RICE, Chief Judge.
This suit is for the recovery of income and excess profits taxes, and interest thereon, heretofore assessed against, and collected from, plaintiff by defendant for plaintiff’s taxable years 1951, 1952, and 1953.
The suit arises under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939. Section 114(b) (4) (A), 26 U.S.C.A. § 114 (b) (4) (A), provides that in the case of certain specified mines and natural deposits, the allowance for depletion under Section 23 (m), 26 U.S.C.A. § 23 (m), is to be computed as a percentage of “gross income from the property,” limited to 50% of the “net income (computed without allowance for depletion) from the property.” Section 114(b) (4) (B) defines “gross income from the property” as “gross income from mining,” and then lays down the rule that:
“The term ‘mining’ as used herein shall be considered to include not merely the extraction of the ores or minerals from the ground but also the ordinary treatment processes normally applied by mine owners or operators in order to obtain the commercially marketable mineral product or products, * * *.”
The question presented in this case is whether the processes which plaintiff applies to its refractory and fire clay in order to obtain the burnt clay products that it sells to its customers, are “the ordinary treatment processes normally applied by mine owners or operators in order to obtain the commercially marketable mineral product or products,” within the meaning of Section 114(b) (4) (B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939.
The case was tried before the Court without a jury. Having fully considered the pleadings, the evidence, and the statements of counsel, the Court makes and enters the following Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, all of which Findings and Conclusions are applicable to each of plaintiff’s taxable years 1951, 1952, and 1953, unless otherwise expressly indicated:
Findings of Fact.
I.
Plaintiff is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Texas. It has its principal place of business in Bastrop County, Texas, which is within the above mentioned District and Division of this Court.
II.
This action is brought pursuant to the provisions of Section 1346(a) (1) of Title 28 of the United States Code, as amended by the Act of July 30, 1954, c. 648, sec. 1, 68 Stat. 589, and is for the recovery of income and excess profits taxes, and interest thereon, heretofore assessed against, and collected from, plaintiff by defendant for plaintiff’s taxable years 1951, 1952, and 1953.
III.
Plaintiff keeps its books upon a calendar year basis and upon an accrual method of accounting.
IV.
1. Plaintiff owns and operates a clay pit located in Bastrop County, Texas, near the City of Elgin.
2. Plaintiff is engaged in the business of extracting clay from said pit and making burnt clay products from such clay in a plant which adjoins the pit.
3. All of the clay which plaintiff extracts from its pit has a “P. C. E.” (i. e., “pyrometric cone equivalent”) of 28 or higher and is suitable for use in making fire brick and other refractory products.
4. All of the clay which plaintiff extracts from its pit is “refractory and fire clay,” and said pit is a natural deposit of “refractory and fire clay.”
5. Plaintiff’s “refractory and fire clay” is a “mineral” and is not an “ore.”
6. Except for such negligible quantity of its clay as plaintiff is able to sell [281]*281before the clay is put in the form of burnt clay products, all of the clay that plaintiff extracts from its pit is used in making plaintiff’s burnt clay products, and all of the clay which plaintiff uses in making said burnt clay products comes from plaintiff’s pit and from no other source.
7. In general, the burnt clay products which plaintiff makes from its clay consist of fire brick, glazed structural facing tile, unglazed structural facing tile, and face brick.
8. All of the burnt clay products that plaintiff makes from its clay are “mineral products.”
V.
In order to obtain its aforesaid burnt clay products, plaintiff applies the following processes to the clay which it extracts from its pit:
1. The clay is excavated from the pit by the use of large vehicular scoops and a power shovel.
2. The clay is then loaded into dump cars which operate on rails and which transport the clay from the pit to the plant. (At this point in the processing, the clay is called “raw clay.”)
3. Upon arrival at the plant, the clay is dumped into the clayshed stockpile.
4. As needed, the clay is removed from the clayshed stockpile and is dumped into a dry pan crusher wherein the clay is ground and pulverized. (The clay which is to be made into structural tile is run through a vibrating feeder hopper before it is dumped into the dry pan crusher.)
5. From the dry pan crusher the clay is moved by a bucket elevator onto vibrating screens, and the clay which will not pass through those screens is returned to the dry pan crusher for additional grinding.
6. The clay which passes through the vibrating screens is deposited in the ground clay storage bin. (At this point in the processing, the clay is called ■“ground clay.”)
7. As needed, the clay is taken from the ground clay storage bin through a chute and is moulded into the desired size and shape, either by the use of a dry press process or by the use of a pugmillextrusion process.
a. In the dry press process, the clay from the ground clay storage bin is machine-moulded into the desired size and shape by means of mechanical pressure alone and without any further preparation of the clay.
b. In the pugmill-extrusion process:
(1) The clay from the ground clay storage bin is mixed with water.
(2) Air is evacuated from the clay by the use of a vacuum pump.
(3) The clay is forced under pressure through a series of dies and is extruded in a continuous ribbon in the desired shape.
(4) The moulded ribbon of clay is cut into units of the desired length.
(5) The clay units are placed in drying rooms where free water is evaporated from them.
(6) The clay units which are to have impervious surfaces are sprayed with a liquid compound.
8. The clay units are burned in either a periodic or continuous (tunnel) kiln.
a. Where a periodic kiln is used:
(1) The clay units are stacked by hand in the kiln and the kiln is sealed.
(2) Heat is introduced until the temperature in the kiln reaches the proper height for the necessary period of time.
(3) The kiln is allowed to cool and the burnt clay units are removed from the kiln by hand.
b. Where a continuous (tunnel) kiln is used:
(1) The clay units are stacked on cars which operate on rails running through the long tunnel-like kiln.
(2) As each car loaded with clay units passes through the long kiln, it travels through a series of chambers in which the temperatures are consecutively higher until the proper heat is applied for the necessary period of time, and then it travels through a series of chambers in [282]
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RICE, Chief Judge.
This suit is for the recovery of income and excess profits taxes, and interest thereon, heretofore assessed against, and collected from, plaintiff by defendant for plaintiff’s taxable years 1951, 1952, and 1953.
The suit arises under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939. Section 114(b) (4) (A), 26 U.S.C.A. § 114 (b) (4) (A), provides that in the case of certain specified mines and natural deposits, the allowance for depletion under Section 23 (m), 26 U.S.C.A. § 23 (m), is to be computed as a percentage of “gross income from the property,” limited to 50% of the “net income (computed without allowance for depletion) from the property.” Section 114(b) (4) (B) defines “gross income from the property” as “gross income from mining,” and then lays down the rule that:
“The term ‘mining’ as used herein shall be considered to include not merely the extraction of the ores or minerals from the ground but also the ordinary treatment processes normally applied by mine owners or operators in order to obtain the commercially marketable mineral product or products, * * *.”
The question presented in this case is whether the processes which plaintiff applies to its refractory and fire clay in order to obtain the burnt clay products that it sells to its customers, are “the ordinary treatment processes normally applied by mine owners or operators in order to obtain the commercially marketable mineral product or products,” within the meaning of Section 114(b) (4) (B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939.
The case was tried before the Court without a jury. Having fully considered the pleadings, the evidence, and the statements of counsel, the Court makes and enters the following Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, all of which Findings and Conclusions are applicable to each of plaintiff’s taxable years 1951, 1952, and 1953, unless otherwise expressly indicated:
Findings of Fact.
I.
Plaintiff is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of Texas. It has its principal place of business in Bastrop County, Texas, which is within the above mentioned District and Division of this Court.
II.
This action is brought pursuant to the provisions of Section 1346(a) (1) of Title 28 of the United States Code, as amended by the Act of July 30, 1954, c. 648, sec. 1, 68 Stat. 589, and is for the recovery of income and excess profits taxes, and interest thereon, heretofore assessed against, and collected from, plaintiff by defendant for plaintiff’s taxable years 1951, 1952, and 1953.
III.
Plaintiff keeps its books upon a calendar year basis and upon an accrual method of accounting.
IV.
1. Plaintiff owns and operates a clay pit located in Bastrop County, Texas, near the City of Elgin.
2. Plaintiff is engaged in the business of extracting clay from said pit and making burnt clay products from such clay in a plant which adjoins the pit.
3. All of the clay which plaintiff extracts from its pit has a “P. C. E.” (i. e., “pyrometric cone equivalent”) of 28 or higher and is suitable for use in making fire brick and other refractory products.
4. All of the clay which plaintiff extracts from its pit is “refractory and fire clay,” and said pit is a natural deposit of “refractory and fire clay.”
5. Plaintiff’s “refractory and fire clay” is a “mineral” and is not an “ore.”
6. Except for such negligible quantity of its clay as plaintiff is able to sell [281]*281before the clay is put in the form of burnt clay products, all of the clay that plaintiff extracts from its pit is used in making plaintiff’s burnt clay products, and all of the clay which plaintiff uses in making said burnt clay products comes from plaintiff’s pit and from no other source.
7. In general, the burnt clay products which plaintiff makes from its clay consist of fire brick, glazed structural facing tile, unglazed structural facing tile, and face brick.
8. All of the burnt clay products that plaintiff makes from its clay are “mineral products.”
V.
In order to obtain its aforesaid burnt clay products, plaintiff applies the following processes to the clay which it extracts from its pit:
1. The clay is excavated from the pit by the use of large vehicular scoops and a power shovel.
2. The clay is then loaded into dump cars which operate on rails and which transport the clay from the pit to the plant. (At this point in the processing, the clay is called “raw clay.”)
3. Upon arrival at the plant, the clay is dumped into the clayshed stockpile.
4. As needed, the clay is removed from the clayshed stockpile and is dumped into a dry pan crusher wherein the clay is ground and pulverized. (The clay which is to be made into structural tile is run through a vibrating feeder hopper before it is dumped into the dry pan crusher.)
5. From the dry pan crusher the clay is moved by a bucket elevator onto vibrating screens, and the clay which will not pass through those screens is returned to the dry pan crusher for additional grinding.
6. The clay which passes through the vibrating screens is deposited in the ground clay storage bin. (At this point in the processing, the clay is called ■“ground clay.”)
7. As needed, the clay is taken from the ground clay storage bin through a chute and is moulded into the desired size and shape, either by the use of a dry press process or by the use of a pugmillextrusion process.
a. In the dry press process, the clay from the ground clay storage bin is machine-moulded into the desired size and shape by means of mechanical pressure alone and without any further preparation of the clay.
b. In the pugmill-extrusion process:
(1) The clay from the ground clay storage bin is mixed with water.
(2) Air is evacuated from the clay by the use of a vacuum pump.
(3) The clay is forced under pressure through a series of dies and is extruded in a continuous ribbon in the desired shape.
(4) The moulded ribbon of clay is cut into units of the desired length.
(5) The clay units are placed in drying rooms where free water is evaporated from them.
(6) The clay units which are to have impervious surfaces are sprayed with a liquid compound.
8. The clay units are burned in either a periodic or continuous (tunnel) kiln.
a. Where a periodic kiln is used:
(1) The clay units are stacked by hand in the kiln and the kiln is sealed.
(2) Heat is introduced until the temperature in the kiln reaches the proper height for the necessary period of time.
(3) The kiln is allowed to cool and the burnt clay units are removed from the kiln by hand.
b. Where a continuous (tunnel) kiln is used:
(1) The clay units are stacked on cars which operate on rails running through the long tunnel-like kiln.
(2) As each car loaded with clay units passes through the long kiln, it travels through a series of chambers in which the temperatures are consecutively higher until the proper heat is applied for the necessary period of time, and then it travels through a series of chambers in [282]*282which the temperatures are consecutively lower until the clay units are cool when they emerge from the kiln.
9. After being burned, the clay units are inspected, stacked, and loaded for shipment by truck or railroad to plaintiff’s customers.
VI.
Plaintiff’s processes Nos. 1 through 9, inclusive (described hereinabove in paragraph V of these Findings of Fact) are the ordinary and usual ones by which refractory and fire clay generally and normally is extracted from the ground and processed into burnt clay products.
VII.
1. Before the refractory and fire clay which plaintiff extracts from its pit is put in the form of burnt clay products, plaintiff is able to sell less than one-fourth of one percent (% of 1%) of such clay.
2. Before the refractory and fire clay which plaintiff extracts from its pit is put in the form of burnt clay products, plaintiff has no opportunity to sell more than a negligible quantity of such clay.
3. Before their refractory and fire clay is put in the form of burnt clay products, refractory and fire clay mine owners and operators in plaintiff’s market area have no opportunity to sell more than a negligible quantity of such clay.
4. In the United States as a whole, more than 75% of the refractory and fire clay which is extracted from the ground has to be put in the form of burnt clay products before it can be sold.
5. In the United States as a whole, more than 90% of the refractory and fire clay mine owners and operators are required to put their refractory and fire clay in the form of burnt clay products in order to be able to sell such clay.
6. Both in plaintiff’s market area and in the United States as a whole, refractory and fire clay mine owners and operators normally are required to put their refractory and fire clay in the form of burnt clay products in order to obtain products which are commercially marketable.
7. Both in plaintiff’s market area and in the United States as a whole, burnt clay products are normally the first commercially marketable products which refractory and fire clay mine owners and operators obtain from their refractory and fire clay.
VIII.
1. During plaintiff’s taxable years in question, the amounts of clay which plaintiff extracted from its pit, and the forms in which plaintiff sold such clay, were as follows:
Year Total Tons of Clay Extracted Tons Sold As “Raw Clay” Tons Sold As “Ground Clay” Tons Sold As Burnt Products
1951 79,005 60 46 78,899
1952 78,529 26 73 78,430
1953 86,759 45 64 86,650
2. During plaintiff’s taxable years in question, plaintiff sold in the form of “raw clay” (obtained by the application of the first 2 of plaintiff’s processes described hereinabove in paragraph V of these Findings of Fact) and “ground clay” (obtained by the application of the first 6 of plaintiff’s processes described hereinabove in paragraph V of these Findings of Fact) all of its clay that it had an opportunity to sell before such clay was put in the form of burnt clay products.
3. For plaintiff’s taxable years in question, plaintiff’s sales (f. o. b. its [283]*283plant, loaded for shipment) of the clay which it extracted from its pit were as follows (tabulated according to the form in which such clay was sold):
1951 1952 1953
Burnt Clay Products $1,297,271.69 $1,244,908.89 $1,247,801.48
“Ground Clay” 746.74 1,134.20 1,042.69
“Raw Clay” 179.65 76.65 135.90
Total Sales $1,298,198.08 $1,246,119.74 $1,248,980.07
4. During plaintiff’s taxable years in question, plaintiff’s “ground clay” was offered for sale to the public at the prices shown below, and the negligible quantity of said “ground clay” that plaintiff actually sold during those years was sold at said prices, to wit:
During 1951 During 1952 During 1953
$20.90 per ton $21.90 per ton $23.50 per ton
5. During plaintiff’s taxable years in question, refractory and fire clay mine owners and operators in plaintiff’s market area offered their “ground clay” for sale to the public at the prices shown hereinabove in the last preceding sub-paragraph, and the negligible quantity of said “ground clay” that was sold by such mine owners and operators during the years in question was sold at the aforesaid prices.
IX.
1. For plaintiff’s taxable years in question, when plaintiff’s “gross income from the property” is measured by, and equal to, plaintiff’s sales (f. o. b. its plant, loaded for shipment) of the burnt clay products that plaintiff obtained from its clay, plus plaintiff’s sales (f. o. b. its plant, loaded for shipment) of the small quantity of its clay that plaintiff was able to sell before such clay was put in the form of burnt clay products:
a. Plaintiff’s “gross income from the property” was as follows:
$1,298,198.08 $1,246,119.74 $1,248,980.07
b. Plaintiff’s “net income (computed without allowance for depletion) from the property” was as follows:
$375,899.46 $321,965.97 $195,848.28
c. For each taxable year in question, fifty percent (50%) of plaintiff’s “net income (computed without allowance for depletion) from the property” was less than 15% of plaintiff’s “gross income from the property,” and, plaintiff’s depletion allowances on its refractory and fire clay deposit were as follows:
$187,949.73 $160,982.99 $97,924.14
d. Plaintiff owed defendant no excess profits tax for any taxable year in question, and plaintiff owed defendant income tax in the following amounts:
$93,144.15 $78,401.13 $48,179.68
e. Plaintiff has overpaid to defendant its income and excess profits taxes in the following amounts:
[284]*2841951 1952 1953
$128,991.48 $103,709.13 $43,499.36
f. Plaintiff has overpaid to defendant interest on its income and excess profits tax in the following amounts:
$20,178.95 $12,000.02 $3,426.23
X.
For each of plaintiff’s taxable years 1951, 1952, and 1953:
1. Plaintiff timely filed its federal income and excess profits tax return and timely paid the tax liability shown as due thereon.
2. Plaintiff timely paid the income and excess profits tax deficiency and interest thereon assessed against plaintiff by defendant.
3. Plaintiff timely filed i.ts Claim for Refund covering the income and excess profits tax and interest thereon for which plaintiff sues herein, and said Claim for Refund set forth the grounds upon which this suit is based.
4. Plaintiff’s Claim for Refund was disallowed by defendant prior to the filing of this suit, and thereafter this suit was filed within the time permitted by law.
Conclusions of Law.
This Court has jurisdiction of both the parties and the subject matter in this case, and all of the procedural requirements for the bringing of this suit have been met.
1. Plaintiff's processes Nos. 1 and 2 (of the 9 processes described hereinabove in paragraph V of the Findings of Fact) constitute “the extraction of the minerals from the ground” within the meaning of Section 114(b) (4) (B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939.
2. Plaintiff’s processes Nos. 3 through 9, inclusive, (of the 9 processes described hereinabove in paragraph V of the Findings of Fact) are “the ordinary treatment processes normally applied by mine owners or operators in order to obtain the commercially marketable mineral product or products,” within the meaning of Section 114(b) (4) (B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939.
All of the clay which plaintiff extracts from its pit is “refractory and fire clay,” and said pit is a natural deposit of “refractory and fire clay,” within the meaning of Section 114(b) (4) (A) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, and, under the 1939 Code plaintiff is entitled to a depletion deduction for said clay pit computed at the rate of 15% of plaintiff’s “gross income from the property,” limited to 50% of its “net income * * * (computed without allowance for depletion) from the property.”
Plaintiff’s “gross income from the property” is plaintiff’s sales (f. o. b. its plant, loaded for shipment) of the burnt clay products that plaintiff makes from its clay, plus plaintiff’s sales (f. o. b. its plant, loaded for shipment) of the negligible quantity of its clay that plaintiff is able to sell before the clay is put in the form of burnt clay products.
Plaintiff is entitled to a depletion deduction equal to 15% of plaintiff’s sales (f. o. b. its plant, loaded for shipment) of the burnt clay products that plaintiff makes from its clay, plus 15% of plaintiff’s sales (f. o. b. its plant, loaded for shipment) of the negligible quantity of its clay that plaintiff is able to sell before the clay is put in the form of burnt clay products, limited to 50% of plaintiff’s “net income * * * (computed without allowance for depletion) from the property.”
Plaintiff has overpaid its income and excess profits tax and is entitled to recover from defendant the following amounts of income and excess profits tax, and interest thereon, heretofore assessed against, and collected from, plaintiff by defendant:
[285]*285Year Tax Interest
1951 $128,991.48 $20,178.95
1952 103,709.13 12,000.02
1953 43,499.36 3,426.23,
with interest thereon from the dates of payment thereof, as provided by law, together with all allowable costs of suit expended by plaintiff herein.