NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R.1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-4331-15T1
ELIZABETH C. DECARLO,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
AQUA BEACH RESORT, LLC, d/b/a AQUA BEACH RESORT, NORTH AMERICAN RISK SERVICES, a/k/a NARS, and STARR INDEMNITY COMPANY,
Defendants-Respondents. _______________________________
Submitted May 10, 2017 – Decided June 1, 2017
Before Judges Simonelli and Carroll.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Cape May County, Docket No. L-0428-14.
Radano & Lide, attorneys for appellant (Jennifer L. Pustizzi, on the briefs).
Gage Fiore, LLC, attorneys for respondents (AnnMarie Flores, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff Elizabeth C. DeCarlo appeals the Law Division's
February 10, 2016 order dismissing her personal injury complaint against defendant Aqua Beach Resort, LLC on summary judgment.
Plaintiff also appeals the trial court's May 27, 2016 order denying
reconsideration. We affirm because, lacking any actual or
constructive notice of the claimed dangerous condition, defendant
did not breach the duty of care owed to plaintiff as its invitee.
Plaintiff, who was seventy-four years old at the time of the
incident, visited the Aqua Beach Resort Hotel (Hotel) in Wildwood
Crest in September 2013, as part of a senior citizen tour group.
At approximately 11:00 p.m. on September 5, 2013, plaintiff took
a bath in her room. As she attempted to stand from the bathtub,
plaintiff grabbed onto an adjacent metal bar. The left side of
the bar detached from the wall, causing plaintiff to fall back
into the tub. Plaintiff noted pain in her hips, back, and
shoulder, but did not report the incident until the following
morning.
Plaintiff testified at her deposition that she had used the
shower in the tub area during each of the three previous days but
had not touched the metal bar prior to the incident. When asked
whether she saw anything wrong with the bar before the incident,
plaintiff responded, "No." After the bar came out of the wall,
plaintiff opined that the tub, which was plastic, "was broken and
never replaced. It was . . . never fixed correctly. They should
have had a piece of wood in there."
2 A-4331-15T1 Plaintiff also testified that, approximately a year later,
in September 2014, she returned to the Hotel with friends and
coincidentally was given the same room. When plaintiff showed a
friend the bathtub where she fell the year before, the friend
touched the bar and it again came out of the wall. Surprised that
the bar was still broken, plaintiff took several pictures and a
video depicting the unattached bar.
Defendant's employees testified that numerous individuals
frequently check the rooms for unsafe conditions. Specifically,
the Hotel uses "punch lists" at the beginning and end of each
season to determine what needs to be repaired or replaced. The
Hotel also employs an inspection team, a maintenance and repair
team, contractors, carpenters, handymen, plumbers, electricians,
housekeeping inspectors, and a full housekeeping staff, all of
whom check the rooms on a regular basis. None of these individuals
reported, nor did the Hotel records reflect, any issue regarding
the bathtub in the room plaintiff occupied. Similarly, Hotel
employees testified that the room was not a handicapped room, and
was not outfitted with ADA-approved grab bars. Instead, the metal
bar came with the prefabricated tub, and appeared to be "a
decorative bar" according to the Hotel manager. A maintenance
employee, however, surmised that the bar was there "for people to
hold themselves [up]."
3 A-4331-15T1 Defendant filed a motion for summary judgment. Defendant
also moved in limine to bar the September 2014 photographs and
video at the time of trial. In response to the motions, plaintiff
submitted an affidavit reciting many of the same facts discussed
above. She also now added that she "could see that a previous
repair attempt had been made" involving "a piece of wood, . . .
to attempt to secure/hold the [bar] in the socket hole." Plaintiff
stated, "the photographs and video taken on September 4, 2014,
could just as easily have been taken minutes after [she] fell."
Defendant's motion for summary judgment was granted by Judge
J. Christopher Gibson. In a comprehensive sixteen-page written
opinion, the judge found that:
[T]he record does not create a jury question as to the issue of liability and notice. . . . Plaintiff's contention seems to be that since the "safety grab bar" detached from the socket/hole . . . then an inference of negligence should follow. However, such observation is not sufficient to create a jury question as to constructive notice. There is nothing in the record to suggest that [d]efendant[] should have known of a dangerous condition as there were no prior incident reports in regard to the "safety grab bar" for Room 408 where [p]laintiff's incident took place.
Although [p]laintiff supports her affidavit with photographs and videos that she took one year after the incident in order to prove the conditions she encountered when she fell and to show that repairs were not made, this [c]ourt finds that such evidence is not
4 A-4331-15T1 sufficient to create a reasonable inference of constructive notice of a dangerous condition. At the time of [p]laintiff's fall there were no prior incident reports as to the "safety grab bar" in Room 408, wherein [p]laintiff completed an incident report after the accident . . . . Thus, [p]laintiff's contention that [d]efendant[] had notice, either actual or constructive, based on her observation of a "piece of wood" attached to the hole/socket, is pure speculation and conclusory. The evidence must show that it can be reasonably inferred by the jury from any evidence that the property owner either knew about the condition or could have discovered the condition through reasonable inspection. See generally Francisco v. Miller, 141 N.J. Super. 290 (App. Div. 1951). . . . This [c]ourt finds [] it undisputed that visual inspections of the bathroom are performed and housekeepers would also conduct inspections. . . . In addition, the log for Room 408 does not contain a request for repair of the bathroom bar prior to [p]laintiff's accident. . . .
Although [p]laintiff herself speculates that she believes a prior repair was made, there are no facts in the record to substantiate such a repair nor is there expert testimony to establish that the condition she observed would not have existed but for a repair. Nonetheless, discovery has not disclosed any such repair.
The motion judge entered a memorializing order on February 10,
2016. The order also provided that defendant's "motion to bar any
photographs or videos taken in September 2014 at the time of trial
is moot."
5 A-4331-15T1 On May 27, 2016, the judge denied plaintiff's motion for
reconsideration, finding that she failed to meet the standards
required under Rule 4:49-2. The court also found that the photos
and video taken by plaintiff in September 2014 were not sufficient
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R.1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-4331-15T1
ELIZABETH C. DECARLO,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
AQUA BEACH RESORT, LLC, d/b/a AQUA BEACH RESORT, NORTH AMERICAN RISK SERVICES, a/k/a NARS, and STARR INDEMNITY COMPANY,
Defendants-Respondents. _______________________________
Submitted May 10, 2017 – Decided June 1, 2017
Before Judges Simonelli and Carroll.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Cape May County, Docket No. L-0428-14.
Radano & Lide, attorneys for appellant (Jennifer L. Pustizzi, on the briefs).
Gage Fiore, LLC, attorneys for respondents (AnnMarie Flores, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff Elizabeth C. DeCarlo appeals the Law Division's
February 10, 2016 order dismissing her personal injury complaint against defendant Aqua Beach Resort, LLC on summary judgment.
Plaintiff also appeals the trial court's May 27, 2016 order denying
reconsideration. We affirm because, lacking any actual or
constructive notice of the claimed dangerous condition, defendant
did not breach the duty of care owed to plaintiff as its invitee.
Plaintiff, who was seventy-four years old at the time of the
incident, visited the Aqua Beach Resort Hotel (Hotel) in Wildwood
Crest in September 2013, as part of a senior citizen tour group.
At approximately 11:00 p.m. on September 5, 2013, plaintiff took
a bath in her room. As she attempted to stand from the bathtub,
plaintiff grabbed onto an adjacent metal bar. The left side of
the bar detached from the wall, causing plaintiff to fall back
into the tub. Plaintiff noted pain in her hips, back, and
shoulder, but did not report the incident until the following
morning.
Plaintiff testified at her deposition that she had used the
shower in the tub area during each of the three previous days but
had not touched the metal bar prior to the incident. When asked
whether she saw anything wrong with the bar before the incident,
plaintiff responded, "No." After the bar came out of the wall,
plaintiff opined that the tub, which was plastic, "was broken and
never replaced. It was . . . never fixed correctly. They should
have had a piece of wood in there."
2 A-4331-15T1 Plaintiff also testified that, approximately a year later,
in September 2014, she returned to the Hotel with friends and
coincidentally was given the same room. When plaintiff showed a
friend the bathtub where she fell the year before, the friend
touched the bar and it again came out of the wall. Surprised that
the bar was still broken, plaintiff took several pictures and a
video depicting the unattached bar.
Defendant's employees testified that numerous individuals
frequently check the rooms for unsafe conditions. Specifically,
the Hotel uses "punch lists" at the beginning and end of each
season to determine what needs to be repaired or replaced. The
Hotel also employs an inspection team, a maintenance and repair
team, contractors, carpenters, handymen, plumbers, electricians,
housekeeping inspectors, and a full housekeeping staff, all of
whom check the rooms on a regular basis. None of these individuals
reported, nor did the Hotel records reflect, any issue regarding
the bathtub in the room plaintiff occupied. Similarly, Hotel
employees testified that the room was not a handicapped room, and
was not outfitted with ADA-approved grab bars. Instead, the metal
bar came with the prefabricated tub, and appeared to be "a
decorative bar" according to the Hotel manager. A maintenance
employee, however, surmised that the bar was there "for people to
hold themselves [up]."
3 A-4331-15T1 Defendant filed a motion for summary judgment. Defendant
also moved in limine to bar the September 2014 photographs and
video at the time of trial. In response to the motions, plaintiff
submitted an affidavit reciting many of the same facts discussed
above. She also now added that she "could see that a previous
repair attempt had been made" involving "a piece of wood, . . .
to attempt to secure/hold the [bar] in the socket hole." Plaintiff
stated, "the photographs and video taken on September 4, 2014,
could just as easily have been taken minutes after [she] fell."
Defendant's motion for summary judgment was granted by Judge
J. Christopher Gibson. In a comprehensive sixteen-page written
opinion, the judge found that:
[T]he record does not create a jury question as to the issue of liability and notice. . . . Plaintiff's contention seems to be that since the "safety grab bar" detached from the socket/hole . . . then an inference of negligence should follow. However, such observation is not sufficient to create a jury question as to constructive notice. There is nothing in the record to suggest that [d]efendant[] should have known of a dangerous condition as there were no prior incident reports in regard to the "safety grab bar" for Room 408 where [p]laintiff's incident took place.
Although [p]laintiff supports her affidavit with photographs and videos that she took one year after the incident in order to prove the conditions she encountered when she fell and to show that repairs were not made, this [c]ourt finds that such evidence is not
4 A-4331-15T1 sufficient to create a reasonable inference of constructive notice of a dangerous condition. At the time of [p]laintiff's fall there were no prior incident reports as to the "safety grab bar" in Room 408, wherein [p]laintiff completed an incident report after the accident . . . . Thus, [p]laintiff's contention that [d]efendant[] had notice, either actual or constructive, based on her observation of a "piece of wood" attached to the hole/socket, is pure speculation and conclusory. The evidence must show that it can be reasonably inferred by the jury from any evidence that the property owner either knew about the condition or could have discovered the condition through reasonable inspection. See generally Francisco v. Miller, 141 N.J. Super. 290 (App. Div. 1951). . . . This [c]ourt finds [] it undisputed that visual inspections of the bathroom are performed and housekeepers would also conduct inspections. . . . In addition, the log for Room 408 does not contain a request for repair of the bathroom bar prior to [p]laintiff's accident. . . .
Although [p]laintiff herself speculates that she believes a prior repair was made, there are no facts in the record to substantiate such a repair nor is there expert testimony to establish that the condition she observed would not have existed but for a repair. Nonetheless, discovery has not disclosed any such repair.
The motion judge entered a memorializing order on February 10,
2016. The order also provided that defendant's "motion to bar any
photographs or videos taken in September 2014 at the time of trial
is moot."
5 A-4331-15T1 On May 27, 2016, the judge denied plaintiff's motion for
reconsideration, finding that she failed to meet the standards
required under Rule 4:49-2. The court also found that the photos
and video taken by plaintiff in September 2014 were not sufficient
to infer negligence, and were not admissible pursuant to N.J.R.E.
403.
In this appeal, plaintiff argues that the court erred in
granting summary judgment because genuine issues of fact exist.
Plaintiff further contends that the photographs and video should
be admissible at trial and considered by the court in its summary
judgment analysis, and that a liability expert is not needed to
establish defendant's negligence.
"[W]e review the trial court's grant of summary judgment de
novo under the same standard as the trial court." Templo Fuente
De Vida Corp. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co., 224 N.J. 189, 199
(2016) (citation omitted). Thus, we consider, as the trial court
did, "whether the competent evidential materials presented, when
viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, are
sufficient to permit a rational factfinder to resolve the alleged
disputed issue in favor of the non-moving party." Davis v.
Brickman Landscaping Ltd., 219 N.J. 395, 406 (2014) (quoting Brill
v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995)). If
there is no genuine issue of material fact, we must then "decide
6 A-4331-15T1 whether the trial court correctly interpreted the law." DepoLink
Court Reporting & Litig. Support Servs. v. Rochman, 430 N.J. Super.
325, 333 (App. Div. 2013) (quoting Brill, supra, 142 N.J. at 520,
540). We review issues of law de novo and accord no deference to
the trial judge's conclusions on issues of law. Nicholas v.
Mynster, 213 N.J. 463, 478 (2013). Applying these standards, we
discern no reason to reverse the grant of summary judgment.
"'[A] negligence cause of action requires the establishment
of four elements: (1) a duty of care, (2) a breach of that duty,
(3) actual and proximate causation, and (4) damages.'" Davis,
supra, 219 N.J. at 406 (quoting Jersey Cent. Power & Light Co. v.
Melcar Util. Co., 212 N.J. 576, 594 (2013)). A plaintiff bears
"'the burden of establishing those elements by some competent
proof.'" Townsend v. Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 51 (2015) (quoting
Davis, supra, 219 N.J. at 406) (alteration in original).
"Although the existence of a duty is a question of law,
whether the duty was breached is a question of fact." Jerkins v.
Anderson, 191 N.J. 285, 305 (2007) (citing Anderson v. Sammy Redd
& Assocs., 278 N.J. Super. 50, 56 (App. Div. 1994), certif. denied,
139 N.J. 441 (1995)). Summary judgment is, however, appropriate
when the court is "satisfied a rational fact finder could not
conclude defendant breached [its] duty of care." Endre v. Arnold,
300 N.J. Super. 136, 143 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 150 N.J. 27
7 A-4331-15T1 (1997). The issue here is not whether defendant owed a duty to
plaintiff - it did - but whether the record supports the court's
decision that, as a matter of law, defendant did not breach that
duty.
"It is well recognized that the common law imposes a duty of
care on business owners to maintain a safe premises for their
business invitees because the law recognizes that an owner is in
the best position to prevent harm." Stelluti v. Casapenn Enters.,
LLC, 203 N.J. 286, 306 (2010). The duty of due care to a business
invitee includes an affirmative duty to inspect the premises and
"requires a business owner to discover and eliminate dangerous
conditions, to maintain the premises in safe condition, and to
avoid creating conditions that would render the premises unsafe."
Nisivoccia v. Glass Gardens, Inc., 175 N.J. 559, 563 (2003).
"[T]he business entity will not be held liable for injuries
sustained 'so long as [the business] has acted in accordance with
the ordinary duty owed to business invitees, including exercise
of care commensurate with the nature of the risk, foreseeability
of injury, and fairness in the circumstances.'" Stelluti, supra,
203 N.J. at 307 (quoting Hojnowski v. Vans Skate Park, 187 N.J.
323, 340-41 (2006)) (alteration in original).
Owners of premises generally are not liable for injuries
caused by defects for which they had no actual or constructive
8 A-4331-15T1 notice and no reasonable opportunity to discover. Nisivoccia,
supra, 175 N.J. at 563; Brown v. Racquet Club of Bricktown, 95
N.J. 280, 291 (1984). For that reason, "[o]rdinarily an injured
plaintiff . . . must prove, as an element of the cause of action,
that the defendant had actual or constructive knowledge of the
dangerous condition that caused the accident." Nisivoccia, supra,
175 N.J. at 563.
In addition, "[n]egligence is a fact which must be shown and
which will not be presumed." Long v. Landy, 35 N.J. 44, 54 (1961).
"[T]he mere showing of an accident causing the injuries sued upon
is not alone sufficient to authorize an inference of negligence[.]"
Vander Groef v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., 32 N.J. Super. 365, 370
(App. Div. 1954) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In this case, we are in substantial agreement with Judge
Gibson's thorough and well-reasoned analysis. The summary
judgment record fails to support plaintiff's claim that, prior to
the incident, defendant: had actual or constructive notice of the
dangerous condition; made faulty repairs to the metal bar or
bathtub area; did not conduct reasonable inspections to discover
the alleged dangerous condition; or otherwise failed to properly
protect plaintiff against such a condition. Without actual or
constructive notice of the dangerous condition, plaintiff's claim
failed, even if she had photos and video of the detached bar. The
9 A-4331-15T1 judge therefore correctly concluded that defendant did not breach
its duty to plaintiff. To the extent we have not specifically
addressed plaintiff's remaining arguments, we find they lack
sufficient merit to warrant discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
10 A-4331-15T1