RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1467-20
E.J.P.S.,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
R.A.K.,
Defendant-Appellant. ________________________
Submitted December 16, 2021 – Decided December 27, 2021
Before Judges Haas and Mawla.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Union County, Docket No. FV-20-1390-20.
Kevin C. Orr, attorney for appellant.
Respondent has not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM Defendant R.A.K. 1 appeals from the Family Part's October 30, 2020 final
restraining order (FRO) entered in favor of plaintiff E.J.P.S. pursuant to the
Prevention of Domestic Violence Act (PDVA), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. We
affirm.
Plaintiff and defendant are married and have no children together. On
May 8, 2020, plaintiff called her insurance company to report a car accident.
During the call, plaintiff asked defendant to respond to one of the insurance
agent's questions. Defendant took the telephone but would not return it to
plaintiff as the call continued. Plaintiff left the room.
When defendant completed the call, he started screaming at plaintiff
because she had left the room. Plaintiff told defendant she was going to call a
lawyer. At that point, defendant tried to get the telephone away from plaintiff,
pushed her, and grabbed her right arm. He told plaintiff "he was never [going
to] give [her a] divorce" but then ordered her to leave the home and pushed her
again. Plaintiff called 911 and the police responded. Plaintiff suffered a bruised
arm in the altercation.
1 We use initials to protect the identity of victims of domestic violence and to preserve the confidentiality of these proceedings. See R. 1:38-3(d)(9) to (10). A-1467-20 2 Plaintiff also testified to a past history of similar assaults. 2 She stated the
parties had an argument on April 14, 2019, and defendant grabbed her by the
arm, leaving a bruise and preventing her from leaving the home. Defendant
bruised plaintiff's arm in this incident. On June 9, 2019, plaintiff left a restaurant
after the parties argued. Defendant then blocked her path with his car and
attempted to push her into the vehicle. Plaintiff sustained a bruise to her chin.
On December 20, 2019, defendant became angry at plaintiff after she
returned home from work. He pushed her on the sofa, put his knees on plaintiff's
legs, grabbed her arms, and put his weight on her chest to keep her from moving.
Defendant bruised plaintiff's arm and leg in this attack. On March 11, 2020,
defendant grabbed plaintiff, pushed her to the ground, and scratched her face
during an assault. Plaintiff testified she needed a FRO for protection because
she was fearful of what defendant might do to her.
Defendant did not strongly dispute any of plaintiff's allegations. Instead,
defendant claimed he grabbed plaintiff whenever she became "emotional" in
order to "calm her down." Defendant stated, "You know, I always hold her down
slightly with her arms. And I don't . . . want to hurt her or anything. But with
her moving[,] she bruises very fast, and that's the issue."
2 Plaintiff presented photographs at the trial showing each of her injuries. A-1467-20 3 At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial judge rendered an oral decision
granting plaintiff's application for a FRO. The judge found plaintiff credibly
testified that defendant assaulted her on May 8, 2020. The judge also accepted
plaintiff's account of the past incidents of domestic violence. The judge found
that an FRO was necessary because defendant
continually engage[d] in domestic violence abuse against [plaintiff], especially because he keeps blaming her for his abuse. And then apologizes. You know the cycle of domestic violence. There's an acute explosion. Here the continu[al] holding of one down and controlling and securing. Then there's an apology. As [defendant] testified, [h]e always apologized. That's called the honeymoon phase. And then . . . the aggression continues, and then there's another abuse. And he's continually blaming [plaintiff] for that abuse.
So I do find that the previous history of the domestic violence, I find that by a preponderance of the . . . evidence, and absolutely does substantiate and require this [c]ourt to issue the [FRO] so that [plaintiff] is protected from the continuing and ongoing cycle of this domestic violence.
On appeal, defendant argues "the [FRO] was entered upon an insufficient
showing of need and therefore same must be set aside." We disagree.
Our review of a trial judge's fact-finding function is limited. Cesare v.
Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411 (1998). A judge's findings of fact are "binding on
appeal when supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Id. at 411-
A-1467-20 4 12 (citing Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Invs. Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)).
Moreover, "[b]ecause of the family courts' special jurisdiction and expertise in
family matters, appellate courts should accord deference to family court
factfinding." Id. at 413.
"Deference is especially appropriate 'when the evidence is largely
testimonial and involves questions of credibility.'" Id. at 412 (quoting In re
Return of Weapons to J.W.D., 149 N.J. 108, 117 (1997)). This is so because the
judge has the opportunity to see and hear the witnesses as they testify, thereby
developing a "'feel of the case' that can never be realized by a review of the cold
record." N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. G.M., 198 N.J. 382, 396 (2009)
(quoting D.Y.F.S. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008)). A judge's purely legal
decisions, however, are subject to our plenary review. Crespo v. Crespo, 395
N.J. Super. 190, 194 (App. Div. 2007) (citing Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp.
Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995)).
In adjudicating a domestic violence case, the trial judge has a "two-fold"
task. Silver v. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112, 125 (App. Div. 2006). The judge
must first determine whether the plaintiff has proven, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that the defendant committed one of the predicate acts referenced in
N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a), which incorporates harassment, N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4, and
A-1467-20 5 assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(a), as conduct constituting domestic violence. Id. at
125-26. The judge must construe any such acts in light of the parties' history to
better "understand the totality of the circumstances of the relationship and to
fully evaluate the reasonableness of the victim's continued fear of the
perpetrator." Kanaszka v. Kunen, 313 N.J. Super. 600, 607 (App. Div. 1998);
N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1).
If a predicate offense is proven, the judge must then assess "whether a
restraining order is necessary, upon an evaluation of the facts set forth in
N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) to -29(a)(6), to protect the victim from an immediate
danger or to prevent further abuse." J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J. 458, 475-76 (2011)
(quoting Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127). Whether a restraining order should be
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RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-1467-20
E.J.P.S.,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
R.A.K.,
Defendant-Appellant. ________________________
Submitted December 16, 2021 – Decided December 27, 2021
Before Judges Haas and Mawla.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Union County, Docket No. FV-20-1390-20.
Kevin C. Orr, attorney for appellant.
Respondent has not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM Defendant R.A.K. 1 appeals from the Family Part's October 30, 2020 final
restraining order (FRO) entered in favor of plaintiff E.J.P.S. pursuant to the
Prevention of Domestic Violence Act (PDVA), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. We
affirm.
Plaintiff and defendant are married and have no children together. On
May 8, 2020, plaintiff called her insurance company to report a car accident.
During the call, plaintiff asked defendant to respond to one of the insurance
agent's questions. Defendant took the telephone but would not return it to
plaintiff as the call continued. Plaintiff left the room.
When defendant completed the call, he started screaming at plaintiff
because she had left the room. Plaintiff told defendant she was going to call a
lawyer. At that point, defendant tried to get the telephone away from plaintiff,
pushed her, and grabbed her right arm. He told plaintiff "he was never [going
to] give [her a] divorce" but then ordered her to leave the home and pushed her
again. Plaintiff called 911 and the police responded. Plaintiff suffered a bruised
arm in the altercation.
1 We use initials to protect the identity of victims of domestic violence and to preserve the confidentiality of these proceedings. See R. 1:38-3(d)(9) to (10). A-1467-20 2 Plaintiff also testified to a past history of similar assaults. 2 She stated the
parties had an argument on April 14, 2019, and defendant grabbed her by the
arm, leaving a bruise and preventing her from leaving the home. Defendant
bruised plaintiff's arm in this incident. On June 9, 2019, plaintiff left a restaurant
after the parties argued. Defendant then blocked her path with his car and
attempted to push her into the vehicle. Plaintiff sustained a bruise to her chin.
On December 20, 2019, defendant became angry at plaintiff after she
returned home from work. He pushed her on the sofa, put his knees on plaintiff's
legs, grabbed her arms, and put his weight on her chest to keep her from moving.
Defendant bruised plaintiff's arm and leg in this attack. On March 11, 2020,
defendant grabbed plaintiff, pushed her to the ground, and scratched her face
during an assault. Plaintiff testified she needed a FRO for protection because
she was fearful of what defendant might do to her.
Defendant did not strongly dispute any of plaintiff's allegations. Instead,
defendant claimed he grabbed plaintiff whenever she became "emotional" in
order to "calm her down." Defendant stated, "You know, I always hold her down
slightly with her arms. And I don't . . . want to hurt her or anything. But with
her moving[,] she bruises very fast, and that's the issue."
2 Plaintiff presented photographs at the trial showing each of her injuries. A-1467-20 3 At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial judge rendered an oral decision
granting plaintiff's application for a FRO. The judge found plaintiff credibly
testified that defendant assaulted her on May 8, 2020. The judge also accepted
plaintiff's account of the past incidents of domestic violence. The judge found
that an FRO was necessary because defendant
continually engage[d] in domestic violence abuse against [plaintiff], especially because he keeps blaming her for his abuse. And then apologizes. You know the cycle of domestic violence. There's an acute explosion. Here the continu[al] holding of one down and controlling and securing. Then there's an apology. As [defendant] testified, [h]e always apologized. That's called the honeymoon phase. And then . . . the aggression continues, and then there's another abuse. And he's continually blaming [plaintiff] for that abuse.
So I do find that the previous history of the domestic violence, I find that by a preponderance of the . . . evidence, and absolutely does substantiate and require this [c]ourt to issue the [FRO] so that [plaintiff] is protected from the continuing and ongoing cycle of this domestic violence.
On appeal, defendant argues "the [FRO] was entered upon an insufficient
showing of need and therefore same must be set aside." We disagree.
Our review of a trial judge's fact-finding function is limited. Cesare v.
Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411 (1998). A judge's findings of fact are "binding on
appeal when supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Id. at 411-
A-1467-20 4 12 (citing Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Invs. Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)).
Moreover, "[b]ecause of the family courts' special jurisdiction and expertise in
family matters, appellate courts should accord deference to family court
factfinding." Id. at 413.
"Deference is especially appropriate 'when the evidence is largely
testimonial and involves questions of credibility.'" Id. at 412 (quoting In re
Return of Weapons to J.W.D., 149 N.J. 108, 117 (1997)). This is so because the
judge has the opportunity to see and hear the witnesses as they testify, thereby
developing a "'feel of the case' that can never be realized by a review of the cold
record." N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. G.M., 198 N.J. 382, 396 (2009)
(quoting D.Y.F.S. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008)). A judge's purely legal
decisions, however, are subject to our plenary review. Crespo v. Crespo, 395
N.J. Super. 190, 194 (App. Div. 2007) (citing Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp.
Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995)).
In adjudicating a domestic violence case, the trial judge has a "two-fold"
task. Silver v. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112, 125 (App. Div. 2006). The judge
must first determine whether the plaintiff has proven, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that the defendant committed one of the predicate acts referenced in
N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a), which incorporates harassment, N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4, and
A-1467-20 5 assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(a), as conduct constituting domestic violence. Id. at
125-26. The judge must construe any such acts in light of the parties' history to
better "understand the totality of the circumstances of the relationship and to
fully evaluate the reasonableness of the victim's continued fear of the
perpetrator." Kanaszka v. Kunen, 313 N.J. Super. 600, 607 (App. Div. 1998);
N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1).
If a predicate offense is proven, the judge must then assess "whether a
restraining order is necessary, upon an evaluation of the facts set forth in
N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) to -29(a)(6), to protect the victim from an immediate
danger or to prevent further abuse." J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J. 458, 475-76 (2011)
(quoting Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127). Whether a restraining order should be
issued depends on the seriousness of the predicate offense, on "the previous
history of domestic violence between the plaintiff and defendant including
previous threats, harassment[,] and physical abuse[,] and [on] whether
immediate danger to the person or property is present." Corrente v. Corrente,
281 N.J. Super. 243, 248 (App. Div. 1995) (citing N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)).
Applying these standards, we discern no basis for disturbing the trial
judge's decision to grant a FRO to plaintiff. The judge specifically found
plaintiff's accounts of domestic violence credible, and substantial credible
A-1467-20 6 evidence in the record supports that finding. Therefore, we affirm substantially
for the reasons set forth in the judge's oral opinion. We add the following
comments.
A person commits the predicate act of assault when he or she "[a]ttempts
to cause or purposely, knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to
another[.]" N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(a)(1). "Bodily injury" is "physical pain, illness or
any impairment of physical condition[.]" N.J.S.A. 2C:11-1(a); see also State v.
Stull, 403 N.J. Super. 501, 505 (App. Div. 2008).
After making credibility findings, the judge properly applied the statute
in concluding defendant assaulted plaintiff on May 8, 2020 and on four prior
occasions. During these incidents, defendant grabbed plaintiff, pushed her, and
attempted to restrain her. He bruised or scratched her each time. Therefore, the
judge correctly found that defendant committed an act of domestic violence in
violation of the PDVA.
We now turn to the second Silver prong. Where, as here, "the predicate
act is an offense that inherently involves the use of physical force and violence,
the decision to issue a[] FRO 'is most often perfunctory and self-evident.'"
A.M.C. v. P.B., 447 N.J. Super. 402, 417 (App. Div. 2016) (quoting Silver, 387
N.J. Super. at 127).
A-1467-20 7 Here, we are satisfied plaintiff established the need for a FRO as a matter
of law. We reach this conclusion based on defendant's commission of a
predicate act that involved physical violence against plaintiff, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-
1(a), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a)(2); the evidence demonstrating a previous history of
domestic violence between the parties, N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1); and the fact
that, under the circumstances, the issuance of a FRO was undoubtedly in
plaintiff's best interests, N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(4). Thus, it was self-evident that
a FRO was necessary to protect plaintiff from what the judge accurately
described as a "continuing and ongoing cycle of . . . domestic violence." See
A.M.C., 447 N.J. Super. at 418. 3
Affirmed.
3 Defendant contends that because the parties have no children and are planning to get divorced, they no longer have a need to be in contact with each other and, therefore, the judge erred by concluding a FRO was necessary. We rejected a similar argument in A.M.C., where we found that the absence of children "should not adversely affect [a plaintiff's] entitlement to permanent injunctive relief under the second prong of Silver" and that "[t]here is no rational basis for the judge to use the duration of the marriage as a reliable predictor of [the] defendant's future conduct with [the] plaintiff . . . ." A.M.C., 447 N.J. Super. at 415-416. Therefore, defendant's contention lacks sufficient merit to warrant further discussion in this opinion. See R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E). A-1467-20 8