Opinion of the Court by
John D. Carroll, Commissioner
Affirming.
In 1899 James H. Leslie died intestate. He left surviving him several children and grandchildren. The only property he owned at his. death' was some real estate worth probably $3,000. An action was brought to have this real estate sold, and the proceeds divided among his heirs’, and also for the purpose of settling his estate. This controversy is between the children of T. J. Leslie — a son of James H. Leslie— and the other heirs. In 1889 T. J. Leslie executed to his father the following contract, which was put to record in the clerk’s office of the Pike county court: “Whereas, there is an unfortunate suit pending in the Pike circuit court of my father, James H. Leslie, against me; now, in order to settle said suit and avoid litigation, and in consideration that my father has this day given and paid to me in cash one thousand dollars, which I accept in full of all my present [555]*555and future interest in my father’s estate, whether real, personal or mixed, and I hereby forever acquit, release and relinquish all right or claim to or in his estate, and will not claim any part of his estate1 as against him or any of his heirs or devisees. The payment as above stated is to be in full of any future interest in his said estate. The said J. IT. Leslie is to pay the legal cost of suit between us, but not my lawyer’s fee. This does not include my interest in my mother’s estate.” The children of T. J. Leslie insist: First, that this writing does not estop them from asserting their fight to. their father’s interest in the estate of James H. Leslie; second, that the $1,000 mentioned in the writing should not be charged to them as an advancement, because it was paid as. a compromise in settlement of a lawsuit at the time pending between their father and James IT. Leslie. The other heirs contend that this writing was a valid agreement between T. J. Leslie and his father, and that, under its provisions, neither T. J. Leslie nor his children are entitled to any interest in the estate left by James H. Leslie. The chancellor held that the $1,000 mentioned in this agreement should be charged to T. J. Leslie as an advancement, and from this judgment both parties appeal.
It appears from the record that James IT. Leslie had made advancements to all of his children, aggregating approximately about $1,200 each, so that T. J. Leslie received from his father practically the same amount as the other children. We do not consider it necessary to look into the question whether or not this writing was executed as a compromise, or to examine the purpose of its execution. It may be conceded that it was fairly entered into, and that by its terms T. J: Leslie attempted to accept the $1,000 in full satisfaction of all his prospective interest in the estate of his [556]*556father. Viewing the paper from this standpoint, we will proceed to inquire into its validity for the purpose intended.
On more than one occasion this court has been called upon to pass upon the sufficiency of writings executed by a child conveying his prospective or anticipated interest in his parent’s estate to another person, and, with two exceptions that will be noticed, has held that the attempted conveyance had no binding force or effect. Thus, in McCall’s Admr. v. Hampton, 98 Ky. 166, 17 Ky. Law Rep. 713, 32 S. W. 406, 33 L. R. A. 266, 56 Am. St. Rep. 335, Wade Hampton sold and conveyed with covenant of general warranty all the right and interest that he might thereafter become entitled to in his father’s estate to his brother Charles H. Hampton. After the deáth of the father, a creditor of Wade Hampton sought to subject his interest in his father’s estate to the payment of his debt. Charles H. Hampton asserted title to it under the deed made by his brother, and it was held that the interest of Wade Hampton did not pass by the deed, and that the creditor was entitled to subject it to the payment of his debt. To the same effect is Alves v. Schlesinger, 81 Ky. 290, 5 Ky. Law Rep. 280; Wheeler’s Exrs. v. Wheeler, 2 Metc. 474, 74 Am. Dec. 421. It may be remarked that in neither of these cases did the parent execute any writing consenting to the conveyance, although in each of them it appeared that he had verbally assented to it. And some importance appears to have been attached by the .court to the fact’that no writing was executed by the parent consenting to the conveyance. In Lee’s Exr. v. Lee, 2 Duv. 134, one child' purchased from another his interest in the estate of his father; the father agreed to' the arrangement, and executed a writing obligating himself to give to the son who had [557]*557purchased that part of his estate that he had intended to bequeath to the child who sold — this writing being signed by the parent, as well as the child who sold his interest. It was held that by the writing the son parted with all his interest in his father’s estate. In McBee v. Myers, 4 Bush, 356, Mrs. Craig, a daughter of McBee, with the consent of her father, sold to her brother "Walter McBee all her right and interest in his father’s estate. The father also executed a paper in which he affirmed his consent to the sale, and agreed to give Walter McBee the land intended for his daughter. The father having died intestate, Walter McBee was held entitled to the interest of Mrs. Craig in his estate. It will thus be seen that this court has held contracts of this kind binding when they were entered into with the written consent of the parent, but that without such consent they did not operate to divest the heir of his interest.
As an original proposition, it is difficult to understand upon what ground sales of expectancies of this character can be sustained, especially when it is kept in mind as a fundamental principle necessary to the validity of every bargain and sale that there must be a grantor, a grantee, and a thing in being to- be granted. It may be said, however, that the- courts generally are disposed to uphold the validity of these contracts, when they are evidenced by writing, signed by the parent, and fairly executed, free from any semblance of fraud or overreaching. In elaborate notes to Garcelon’s Estate (Cal.), 38 Pac. 414, 32 L. R. A., 595, 43 Am. St. Rep. 134, and McCall’s Admr. v. Hampton, 98 Ky. 166, 17 Ky. Law Rep. 713, 32 S. W. 406, 33 L. R. A. 266, 56 Am. St. Rep. 358, the authorities upon this subject are fully collected. The fact, however, that courts are reluctant to sustain these contracts, and have hedged them about with as [558]*558many conditions as possible in order to prevent their enforcement, is strikingly illustrated in all the cases that we have examined. In fact, the impression is left that the doctrine is adhered to' on account of the fact that it is generally recognized, rather than because it is based on any sound.reason. In-Pomeroy’s Equity'Jurisprudence, section 953, the learned author, whilst stating that contracts of this character are valid and enforceable, remarks: “Heirs, reversioners, and other expectants, during the life-time of their ancestor, are considered a?s peculiarly liable to imposition and exposed to the temptation and danger of sacrificing their future interest in order to meet their present wants. Being sometimes in actual, but more often in imaginary, distress, they do not stand upon an equal footing with those who deal with them concerning their expectancies of estate.
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Opinion of the Court by
John D. Carroll, Commissioner
Affirming.
In 1899 James H. Leslie died intestate. He left surviving him several children and grandchildren. The only property he owned at his. death' was some real estate worth probably $3,000. An action was brought to have this real estate sold, and the proceeds divided among his heirs’, and also for the purpose of settling his estate. This controversy is between the children of T. J. Leslie — a son of James H. Leslie— and the other heirs. In 1889 T. J. Leslie executed to his father the following contract, which was put to record in the clerk’s office of the Pike county court: “Whereas, there is an unfortunate suit pending in the Pike circuit court of my father, James H. Leslie, against me; now, in order to settle said suit and avoid litigation, and in consideration that my father has this day given and paid to me in cash one thousand dollars, which I accept in full of all my present [555]*555and future interest in my father’s estate, whether real, personal or mixed, and I hereby forever acquit, release and relinquish all right or claim to or in his estate, and will not claim any part of his estate1 as against him or any of his heirs or devisees. The payment as above stated is to be in full of any future interest in his said estate. The said J. IT. Leslie is to pay the legal cost of suit between us, but not my lawyer’s fee. This does not include my interest in my mother’s estate.” The children of T. J. Leslie insist: First, that this writing does not estop them from asserting their fight to. their father’s interest in the estate of James H. Leslie; second, that the $1,000 mentioned in the writing should not be charged to them as an advancement, because it was paid as. a compromise in settlement of a lawsuit at the time pending between their father and James IT. Leslie. The other heirs contend that this writing was a valid agreement between T. J. Leslie and his father, and that, under its provisions, neither T. J. Leslie nor his children are entitled to any interest in the estate left by James H. Leslie. The chancellor held that the $1,000 mentioned in this agreement should be charged to T. J. Leslie as an advancement, and from this judgment both parties appeal.
It appears from the record that James IT. Leslie had made advancements to all of his children, aggregating approximately about $1,200 each, so that T. J. Leslie received from his father practically the same amount as the other children. We do not consider it necessary to look into the question whether or not this writing was executed as a compromise, or to examine the purpose of its execution. It may be conceded that it was fairly entered into, and that by its terms T. J: Leslie attempted to accept the $1,000 in full satisfaction of all his prospective interest in the estate of his [556]*556father. Viewing the paper from this standpoint, we will proceed to inquire into its validity for the purpose intended.
On more than one occasion this court has been called upon to pass upon the sufficiency of writings executed by a child conveying his prospective or anticipated interest in his parent’s estate to another person, and, with two exceptions that will be noticed, has held that the attempted conveyance had no binding force or effect. Thus, in McCall’s Admr. v. Hampton, 98 Ky. 166, 17 Ky. Law Rep. 713, 32 S. W. 406, 33 L. R. A. 266, 56 Am. St. Rep. 335, Wade Hampton sold and conveyed with covenant of general warranty all the right and interest that he might thereafter become entitled to in his father’s estate to his brother Charles H. Hampton. After the deáth of the father, a creditor of Wade Hampton sought to subject his interest in his father’s estate to the payment of his debt. Charles H. Hampton asserted title to it under the deed made by his brother, and it was held that the interest of Wade Hampton did not pass by the deed, and that the creditor was entitled to subject it to the payment of his debt. To the same effect is Alves v. Schlesinger, 81 Ky. 290, 5 Ky. Law Rep. 280; Wheeler’s Exrs. v. Wheeler, 2 Metc. 474, 74 Am. Dec. 421. It may be remarked that in neither of these cases did the parent execute any writing consenting to the conveyance, although in each of them it appeared that he had verbally assented to it. And some importance appears to have been attached by the .court to the fact’that no writing was executed by the parent consenting to the conveyance. In Lee’s Exr. v. Lee, 2 Duv. 134, one child' purchased from another his interest in the estate of his father; the father agreed to' the arrangement, and executed a writing obligating himself to give to the son who had [557]*557purchased that part of his estate that he had intended to bequeath to the child who sold — this writing being signed by the parent, as well as the child who sold his interest. It was held that by the writing the son parted with all his interest in his father’s estate. In McBee v. Myers, 4 Bush, 356, Mrs. Craig, a daughter of McBee, with the consent of her father, sold to her brother "Walter McBee all her right and interest in his father’s estate. The father also executed a paper in which he affirmed his consent to the sale, and agreed to give Walter McBee the land intended for his daughter. The father having died intestate, Walter McBee was held entitled to the interest of Mrs. Craig in his estate. It will thus be seen that this court has held contracts of this kind binding when they were entered into with the written consent of the parent, but that without such consent they did not operate to divest the heir of his interest.
As an original proposition, it is difficult to understand upon what ground sales of expectancies of this character can be sustained, especially when it is kept in mind as a fundamental principle necessary to the validity of every bargain and sale that there must be a grantor, a grantee, and a thing in being to- be granted. It may be said, however, that the- courts generally are disposed to uphold the validity of these contracts, when they are evidenced by writing, signed by the parent, and fairly executed, free from any semblance of fraud or overreaching. In elaborate notes to Garcelon’s Estate (Cal.), 38 Pac. 414, 32 L. R. A., 595, 43 Am. St. Rep. 134, and McCall’s Admr. v. Hampton, 98 Ky. 166, 17 Ky. Law Rep. 713, 32 S. W. 406, 33 L. R. A. 266, 56 Am. St. Rep. 358, the authorities upon this subject are fully collected. The fact, however, that courts are reluctant to sustain these contracts, and have hedged them about with as [558]*558many conditions as possible in order to prevent their enforcement, is strikingly illustrated in all the cases that we have examined. In fact, the impression is left that the doctrine is adhered to' on account of the fact that it is generally recognized, rather than because it is based on any sound.reason. In-Pomeroy’s Equity'Jurisprudence, section 953, the learned author, whilst stating that contracts of this character are valid and enforceable, remarks: “Heirs, reversioners, and other expectants, during the life-time of their ancestor, are considered a?s peculiarly liable to imposition and exposed to the temptation and danger of sacrificing their future interest in order to meet their present wants. Being sometimes in actual, but more often in imaginary, distress, they do not stand upon an equal footing with those who deal with them concerning their expectancies of estate. * * * In the second place, the dealings of heirs and reversioners with their expectant interests are often a gross violation of the moral, if not legal, duties which they owe to their ancestors who are the present owners of the property, and from and through whom their future estate will come, and may be a virtual fraud upon the rights of those parties. Equity therefore treats such dealings in expectancies as a possible fraud upon the heirs and reversioners, who are important parties to the transaction, and as a virtual fraud upon their ancestors, life tenants, and other present owners. All. dealings by such expectants are not necessarily and absolutely voidable, but in every such conveyance or contract with an heir, reversioner, or expectant a presumption of invalidity arises from the transaction itself. It is not necessary to show, as a condition of relief, that the heir or reversioner was an infant, or that he was in a condition of actual distress when the bargain was made. A court of equity presumes dis[559]*559tress. And the very fact of the sale or charge shows prima facie that he was not in a position to make his own terms, and that he submitted to have them dictated to him by the other party. ’ ’ This is. not only a just but a vigorous denunciation of the sale of expectancies, and is supported by Story and other writers of recognized ability, and illustrates', as do the individual cases, the suspicion and distrust with which such transactions are viewed. The ground upon which these sales have been upheld is variously stated. Thus, in Ruple v. Bindley, 91 Pa. 296, the court said: “An assignment for a valuable consideration of demands, having at the time no' actual existence, but which rests in expectancy only, is valid in equity as an agreement, and takes effect as an assignment when the demands intended to be assigned are subsequently brought into existence.” Whilst Mr. Pomeroy, in section 1271, says: “The assignee of an expectancy, possibility, or contingency acquires ait once a present equitable right over the future proceeds of an expectancy, possibility, or contingency. * * * There was an equitable ownership of property in abeyance, so to speak, which finally changed into an absolute property upon the happening of the future event. Equity permits the creation and transfer of such an ownership', while the original common law rejected every such notion.” And he says, in section 1287: “Mere possibilities or expectancies are, according to the general course‘of decision, assignable in equity for a valuable consideration, and equity will enforce the assignment when the possibility or expectancy has changed into a vested interest or possession. The explanation is sometimes given that the assignment operates as a contract by the assignor to convey the legal estate or interest when it vests in [560]*560him, and equity will specifically enforce such contract by decreeing- a conveyance. ’ ’
"When it is considered that the heir under the conditions being- investigated had no interest or estate whatever in the property of the parent, either remote or contingent, it strikes one at first blush as being-out of the question that the bare possibility of having ah interest at some future time can be made the subject-matter of a bargain and sale. As said in 2 Pearne on Remainders, 23: “An expectancy or chance is a mere hope, unfounded in any limitation, provision, trust, or legal act whatever, such as the hope which an heir apparent has of succeeding to the ancestor’s estate. This is sometimes said to be a bare or mere possibility, and at other times less, than a possibility. It is a possibility in the popular sense of the term, but it is less than a possibility in the specific sense of the term- 'possibility.’ For it is no right at all in contemplation of law even by possibility, because, in the case of a mere expectancy, nothing has been done to create an obligation in any event, and where there is no obligation there can be no right, for right and obligation are correlative terms.” We are not disposed to give our assent to a doctrine, however ancient or general it may be, that is rested upon so unsubstantial a foundation 'as the one that upholds the right of an heir to traffic in something that has no existence, and may never .have. Take the case before us as an illustration. Here the child in consideration of $1;000 sells to his parent his interest in the parent’s estate, and obligates himself not to assert in the future any claim to it. What did the heir sell ? What did he have to sell? Absolutely nothing. What could the father have bought? What was the consideration for a conveyance of this character ? The parent, if he saw proper to do so, was not estopped by this paper [561]*561from giving to the child other estate or property. He had the absolute right to dispose of his property as be pleased, and, if he bad chosen to donate to his son, after this contract was made, $1,000 or $5,000, who.. could question his right to do so? If the parent bad made a will and devised to this son a certain portion of his estate, would it be held that the devise was void, and that the father by entering into this agreement had barred himself from distributing his estate according to his wishes? Under our laws, that, have been in force with few changes since the establishment of the State, the ancestor has been authorized to dispose of bis estate during bis life-time by way of advancement, or after bis death through the medium of'a will. And these methods have become a part of the settled laws of the State, familiar and acceptable to its people. And, if either of these means of disposition is not resorted to, and the owner of an estate dies intestate, the law of descent and distribution at once becomes operative, and, under its wise and salutary provisions, the undevised and undisposed! estate is settled on those persons whom the law has. selected as the objects of the decedent’s bounty. As well said in McCall’s Admr. v. Hampton, supra. “Some courts hold that the expectancy of an heir to inherit his father’s estate is not an interest capable of assignment in equity any more than at láw, and we agree with courts upon the question. It seems at this late day needless to discuss the wisdom and policy of the law which has been sanctioned for so many generations, and we do not feel called upon to defend it. A strict adherence to it will save multiplying contentions, ' protect the improvident child and heirs at law from fraud and deceit, save free and untrammeled the actions of the possessors of estates in their [562]*562distribution. If there were no other reasons for adhering to the rule, then those suggested would be all sufficient in our opinion for our doing so. ’ ’
The conclusions here announced may appear to be in conflict with the cases of Lee’s Exr. v. Lee, and McBee v. Myers, but, if so, they are in harmony with the later and sounder utterances of this court as declared in Alves v. Schlesinger and McCall v. Hampton, as well as its judgment in Wheeler’s Exrs. v. Wheeler. It seems to us that these latter cases materially modify, if they do not, in fact, overrule, the opinions upholding sales of expectancies when made with the consent of the parent. Indeed, these latter opinions cannot be reconciled with the earlier ones of this court. It is difficult to perceive any substantial difference between a sale of an expectancy without the written consent of the parent, and a sale with his consent. In neither case does the transaction rest upon any consideration, nor is it supported by any enforceable obligation. It is a mere technical distinction, without a sound difference, in keeping with the rule announced by some other courts of last re^ sort that a conveyance of this character will be enforced if made with a covenant of warranty, but otherwise not. We therefore conclude that when the parent, under a contract like the one in question, advances to his child money or property,' that it should be charged to the child as an advancement, and this is the sensible, reasonable, and legal effect of it. Under the statute, the intention of the donor is never consulted. It is immaterial whether he intended to charge the heir with the property donated or not, or what his purpose was in making the advancements. This rule will give reasonable effect to contracts of this character when they are entered into, and will carry out the purpose and intention of our laws.
[563]*563The chancellor having charged the amount received under this contract as an advancement, his judgment is affirmed.