WHITING, J.
Plaintiff, the owner of two stallions, shipped the same over the defendant’s line of railway from Aberdeen, S. D., -to Miles City, Mont. He brought this action to recover damages which he claims to have suffered owing to alleged willful and inexcusable delay in such shipment. Verdict and judgment were in favor of the plaintiff, and from such judgment and an order denying -a new trial this appeal was taken.
[1] Appellant contends that it is not liable in any sum whatsoever, for the reason that the delay complained of was justifiable, and that there is no evidence of lack of good faith on the part of the defendant. It appears -that the statutes of Montana (Laws [374]*3741909, c. 108, §6) provide that, 'before a stallion can be shipped into said state for breeding purposes, there must be procured a certificate of a state or federal veterinary officer, certifying that such stallion is free from certain designated diseases- or unsoundness. A copy of suich certificate must Ibe filed with the secretary of the Stallion Registration Board of Montana ten days before the stallion is imported into Montana. S-uch statutes also provide that no common -carrier shall transport any stallion into such state unless such stallion is accompanied h-y the -certificate -above referred to. There is no statute requiring the -carrier to advise itself that a copy of die certificate has been properly filed. The plaintiff had tne s'talli-ons in question examined by a -proper party, and procured from such party a -certificate as to the stallions-’ freedom- from diseases and unsou-n-dness. Xo- copy of such certificate was filed in the above-mentioned office. There was evidence sufficient-to establish that this -certificate substantially complied with the statute, was presented to appellant company at the point -of shipment, was accepted by it, and was attached to the bill of lading turned over by it to the conductor in charge of the train upon which the shipment was made. A-pp-cllant company accepted the stallions, and placed them on hoard a train bo-un-d for Miles -City. At a point in the state of North Dakota appellant set out the car containing said stallions, -and -refused to ship- the same into- Montana, until a different certificate was furnished to it. No- complaint was made that such, certificate had not been filed in the proper office, and defendant was not aware of such fact. The authorities of Montana had in no manner interfered with such shipment. The trial court held that appellant was not justified in delaying- such shipment, and we are of the opinion that such holding was correct. Having accepted this stock upon- the strength of the certificate furnished to it, appellant could not delay this- shipment, after it had begun -same, simply -because it changed its mind in regard to the sufficiency of such -certificate; the authorities of the state io which- the shipment was being made in no- manner objecting thereto. Wilson v. Alabama, etc., R. R. Co., 77 Miss.. 714, 28 South. 567, 52 L. R. A. 357, 78 Am. St. Rep. 543.
[2-3] Appellant contends that, under the written contract entered into between) the respondent and appellant, the appellant was not -bound to ship this stock u-pion any particular train, and [375]*375that it was at liberty, of its own accord and regardless of any question of noneoniplianee with, the laws of Montana (so long as it acted in good faith), to 'delay the shipment as it did delay the same. Appellant complains strenuously of certain rulings of the trial court 'admitting in evidence conversations that respondent claims he had with the agents of appellant company 'both prior to and after the entering into the written contract under which the stallions were transported. Appellant contends that this was an attempt to vary by parol the terms of the written contract. Under such contract the appellant company did not agree to ship the stallions upon any particular train. There is no merit in appellant’s contentions. While, under the -contract, 'appellant did not agree to ship' upon any particular train, yet , having started the shipment, it was not entitled to willfully delay the same 'by cutting the car out of this train and delaying its transmission to a later train that, would arrive a't the point of destination much later— any contract toy which a party sought to exempt himself from liability for willful wrong would be against public policy and void. We use the term “willful” as meaning “voluntary” or “intentional,” not as implying a willingness or desire to injure. It is' a well-established rule of law, supported toy every known authority, that, while a carrier may, by its contract, provide that it need not ship a consignment upon any partictiilar train, and that it will not -be liable for -delays, yet there is >in every contract for shipment an implied condition binding the carrier to transport such consignment within a reasonable time. What is a reasonable time depends upon the facts surrounding each 'particular shipment as such facts are known to the carrier. While evidence of previous or contemporaneous conversations was inadmissible to vary the terms of the written contract, it was admissible to prove what material matters were brought to the carrier’s notice. Under the undisputed- facts of this case, the delay in this shipment was unreasonable, and rendered the carrier liable.
The written contract under which this shipment was made, following the provisions of the I. C. C. Tariff then in force, contained the following- provision:
“Second. It is agreed, and this contract is upon condition, that the value of the livestock so to be transported is as 'herein-below named, and the liability of the -company for any loss, in[376]*376jury or damage for which it may be responsible, shall be to the extent-only of such agreed valuation, upon which the rate of compensation for the transportation of said property is based: Horses or ponies (geldings, mares or stallions) asses (jacks or jennies), or mules, $100.00 each.”
[4] Appellant contends that, under such contract, respondent was not entitled to recover in excess of $roo damages for each of said stallions, while the verdict and judgment were far in excess of $200. The respondent did not recover, and there was not submitted to the jury any. question of damages resulting from “any loss, injury or damage” of or to the property shipped. The property'was shipped to Miles City for the purpose of selling same at a public auction that was to commence at Miles City on the day following the day on which the stallions would have reached Miles City if there had been no delay in their transportation. Respondent recovered judgment for the damage which the jury found he had suffered from not being able to place these stallions on sale on the first day of such public sale. It is the contention of responden? that the limitation of value in this contract had ik> application whatsoever to damages of the nature suffered by respondent. We are of the opinion that, taking the contract as a whole, it is clear that the term “loss,’ injury or damage,” as used in the “Second” paragraph, refers solely to loss, injury or damage to the property itself. This contract limits the common-law liability of the carrier; such liability should not be held limited beyond the plain provisions of such contract. A somewhat similar contract was construed in Klass Com. Co. v. Wabash R. R. Co., 80 Mo. App. 164. The court there said:
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
WHITING, J.
Plaintiff, the owner of two stallions, shipped the same over the defendant’s line of railway from Aberdeen, S. D., -to Miles City, Mont. He brought this action to recover damages which he claims to have suffered owing to alleged willful and inexcusable delay in such shipment. Verdict and judgment were in favor of the plaintiff, and from such judgment and an order denying -a new trial this appeal was taken.
[1] Appellant contends that it is not liable in any sum whatsoever, for the reason that the delay complained of was justifiable, and that there is no evidence of lack of good faith on the part of the defendant. It appears -that the statutes of Montana (Laws [374]*3741909, c. 108, §6) provide that, 'before a stallion can be shipped into said state for breeding purposes, there must be procured a certificate of a state or federal veterinary officer, certifying that such stallion is free from certain designated diseases- or unsoundness. A copy of suich certificate must Ibe filed with the secretary of the Stallion Registration Board of Montana ten days before the stallion is imported into Montana. S-uch statutes also provide that no common -carrier shall transport any stallion into such state unless such stallion is accompanied h-y the -certificate -above referred to. There is no statute requiring the -carrier to advise itself that a copy of die certificate has been properly filed. The plaintiff had tne s'talli-ons in question examined by a -proper party, and procured from such party a -certificate as to the stallions-’ freedom- from diseases and unsou-n-dness. Xo- copy of such certificate was filed in the above-mentioned office. There was evidence sufficient-to establish that this -certificate substantially complied with the statute, was presented to appellant company at the point -of shipment, was accepted by it, and was attached to the bill of lading turned over by it to the conductor in charge of the train upon which the shipment was made. A-pp-cllant company accepted the stallions, and placed them on hoard a train bo-un-d for Miles -City. At a point in the state of North Dakota appellant set out the car containing said stallions, -and -refused to ship- the same into- Montana, until a different certificate was furnished to it. No- complaint was made that such, certificate had not been filed in the proper office, and defendant was not aware of such fact. The authorities of Montana had in no manner interfered with such shipment. The trial court held that appellant was not justified in delaying- such shipment, and we are of the opinion that such holding was correct. Having accepted this stock upon- the strength of the certificate furnished to it, appellant could not delay this- shipment, after it had begun -same, simply -because it changed its mind in regard to the sufficiency of such -certificate; the authorities of the state io which- the shipment was being made in no- manner objecting thereto. Wilson v. Alabama, etc., R. R. Co., 77 Miss.. 714, 28 South. 567, 52 L. R. A. 357, 78 Am. St. Rep. 543.
[2-3] Appellant contends that, under the written contract entered into between) the respondent and appellant, the appellant was not -bound to ship this stock u-pion any particular train, and [375]*375that it was at liberty, of its own accord and regardless of any question of noneoniplianee with, the laws of Montana (so long as it acted in good faith), to 'delay the shipment as it did delay the same. Appellant complains strenuously of certain rulings of the trial court 'admitting in evidence conversations that respondent claims he had with the agents of appellant company 'both prior to and after the entering into the written contract under which the stallions were transported. Appellant contends that this was an attempt to vary by parol the terms of the written contract. Under such contract the appellant company did not agree to ship the stallions upon any particular train. There is no merit in appellant’s contentions. While, under the -contract, 'appellant did not agree to ship' upon any particular train, yet , having started the shipment, it was not entitled to willfully delay the same 'by cutting the car out of this train and delaying its transmission to a later train that, would arrive a't the point of destination much later— any contract toy which a party sought to exempt himself from liability for willful wrong would be against public policy and void. We use the term “willful” as meaning “voluntary” or “intentional,” not as implying a willingness or desire to injure. It is' a well-established rule of law, supported toy every known authority, that, while a carrier may, by its contract, provide that it need not ship a consignment upon any partictiilar train, and that it will not -be liable for -delays, yet there is >in every contract for shipment an implied condition binding the carrier to transport such consignment within a reasonable time. What is a reasonable time depends upon the facts surrounding each 'particular shipment as such facts are known to the carrier. While evidence of previous or contemporaneous conversations was inadmissible to vary the terms of the written contract, it was admissible to prove what material matters were brought to the carrier’s notice. Under the undisputed- facts of this case, the delay in this shipment was unreasonable, and rendered the carrier liable.
The written contract under which this shipment was made, following the provisions of the I. C. C. Tariff then in force, contained the following- provision:
“Second. It is agreed, and this contract is upon condition, that the value of the livestock so to be transported is as 'herein-below named, and the liability of the -company for any loss, in[376]*376jury or damage for which it may be responsible, shall be to the extent-only of such agreed valuation, upon which the rate of compensation for the transportation of said property is based: Horses or ponies (geldings, mares or stallions) asses (jacks or jennies), or mules, $100.00 each.”
[4] Appellant contends that, under such contract, respondent was not entitled to recover in excess of $roo damages for each of said stallions, while the verdict and judgment were far in excess of $200. The respondent did not recover, and there was not submitted to the jury any. question of damages resulting from “any loss, injury or damage” of or to the property shipped. The property'was shipped to Miles City for the purpose of selling same at a public auction that was to commence at Miles City on the day following the day on which the stallions would have reached Miles City if there had been no delay in their transportation. Respondent recovered judgment for the damage which the jury found he had suffered from not being able to place these stallions on sale on the first day of such public sale. It is the contention of responden? that the limitation of value in this contract had ik> application whatsoever to damages of the nature suffered by respondent. We are of the opinion that, taking the contract as a whole, it is clear that the term “loss,’ injury or damage,” as used in the “Second” paragraph, refers solely to loss, injury or damage to the property itself. This contract limits the common-law liability of the carrier; such liability should not be held limited beyond the plain provisions of such contract. A somewhat similar contract was construed in Klass Com. Co. v. Wabash R. R. Co., 80 Mo. App. 164. The court there said:
“The ‘loss or damage’ there referred to1 was meant to cover the loss or damage done to the goods themselves, and does not cover the owner’s damage sustained by reason of a mere failure to carry and deliver the goods in a reasonable time.”
[5] Appellant contends that the trial court erred in- its instructions regarding the measure of damage. There was evidence showing that appellant had notice of the purpose of the shipment and the date when the sale was to- commence. There was evidence that respondent arranged for a sale of his stallions to be held on the first day of the sale; that the stallions did not reach Miles City -until the first day of the sale, and not in time to be [377]*377£ laced on sale on that clay; that respondent was unable to have them listed for sale at a later date during said sale; that he sold one of the stallions at private sale seven clays after the arrival at Miiles City, and the other at another public sale on the following week. The court instructed the jury that the measure of damage was the difference between what the jury found the stallions could have been sold for the first day and what they were afterwards sold for provided respondent sold them “at .the market price at Miles 'City.” We think this instruction unfortunate in the use of the term “market price” rather than “market value.”
[6] No one testified as to the market value of either stallion at the time of its sale. There was no competent evidence as to the market value of either stallion on the first day of the sale. Respondent purported to give an estimate or opinion as to' such value, but admitted that he was not present at the sale on that clay. He therefore saw no 'horses sold on that day, and of his own knowledge knew nothing about the 'character of horses sold on that day. There was evidence that no stallions were sold on the first day. The purchaser of one of these stallions testified in relation to what that horse would have brought on Monday, that:
“I think if there ivas any one there looking for such a h'orse as that they would have paid as high as $2,000 or $2,500 for him.”
Without any evidence that there were stallions such as this one sold on the first clay of the sale, or that there were bidders ] resent for the purpose of bidding on such stallions if same were offered for sale, there certainly was insufficient evidence upon which to base .the verdict rendered even under the instruction given.
The judgment and order appealed from are reversed.
McCOY, J., taking no part herein.