[Cite as Elkins v. Colburn, 2019-Ohio-2681.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT PIKE COUNTY
LISA M. ELKINS, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, : Case No. 18CA893
vs. :
JEFFREY A. COLBURN, : DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY
Defendant-Appellant. :
APPEARANCES:
Clifford N. Bugg, Chillicothe, Ohio for appellant.
Paul F. Price, Waverly, Ohio, for appellee.
CIVIL CASE FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT DATE JOURNALIZED: 6-21-19 ABELE, J.
{¶ 1} This is an appeal from a Pike County Common Pleas Court judgment entered in
favor of Lisa M. Elkins, plaintiff below and appellee herein. The trial court declared that
appellee and Jeffrey A. Colburn, defendant below and appellant herein, entered into an
enforceable land contract. Appellant assigns the following errors for review:
FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
“THE TRIAL COURT’S JUDGMENT IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE.”
SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR: PIKE, 18CA893 2
“THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY NOT GRANTING DEFENDANT’S CIVIL RULE 50 MOTION FOR DIRECTED VERDICT.”
{¶ 2} Appellant and appellee are siblings who lived in apparent harmony on the same
parcel of real estate in separate homes, until appellant’s girlfriend ran over appellee inside
appellant’s garage. After that, the parties’ relationship deteriorated and appellant sought to evict
appellee from the premises.
{¶ 3} On July 1, 2015, appellee filed a complaint against appellant and alleged that, in
January 2009, she and appellant entered into a land contract with the understanding that appellant
would subdivide the real estate. Appellee asserted that appellant failed to fulfill his agreement
to subdivide the real estate. Appellee additionally claimed that appellant sought to evict her for
failing to obtain insurance, even though the land contract did not require appellee to obtain
insurance. She alleged that she met her financial obligations under the land contract.
{¶ 4} Appellee thus requested a declaration that the land contract is valid and
enforceable and an order to require appellant to record the document with the Pike County
Recorder’s Office. Appellee attached the purported land contract to her complaint. The
contract, dated January 1, 2009, states that appellant agreed to sell “[a] tract of land located at
847 Pennington [R]oad described as 1 ½ acre’s [sic] with a 1997 skyline 28x48 doublewide.” In
exchange, appellee agreed to pay appellant $35,000 at a rate of $261 per month and to pay real
estate taxes.
{¶ 5} Appellant answered and filed a counterclaim. Appellant alleged that appellee
failed to make payments, failed to pay property taxes, failed to maintain insurance, and breached PIKE, 18CA893 3
the contract. Appellant sought to foreclose on the land contract. Appellant alternatively sought
to quiet title.
{¶ 6} On October 13, 2016, the court held a trial. Cathy Stinson testified that in 2009,
she notarized the land contract. She explained that although she did not specifically recall
notarizing the land contract at issue, she would have followed her usual procedure. Stinson
indicated that her usual procedure involves identifying the person appearing before her, either
through personal knowledge or through appropriate identification.
{¶ 7} On cross-examination, appellant extensively questioned Stinson’s compliance
with notarial procedures and whether she actually complied with the correct procedures when
notarizing the parties’ land contract. Stinson refused to agree that she failed to comply with the
notary requirements.
{¶ 8} Appellee testified that she has lived on the subject property since 1991. Appellee
explained that her parents previously owned the land and that she obtained title to the land in
2000. Appellee reported that due to a series of unfortunate circumstances, she declared
bankruptcy, and, in November 2008, appellant acquired title to the property. Appellee stated
that around that same time, she and appellant agreed that they would enter into a land contract so
that appellee could continue living on the property. Appellee also identified the parties’ land
contract and stated that she drafted it based upon a land contract that one of appellant’s friends
had given him. Appellee testified that both she and appellant signed it before the notary.
{¶ 9} Terry Smith testified that he performed a survey of the property. Smith explained
that he first located appellant’s five-acre tract of land and reviewed the parties’ land contract.
Smith observed that the property contained the two homes, a leach field, a septic tank, a PIKE, 18CA893 4
driveway, a power line, and a water meter. He noted that the land contract indicated that the
land to be conveyed involved a mobile home that sat upon a one-and-one-half-acre tract. Smith
stated that after he examined the property, he prepared an initial plat drawing. Appellee visited
his office to review the initial drawing, and Smith called appellant so that he also could see the
initial drawing. Appellant did not return Smith’s phone call.
{¶ 10} Smith related that appellee later advised him that she did not want part of the land
included on the initial plat drawing because appellant used that part of the property for
recreational vehicles. Smith explained that appellee also pointed out the area where she used to
cut the grass.
{¶ 11} Subsequently, Smith prepared a final survey and indicated that it was based upon
“the location of the existing buildings, the occupations of the existing current utilities; such as
the septic tank; the leach field; the water meter; the power lines; and the existing gravel
driveway.”
{¶ 12} After appellee finished presenting her case, she requested the court to amend the
pleadings to conform to the evidence. She asserted that the testimony and evidence presented
during her case-in-chief showed that the land contract should be reformed to include the property
description. Appellant objected, but the trial court allowed appellee to amend her complaint.
{¶ 13} Appellant then requested a directed verdict pursuant to Civ.R. 50.1 He argued
that the court could not grant appellee the relief she requested: to declare that the land contract is
valid and enforceable and to order that it be recorded. Appellant also asserted that appellee did
1 As we observe in a later part of this opinion, a Civ.R. 50 directed verdict motion is not the proper procedural tool to invoke during a non-jury trial. PIKE, 18CA893 5
not submit any documentary evidence to show that appellant owns the property.
{¶ 14} Appellee countered that she presented oral testimony to show that appellant owns
the property and that she presented sufficient evidence to show that the parties entered into a land
contract and intended to be bound by it. Appellee contended that any errors in the contents of
the contract could be fixed via reformation.
{¶ 15} The trial court denied appellant’s motion. The court disagreed with appellant that
appellee was required to submit a deed in order to establish that appellant owns the property.
{¶ 16} Appellant testified and stated that he owns the property. He agreed that he and
appellee had discussed appellee buying part of the property. He explained that he “was going to
sell her 1 ½ acres with the mobile home.”
{¶ 17} Appellant further indicated that he and appellee had prepared a written document.
Appellant, however, did not agree that the document appellee presented at trial is the document
that he signed. He also denied that the document contained his signature and claimed that both
the notary and the appellee lied when they stated that his signature appears on the document.
{¶ 18} Appellant nevertheless agreed that the document contained some of the terms he
and appellee had discussed, such as the 1 ½ acres and the mobile home. Appellant disagreed
that the document accurately reflected the purchase price. He indicated that he and appellee had
agreed that appellee would pay $261 per month until appellant satisfied the mortgage on the
property. Appellant additionally agreed that appellee made payments on the land contract.
{¶ 19} Appellant testified that he and appellee also discussed the property lines, but not
in great detail. Appellant disputed appellee’s evidence concerning the boundary lines and stated
that appellee’s proposal would deny him road frontage and that he wanted to maintain road PIKE, 18CA893 6
frontage.
{¶ 20} The trial court issued a decision and judgment and found that the parties entered
into an enforceable land contract. The court rejected appellant’s argument that the document
appellee presented at trial does not represent the terms of the contract and that the document is
invalid due to the notary’s alleged shortcomings. The court specifically found the notary’s
testimony credible and observed that the notary described the procedure that she follows when
notarizing any document. The notary testified that she obtains picture identification of each
signatory and that she witnesses the signing of the document. The court additionally recognized
the notary’s testimony that even though she did not specifically recall notarizing the document at
issue, she did recognize her signature and she was certain that she followed the correct procedure
when she notarized the document.
{¶ 21} The court also noted that appellant did not produce any other written document
that purported to be the parties’ agreement. The court thus concluded that the parties entered
into a written contract, under which appellant agreed to sell certain property to appellee. The
court next considered the terms of the parties’ agreement and found that the parties agreed upon a
purchase price of $35,000 and that appellant has received $19,283 thus far. The court found that
appellee’s surveyor’s exhibit accurately depicted the real property intended to be conveyed, as
well as the location of an easement for ingress and egress and for public utilities.
{¶ 22} The court thus declared the land contract to be a valid and enforceable contract
and reformed the land contract to include the surveyor’s legal description of the property
involved. The court also dismissed the remaining claims and counterclaims. This appeal
followed. PIKE, 18CA893 7
I
{¶ 23} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts that the trial court’s finding that
appellee possessed a valid and enforceable land contract is against the manifest weight of the
evidence. Appellant first contends that competent and credible evidence does not support the
court’s finding that he signed the land contract appellee presented at trial. Specifically,
appellant claims that the notary’s testimony regarding his acknowledgment appearing on the land
contract is not credible. He asserts that the notary did not recall notarizing the document,
meeting with the signatories, or asking for and receiving positive identification from each
signatory. Appellant further alleges that the notary admitted that the document did not include
the date of signing, the county of signing, or other information allegedly needed to establish the
validity of the document. Appellant also charges that the notary was not truthful about the date
the document was signed.
{¶ 24} Appellant also argues that the trial court’s decision is against the manifest weight
of the evidence. Appellant contends that the parties did not agree to the boundaries of the
property that would be conveyed. He further asserts that the trial court’s adoption of appellee’s
property description denies him road frontage and, thus, violates public policy.
{¶ 25} As we explain below, we do not agree with appellant that the trial court’s
judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence.
A
{¶ 26} In general, appellate courts will uphold a trial court’s judgment so long as the
manifest weight of the evidence supports it. State v. Arnold, 147 Ohio St.3d 138,
2016-Ohio-1595, 62 N.E.3d 153, ¶ 63; Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 PIKE, 18CA893 8
N.E.2d 1273 (1984); C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Constr. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376 N.E.2d 578
(1978), syllabus (“Judgments supported by some competent, credible evidence going to all the
essential elements of the case will not be reversed by a reviewing court as being against the
manifest weight of the evidence.”). When an appellate court reviews whether a trial court’s
decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence, the court “‘“weighs the evidence and all
reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving
conflicts in the evidence, the [fact-finder] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest
miscarriage of justice that the [judgment] must be reversed * * *.”’” Eastley v. Volkman, 132
Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 20 (clarifying that the same manifest-weight
standard applies in civil and criminal cases), quoting Tewarson v. Simon, 141 Ohio App.3d 103,
115, 750 N.E.2d 176 (9th Dist.2001), quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678
N.E.2d 541 (1997). A reviewing court may find a trial court’s decision against the manifest
weight of the evidence only in the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily
against the [decision].’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting State v.
Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1983); accord State v. Lindsey, 87 Ohio
St.3d 479, 483, 721 N.E.2d 995 (2000). Moreover, when reviewing evidence under the manifest
weight of the evidence standard, an appellate court generally must defer to the fact-finder’s
credibility determinations. Eastley at ¶ 21. As the Eastley court explained:
“‘[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against the weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment must be made in favor of the judgment and the finding of facts. * * * If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent with the verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and judgment.’” PIKE, 18CA893 9
Id., quoting Seasons Coal Co., 10 Ohio St.3d at 80, fn. 3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d,
Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191–192 (1978).
{¶ 27} Consequently, “we should not reverse a judgment merely because the record
contains evidence that could reasonably support a different conclusion.” Bugg v. Fancher, 4th
Dist. Highland No. 06CA12, 2007-Ohio-2019, 2007 WL 1225734, ¶ 9. Instead, as we explained
in Bugg:
It is the trier of fact’s role to determine what evidence is the most credible and convincing. The fact finder is charged with the duty of choosing between two competing versions of events, both of which are plausible and have some factual support. Our role is simply to insure the decision is based upon reason and fact. We do not second guess a decision that has some basis in these two factors, even if we might see matters differently. Rather, we must defer to the trier of fact in that situation.
Id. at ¶ 9. As such, when there are two fairly reasonable views of the evidence or two
conflicting versions of events, neither of which is unbelievable, we will not choose which one is
more credible. State v. Gore, 131 Ohio App.3d 197, 201, 722 N.E.2d 125 (7th Dist.1999).
{¶ 28} In the case at bar, we do not believe that the trial court clearly lost its way and
committed such a manifest miscarriage of justice that we must reverse its judgment. Instead, as
we explain below, we believe that the record contains competent and credible evidence to
support the court’s judgment that the parties entered into a valid and enforceable land contract
and that the land contract should be reformed to include the property description that appellee
proposed.
B
{¶ 29} R.C. 5313.02(A) governs land installment contracts and states:
Every land installment contract shall be executed in duplicate, and a copy PIKE, 18CA893 10
of the contract shall be provided to the vendor and the vendee. The contract shall contain at least the following provisions: (1) The full names and then current mailing addresses of all the parties to the contract; (2) The date when the contract was signed by each party; (3) A legal description of the property conveyed; (4) The contract price of the property conveyed; (5) Any charges or fees for services that are includable in the contract separate from the contract price; (6) The amount of the vendee’s down payment; (7) The principal balance owed which is the sum of divisions (A)(4) and (5) less division (A)(6) of this section; (8) The amount and due date of each installment payment; (9) The interest rate on the unpaid balance and the method of computing the rate; (10) A statement of any encumbrances against the property conveyed; (11) A statement requiring the vendor to deliver a general warranty deed on completion of the contract, or another deed that is available when the vendor is legally unable to deliver a general warranty deed; (12) A provision that the vendor provide evidence of title in accordance with the prevailing custom in the area in which the property is located; (13) A provision that, if the vendor defaults on any mortgage on the property, the vendee can pay on that the [sic] mortgage and receive credit on the land installment contract; (14) A provision that the vendor shall cause a copy of the contract to be recorded; (15) A requirement that the vendee be responsible for the payment of taxes, assessments, and other charges against the property from the date of the contract, unless agreed to the contrary; (16) A statement of any pending order of any public agency against the property.
{¶ 30} The purpose of R.C. 5313.02(A) is not to create a “weapon” for the vendor to use
in order to invalidate a land contract. Real Flo Properties v. Kelly, 6th Dist. Lucas No.
L-99-1099, 1999 WL 1203751, *2. Instead, the purpose of the statute is “to protect the buyer by
making specific information available in a land installment contract.” Id.
{¶ 31} For this reason, “‘it is well-established that a land contract may be held to be
enforceable as between parties even though it does not strictly comply with the requirements of PIKE, 18CA893 11
R.C. 5313.02.’” Phillips v. May, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2003-G-2520, 2004-Ohio-5942, 2004
WL 2526409, ¶ 21, quoting Gollihue v. Russo, 152 Ohio App.3d 710, 2003–Ohio–2663, 789
N.E.2d 1151, ¶ 33. Instead, a land contract need only substantially comply with the statute in
order to be valid and enforceable. Shimko v. Marks, 91 Ohio App.3d 458, 461–462, 632 N.E.2d
990 (5th Dist. 1993).
{¶ 32} In Shimko, for example, the court determined that a receipt adequately
demonstrated that the parties had entered into a land contract. The court noted that although the
receipt did not contain each element listed in the statute, the receipt recited the date of execution,
the address of the property conveyed, the agreed contract price, the amount of the vendee’s down
payment, the balance owed, the amount of each installment payment, and the interest rate on the
unpaid balance. Id. The court thus concluded that the receipt substantially complied with the
statute and, as such, adequately demonstrated the existence of a land contract.
{¶ 33} Likewise, in Real Flo Properties the court concluded that a land contract is valid
when it substantially complied with R.C. 5313.02(A). In that case, the purported contract set
forth the date of execution, the address of the property, the total purchase price, the amount of the
down payment, the principal still owed, the amount of the installment payment, a statement
requiring the vendor to deliver a warranty deed and evidence of title, and a statement regarding
tax responsibilities. The court concluded that the above inclusions substantially complied with
R.C. 5313.02(A) and showed that the parties had entered into a valid land contract.
{¶ 34} The Eleventh District Court of Appeals determined that a handwritten agreement
that complied “with roughly half of” the statutory requirements constituted a valid land contract.
Phillips, at ¶ 36. In Phillips, a handwritten agreement listed the parties’ names, the date of PIKE, 18CA893 12
signing, a description of the property, the contract price, the amount and frequency of each
installment, and the maximum rate of interest. The agreement did not list the parties’ addresses
and did not contain a metes and bounds property description. The court nevertheless upheld the
agreement as a valid land contract.
{¶ 35} In the case sub judice, although the parties’ land contract does not comply with
each requirement set forth in R.C. 5313.02(A), the contract substantially complies with the
statute. The contract (1) contains the parties’ full names, (2) sets forth a date on which the
parties signed the contract, (3) lists the contract price, (4) identifies the amount of installments
and the due date, (5) states that no encumbrances exist, (6) recites that the vendee will deliver a
deed upon completion of the land contract, (7) indicates that the vendor will not provide evidence
of title in accordance with local custom, (8) contains provisions regarding the vendor’s mortgage
default, (9) specifies that the vendee will be responsible for all real estate taxes and assessments,
and (10) states that no pending orders exist. The contract, however, does not (1) list the parties’
current mailing addresses, (2) contain a legal description of the property conveyed, (3) list any
charges or fees, (4) denote the vendee’s down payment, (5) specify an interest rate, or (6) state
that the vendor will record the contract. The document also does not explicitly identify the
principal balance, but the contract price and monthly installments are listed.
{¶ 36} Although the contract does not contain every element set forth in R.C.
5313.02(A), the contract contains many of the identified elements. Importantly, the contract
contains the names of the parties, the address and location of the property, the purchase price,
and the payment terms. We thus agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the contract
substantially complies with the statute. Therefore, we do not believe that the trial court PIKE, 18CA893 13
committed a manifest miscarriage of justice by concluding that the land contract is valid and
enforceable.
C
{¶ 37} Appellant further asserts that the contract fails to adequately describe the property
conveyed. We note, however, that the statute of frauds does not require that real estate “be
described with the particularity used in a deed or a formal contract. To so hold would render
nugatory the provision of the statute that ‘unless the agreement upon which such action is
brought, or some memorandum or note thereof, is in writing, and signed by the party to be
charged therewith.’” Sanders v. McNutt (1947), 147 Ohio St. 408, 410, 72 N.E.2d 72. Rather,
to comply with the statute of frauds, the writing “must definitely point out the particular land to
be conveyed or must furnish the means of identifying it with certainty.” Schmidt v. Weston, 150
Ohio St. 293, 82 N.E.2d 284 (1948), paragraph three of the syllabus.
{¶ 38} Additionally, “[p]arol evidence may be resorted to for the purpose of applying the
description contained in a writing to a definite piece of property and to ascertain its location on
the ground.” Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus. Parol evidence may not, however, be used to
“supply[] deficiencies in a description otherwise so incomplete or incorrect as not to identify the
land.” Instead, “[t]he description must be in itself capable of application to something definite
before parol testimony can be admitted to identify any property as the thing described.” Id.
{¶ 39} In the case at bar, the contract identified the particular land to be conveyed by
referring to the street address, the acreage included, and the home that sat upon the property.
Although the contract did not identify the precise boundaries of the property conveyed, appellee
introduced parol evidence to ascertain the boundary locations. Appellee introduced testimony PIKE, 18CA893 14
from a surveyor who examined the property and provided the court with a description of the
property conveyed. The surveyor’s testimony constitutes competent and credible evidence that
allowed the court to define the property that the parties intended to convey pursuant to the land
contract.
{¶ 40} We also note that the trial court reformed the land contract to more particularly
describe the property conveyed. Courts may use reformation to modify a written instrument so
that the face of the writing reflects the actual intent of the parties. Natl. City Real Estate
Services LLC v. Frazier, 2018-Ohio-982, 96 N.E.3d 311 (4th Dist.), ¶ 62; accord Delfino v. Paul
Davies Chevrolet, Inc., 2 Ohio St.2d 282, 286, 209 N.E.2d 194 (1965). “An action for
reformation is not to create an obligation but to establish the content of the instrument as
intended by the parties.” Delfino at 286; see also Amsbary v. Brumfield, 177 Ohio App.3d 121,
2008-Ohio-3183, 894 N.E.2d 71 (4th Dist.), ¶ 13 (“‘The purpose of reformation is not to make a
new agreement but to give effect to the one actually made by the parties, which is not accurately
reflected in the written agreement’”); Farmers Mkt. Drive–In Shopping Ctrs., Inc. v. Magana,
10th Dist. No. 06AP–532, 2007-Ohio-2653, 2007 WL 1560276, ¶ 49 (holding that a court may
reform an agreement “‘to make the writing conform to the real intention of the parties,’” but it
cannot “‘make a new contract for those who executed the writing sought to be reformed’”).
Thus, in order to reform a written contract, an underlying agreement between the parties must
exist. The court then can reform the written contract so that it matches the terms of the
underlying agreement. Faivre v. DEX Corp. Northeast, 182 Ohio App.3d 563, 2009-Ohio-2660,
913 N.E.2d 1029 (10th Dist.), ¶ 21; accord Wagner v. Natl. Fire Ins. Co., 132 Ohio St. 405, 412,
8 N.E.2d 144, 148, 8 O.O. 216 (1937) (“Reformation is available where it is shown that the PIKE, 18CA893 15
written instrument does not express the true agreement entered into between the contracting
parties by reason of mistake common to them.”).
{¶ 41} Moreover, “reformation, at its core, is an equitable remedy. Its application thus
‘depends upon the facts and circumstances of each case and is largely concerned with the
prevention of frauds and relief against mistakes.’” Natl. City Real Estate at ¶ 32, quoting ABN
AMRO Mtge. Group v. Kangah, 126 Ohio St.3d 425, 2010-Ohio-3779, 934 N.E.2d 924, ¶ 11
(discussing another equitable remedy—equitable subrogation). Accordingly, “whenever a
writing fails to conform to [the contracting parties’] intent equity will reform it to make it
conform, unless there is some overruling equity.” Hartman v. Tillett, 86 Ohio App. 20, 24, 89
N.E.2d 613 (1st Dist.1948).
{¶ 42} In the case at bar, we do not believe that the trial court’s decision to reform the
land contract to conform to the parties’ intent is against the manifest weight of the evidence.
The evidence shows that the parties intended to convey a one-and-one-half-acre tract of land
surrounding appellee’s mobile home that sat upon the larger tract of land that appellant owned.
It would be unreasonable and inequitable to conclude that the parties intended to convey a tract
of land that did not surround appellee’s home. The surveyor testified that he chose the
boundaries based upon the location of appellee’s home, the septic system, the leach field, the
driveway, and the exiting utilities. The surveyor explained that he also chose the boundaries
based upon the parties’ course of conduct that preceded the deterioration of their relationship.
The surveyor noted that the parties had shared a driveway to access the public road. He also
recorded where appellee had mowed the grass and where appellant used recreational vehicles.
The surveyor indicated that all of the foregoing factors helped him to determine where the parties PIKE, 18CA893 16
intended the boundaries lines to be. The surveyor also accounted for appellant’s road access by
noting that the parties shared a driveway to access the public road. We further observe that the
surveyor testified that he attempted to contact appellant to ask appellant about the survey, but that
appellant did not return the surveyor’s phone call. We thus do not agree with appellant that the
trial court’s decision to adopt the property description proposed by the surveyor is against the
manifest weight of the evidence.
D
{¶ 43} Additionally, we reject appellant’s attempt to invalidate the land contract by
impugning the notary. The notary stated that she complied with her normal procedures when
notarizing the land contract. Simply because she could not recall the specifics of notarizing a
land contract seven years prior to her testimony does not lead to the conclusion that she lacks
credibility. Even if, however, the notary failed to fulfill her statutory duties, the land contract
remains enforceable. See generally Natl. City Real Estate Services at ¶ 61, quoting Texas
Commerce Bank National Association v. Joseph, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81097, 2003-Ohio-995,
2003 WL 757015, ¶ 20, quoting Citizens National Bank v. Denison, 165 Ohio St. 89, 95, 133
N.E.2d 329 (1956) (stating that “‘”[a] defectively executed conveyance of an interest in land is
valid as between the parties thereto, in the absence of fraud”’”); Seabrooke v. Garcia, 7 Ohio
App.3d 167, 169, 454 N.E.2d 961 (9th Dist.1982) (“The purpose of the acknowledgment statute
(R.C. 5301.01) is to provide evidence of execution and authority for recordation. It is not to
provide a way of escape for a party who later wishes to renege on his agreement.”).
{¶ 44} Moreover, we again observe that the credibility of witnesses is a matter reserved
to the trier of fact. In the case sub judice, the trial court explicitly found the notary credible, PIKE, 18CA893 17
despite appellant’s questioning of the notary’s compliance with statutory procedures.
{¶ 45} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant’s first
assignment of error.
II
{¶ 46} In his second assignment of error, appellant asserts that the trial court erred by
denying his Civ.R. 50 motion for a directed verdict. He contends that appellee failed to offer
credible testimony to show that appellant owned the property. Appellant thus claims that
appellee could not establish any grounds for relief.
{¶ 47} Appellant further contends that the trial court should have granted his motion
based upon appellee’s original complaint that requested the court order the land contract
recorded. Appellant claims that the court could not have granted appellee the requested relief
because the land contract did not adequately describe the property conveyed. Appellant asserts
that the court should not have allowed appellee to amend the complaint to add a claim for
reforming the land contract.
{¶ 48} We initially observe that appellant’s Civ.R. 50(A) motion for a directed verdict is
not the proper procedural device to be used in this situation. The case at bar did not involve a
jury trial. In a non-jury trial action, the directed verdict standard contained in Civ.R. 50(A) does
not apply. Townsend v. Townsend, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 08CA9, 2008-Ohio-6701, 2008 WL
5265677, ¶ 48, citing Whitestone Co. v. Stittsworth, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP–371,
2007–Ohio–233, ¶ 11; Jarupan v. Hanna, 173 Ohio App.3d 284, 2007-Ohio-5081, 878 N.E.2d
66, ¶ 7 (10th Dist.). Instead, Civ.R. 41(B)(2) sets forth the appropriate standard. Townsend at ¶
48. Consequently, we will treat appellant’s second assignment of error as one challenging the PIKE, 18CA893 18
trial court’s failure to grant a dismissal under Civ.R. 41(B)(2). See Parrish v. Machlan, 131
Ohio App.3d 291, 294-295, 722 N.E.2d 529 (1st Dist. 1997).
{¶ 49} A challenge to a decision to deny a Civ.R. 41(B)(2) motion is, in essence, a
challenge to the weight of the evidence. Civ.R. 41(B)(2) provides:
After the plaintiff, in an action tried by the court without a jury, has completed the presentation of the plaintiff’s evidence, the defendant, * * *, may move for a dismissal on the ground that upon the facts and the law the plaintiff has shown no right to relief. The court as trier of the facts may then determine them and render judgment against the plaintiff or may decline to render any judgment until the close of all the evidence.
{¶ 50} When a trial court rules on a Civ.R. 41(B)(2) motion, the court must weigh the
evidence, resolve any conflicts, and render judgment in the defendant’s favor if the plaintiff has
shown no right to relief. In re P.A.R., 4th Dist. Scioto No. 13CA3550, 2014-Ohio-802, 2014
WL 861529, ¶ 14, citing Ramco Specialties, Inc. v. Pansegrau, 134 Ohio App.3d 513, 520, 731
N.E.2d 714 (1998); Scrivner v. Lore, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 98CA2568 (Apr. 22, 1999) (stating that
under Civ.R. 41(B)(2), the trial court does not view the evidence in a light most favorable to the
plaintiff but rather actually determines whether the plaintiff has proven the necessary facts by the
appropriate evidentiary standard). A reviewing court will not reverse a trial court’s decision
regarding a Civ.R. 41(B)(2) motion to dismiss unless the trial court’s decision is incorrect as a
matter of law or is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Johnson v. Tansky Sawmill
Toyota, 95 Ohio App.3d 164, 167, 642 N.E.2d 9 (10th Dist. 1994). We again note that an
appellate court will not reverse a trial court’s decision as being against the manifest weight of the
evidence as long as some competent, credible evidence supports it. E.g., C.E. Morris Co. v.
Foley Construction Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376 N.E.2d 578 (1978), syllabus. PIKE, 18CA893 19
{¶ 51} In the case at bar, we do not agree with appellant that the trial court erred by
failing to grant his motion to dismiss made after appellee finished presenting evidence. Civ.R.
41(B)(2) expressly allows the trial court to “decline to render any judgment until the close of all
the evidence.” Thus, we cannot determine that the trial court erred in denying appellant’s
motion at the close of appellee’s case and hearing additional evidence. Hayes v. Carrigan, 1st
Dist. Hamilton No. C-160554, 2017-Ohio-5867, 94 N.E.3d 1091, 2017 WL 3049989, ¶ 22, citing
Tillman v. Watson, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 06-CA-10, 2007-Ohio-2429, 2007 WL 1454781, ¶
12–14 (determining that the trial court’s initial decision to deny the defendant’s motion under
Civ.R. 41(B)(2) at the close of the plaintiff’s evidence was not erroneous because the rule
expressly allows the trial court to proceed with further evidence).
{¶ 52} Furthermore, we do not agree with appellant that appellee failed to present
sufficient evidence that appellant owned the five-acre tract of land. Appellee testified that
appellant owned the property, as did the surveyor. Appellant has not cited any authority to
support his argument that appellee had to produce documentary evidence to establish appellant’s
ownership of the land. We also note that immediately after he filed his motion to dismiss,
appellant testified and admitted that he owned the land.
{¶ 53} We likewise do not agree with appellant that the trial court should have granted
his motion due to his assertion that appellee could not prove entitlement to the relief she
requested, i.e., that the court order appellant to record the land contract. Appellant premises this
argument upon his belief that the trial court could not allow appellee to amend the complaint in
order to set forth a claim for reformation of the land contract. He asserts that “[i]t is contrary to
our system to have a trial and then to retrofit the complaint so that testimony supports the new PIKE, 18CA893 20
complaint.” Appellant’s argument, however, overlooks Civ.R. 15(B). Civ.R. 15(B) is entitled,
“Amendments to Conform to the Evidence,” and states:
When issues not raised by the pleadings are tried by express or implied consent of the parties, they shall be treated in all respects as if they had been raised in the pleadings. Such amendment of the pleadings as may be necessary to cause them to conform to the evidence and to raise these issues may be made upon motion of any party at any time, even after judgment. Failure to amend as provided herein does not affect the result of the trial of these issues. If evidence is objected to at the trial on the ground that it is not within the issues made by the pleadings, the court may allow the pleadings to be amended and shall do so freely when the presentation of the merits of the action will be subserved thereby and the objecting party fails to satisfy the court that the admission of such evidence would prejudice him in maintaining his action or defense upon the merits. The court may grant a continuance to enable the objecting party to meet such evidence.
“The rule expresses a liberal policy toward the allowance of amendments” and “‘was
promulgated to provide the maximum opportunity for each claim to be decided on its merits
rather than on procedural niceties.’” Hall v. Bunn, 11 Ohio St.3d 118, 121, 464 N.E.2d 516
(1984), quoting Hardin v. Manitowoc-Forsythe Corp., 691 F.2d 449, 456 (C.A.10, 1982).
{¶ 54} In the case at bar, the trial court allowed appellee to amend her complaint after she
finished presenting her case. Appellant has not raised the trial court’s decision to allow appellee
to amend the complaint as an assignment of error. Instead, he raises the issue within the context
of his assignment of error regarding the trial court’s decision to deny his motion to dismiss.
Because appellant has not framed the issue as a proper assignment of error, we would be within
our authority to disregard the argument. See App.R. 12(A)(2) (allowing court to “disregard an
assignment of error presented for review if the party raising it * * * fails to argue the assignment
separately in the brief, as required under App. R. 16(A)”). In any event, trial courts possess
broad discretion when ruling on a Civ.R. 15(B) motion. E.g., McSweeney v. Jackson, 117 Ohio PIKE, 18CA893 21
App.3d 623, 629–30, 691 N.E.2d 303, 306–07 (4th Dist.1996). Appellate courts thus will not
reverse a trial court’s decision regarding a Civ.R. 15(B) motion to amend, unless the court
abused its discretion. Spisak v. McDole, 15 Ohio St.3d 62, 63, 472 N.E.2d 347 (1984) (stating
that court will not reverse decision regarding Civ.R. 15(B) motion to amend “in the absence of
‘gross abuse’”). The term “abuse of discretion” implies that the court’s ruling was
“unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.” E.g., State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404
N.E.2d 144 (1980). Moreover, when applying the abuse of discretion standard, a reviewing
court is not free merely to substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. E.g., In re Jane Doe,
57 Ohio St.3d 135, 566 N.E.2d 1181 1 (1991), citing Berk v. Matthews, 53 Ohio St.3d 161, 559
N.E.2d 1301 (1990).
{¶ 55} In the case sub judice, we are unable to conclude that the trial court abused its
discretion by allowing appellee to amend her complaint to include a claim for reformation. The
trial court could have rationally determined that allowing appellee to amend her complaint would
allow “‘the maximum opportunity for each claim to be decided on its merits rather than on
procedural niceties.’” Hall, 11 Ohio St.3d at 121, quoting Hardin, 691 F.2d at 456. Thus, we
disagree with appellant’s assertion that the trial court erroneously denied his motion to dismiss
based upon appellee’s original complaint.
{¶ 56} Accordingly, based upon the foregoing reasons, we overrule appellant’s second
assignment of error and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED. PIKE, 18CA893 22
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed and that appellee recover of appellant the costs
herein taxed.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Pike County
Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Smith, P.J. & McFarland, J.: Concur in Judgment & Opinion
For the Court
BY: Peter B. Abele, Judge PIKE, 18CA893 23
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.