proof previously taken.
[4.] We think it equally clear, that the Court erred in holding, that the attesting witnesses need not be produced. This has been a rule from the earliest times. It is laid down'in Fortes cue de Land. Leg. Ang. C. 32. In Rex vs. Harringworth, (4 M. & S. 352,) Lord Ellenborough said that the rule was as “ fixed, formal and universal as any that can be stated in a Court of Justice.” And while he admitted in the same case, (p. 354,) that the subscribing witnesses might not in fact be the best witnesses, and that others might know more of the transaction than they, still as they were the “plighted” witnesses, they must be produced on the trial. The knowledge they have upon the subject is presumed to be essential, and is therefore indispensable.
[5.] And so strictly has this rule been observed, that it has been held, that an acknowledgment by the obligor himself, that he executed the deed, or even the admission by the defendant in an answer to a bill filed against him for a discovery, will not dispense with the testimony of the subscribing witnesses; and the reason assigned is, that a fact may be known to the subscribing witness, not within the knowledge or recollection of the party himself, and that he is entitled to avail himself of all the knowledge of the subscribing witness relative to the transaction.
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By the Court.
Lumpkin, J.
delivering the opinion.
The facts in this case being somewhat complicated, a brief recapitulation of them may be necessary to a proper understanding of the points made in the bill of exceptions. The declaration contains two demises — one from John Cordery, the grantee, the other from Jeremiah Smith.
The plaintiff first read in evidence a grant from the State to John Cordery, dated the 19th of October, 1831, for the lot of land in dispute, namely: No 116, in the 16th district of originally Lee, now Sumter County; proved the defendant in possession of the premises, and closed his case.
The defendant then introduced a deed from John Cordery, the grantee, to Jonathan Lyon, purporting to have been executed on the 10th day of June, 1834, but not recorded till the 17th day of April, 1851. He next read in evidence a deed from Jonathan Lyon to Major Ellis, the tenant in possession, dated the 27th of November, 1837.
The defendant having thus shown title out of Cordery, one of the lessors of the plaintiff in ejectment, the plaintiff submitted to the Jury in rebuttal, a Sheriff’s deed to the lot of land in dispute, to Jeremiah Smith, the other lessor of the plaintiff, bearing date on the 5th day of March, 1835. This deed, among other things, recited, that in obedience to two writs of of fieri facias [259]*259issuing from a Justice’s Court in Washington County, in favor of James Boatwright vs. John Cordery and L. D. Cordery, that said land was seized and sold as the property of the defendants, on the first Tuesday in March, 1835, and bought by Jeremiah Smith, and the title conveyed to him, and duly recorded on the 30th of August thereafter.
It will be observed that the deed from Cordery to Lyon was not recorded until nearly seven years had elapsed after its execution, and until between five and six years after the Sheriff’s deed to Smith was recorded — this latter deed being registered within the time prescribed by the Stature — this is an important point to be borne in mind in the further consideration of this case.
When the Sheriff’s deed was tendered, it was proven by Ea-son Smith, that he had searched the Sheriff’s and Clerk’s offices for the fi. fas. under which the land was sold, and could not find them; that Morgan, the Sheriff who sold the land, was out of the State, and that his predecessor was dead, and the executions could not be found among his papers. Willis A. Hawkins testified that he had inquired of the presiding Justices of the Peace for the district in which the judgments were obtained, but could not find the executions. John Shepherd, a Justice of the Peace, for the district in Washington County where the fi. fas. issued, swore that he had in his possession the docket containing an entry of the judgments upon which the executions issued, that sold the land, from which Lit appeared that the judgments were rendered at the August Term preceding the Sheriff’s sale.
Counsel for the defendant objected to the reading of the Sheriff’s deed, on the ground that there was no proof of any execution or judgment authorizing the sale, or that the fi. fas. were ever levied by the proper officer; and for the further reason, that the plaintiff had not shown sufficient diligence in searching for the executions, so as to enable him to rely upon secondary evidence. The Court overruled all the objections to the testimony, whereupon counsel excepted.
[1.] As to what degree of diligence in the search for written instruments is necessary, it is impossible to define, as each must [260]*260depend very much on its particular circumstances. In general, the party is expected to show that he has, in good faith, exhausted all the sources of information and means of discovery which the nature of the case would naturally suggest, and which were accessible to him. Cowen's note 861, to 1 Phil. Evid. 452. Rex vs. Morton, 4 M. & S. 48. Rex vs. Castleton, 6 T. R. 236. 1 Stark. Evid. 336, 360. And this we think has been done. Recourse was had to the Magistrates who are the successors to the Justices who rendered the judgments, and who have the custody of the docket containing the entries of the judgments upon which the executions were issued. The Clerk’s and Sheriff’s offices have been examined; Morgan, the Sheriff who sold the land, is out of the State, and his successor dead. Upon inquiry the executions are not to be found among the papers of the latter.
Where else except in the possession of Smith himself, the purchaser at public sale, and party to the suit, are these documents likely to be ? We think the proof quite satisfactory to establish a reasonable presumption of the loss or destruction of these papers, and that his Honor Judge Warren, committed no error in deciding the preliminary inquiries as he did, and admitting the secondary evidence.
[2.] And the recitals in the deed of fha fi. fas. and the seizure and sale of the property under them, is prima facie proof at least of the facts contained in the deed. 6 Ga. Rep. 188.
The plaintiff next offered to read the depositions of John Cordery, the grantee, and one of the lessors of the plaintiff, to prove that the deed made by him to Lyon, was antedated, which was objected to, on two grounds : 1st, because the witness was interested, being a party to the record, and liable for costs; and 2dly, because the attesting witnesses ought first to be resorted to.
Counsel for plaintiff, to obviate the first objection, struck out the demise from Cordery, and the Court then permitted the depositions to he read, and defendant’s counsel excepted.
[3.] It is admitted, that the witness was incompetent at the time he was sworn. That being the case, we think it clear, that [261]*261the disability being subsequently removed, would not operate as a purgation of the proof previously taken.
[4.] We think it equally clear, that the Court erred in holding, that the attesting witnesses need not be produced. This has been a rule from the earliest times. It is laid down'in Fortes cue de Land. Leg. Ang. C. 32. In Rex vs. Harringworth, (4 M. & S. 352,) Lord Ellenborough said that the rule was as “ fixed, formal and universal as any that can be stated in a Court of Justice.” And while he admitted in the same case, (p. 354,) that the subscribing witnesses might not in fact be the best witnesses, and that others might know more of the transaction than they, still as they were the “plighted” witnesses, they must be produced on the trial. The knowledge they have upon the subject is presumed to be essential, and is therefore indispensable.
[5.] And so strictly has this rule been observed, that it has been held, that an acknowledgment by the obligor himself, that he executed the deed, or even the admission by the defendant in an answer to a bill filed against him for a discovery, will not dispense with the testimony of the subscribing witnesses; and the reason assigned is, that a fact may be known to the subscribing witness, not within the knowledge or recollection of the party himself, and that he is entitled to avail himself of all the knowledge of the subscribing witness relative to the transaction.
[6.] And the rule is precisely the same, whether the acknowledgment is offered as evidence against the party himself who made it, or against a third person; or whether it is the foundation of the action, or comes in question collaterally as apart of the evidence in the case. 1 Dougl. 216. 2 East 187. A Ibid, 53. 5 T. R. 366. 7 Ib. 267. 4 Esp. N. P. C. 30.
[7.] To this rule there are some exceptions, as 1, where writings are thirty years old; 2, where the adverse j>arty producing the writing takes an ¡interest under it; 3, whete the attesting witness is not to be had, on account of death, incompetency from insanity, or from infamy of character, or in case of absence in a foreign country, or out of the jurisdiction of the Court. But it is not pretended that this case fell within any of [262]*262these exceptions. Indeed, the presiding Judge maintained, that Cordery was equally as competent as the two attesting witnesses, to prove that the deed was antedated.
[8.] Complaint is made against the charge of the Court, on the ground that it was not sufficiently full, and for that reason was calculated to mislead the Jury. We see no error in it. On the contrary, we think the case was fairly submitted to the Jury, upon the law and the facts as testified to; and the judgment will not be reversed, provided the charge is legal in itself, for the reason that it -was not full enough. In such case it is proper to ask an additional or explanatory charge.
[9,] It only remains to determine whether a new trial should be granted, because the testimony of Cordery was improperly admitted. He swore that the deed made by him to Lyon, was executed after the executions were issued which sold the land, and that, therefore, it was antedated. But whether it was or not, is wholly immaterial. If the fi. fas. were not paid off, when the land was sold under them and bought by Smith, his deed must prevail, inasmuch as the other, no matter when made, was not recorded within time,' and the Court fully submitted this question to the Jury; for he instructed them distinctly, that if the executions were discharged before the sale, the Sheriff’s deed was void, and conveyed no title to the purchaser. And upon this single point, after all, this case turns; and I repeat, that the date of the deed from Cordery to Lyon, and about which Cordery was examined, had nothing to do with the true and only issue. For whether the conveyance to Lyon was before or after the judgments against the vendor, still if it was not recorded until many years after its execution, and after the regular registration of the other conflicting deed, the Sheriff’s title is entitled to be preferred, provided the executions were subsisting and unsatisfied at the time of the sale; and this fact the Jury, by their verdict, have found to be true.
[10.] It has not been denied in the argument, but that a purchaser at a sale on execution, who has his deed first recorded, will gain the same preference over a prior unrecorded conveyance, as if he had bought directly from the debtor himself. For [263]*263the effect of a sale by the law in this respect, is just the same as if made by the individual whose agent or trustee the officer becomes, to make the transfer. All the defendant’s estate is sold. The purchaser takes his place. The mischief of an unrecorded deed is the same to him as to a private purchaser. He examines the title, and from any thing that appears, the defendant is the undisputed proprietor, while, in fact, there is an outstanding deed from him, which would sweep off the property.
Upon the whole, our opinion is, that the judgment of the Circuit Court be affirmed.