NUMBER 13-09-00622-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
EFRAIN PUENTE, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 357th District Court of Cameron County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Rodriguez and Garza Memorandum Opinion by Justice Rodriguez
Appellant Efrain Puente was indicted for the offense of murder. See TEX.
PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(1) (West 2003). He entered a plea of "not guilty." After
the jury rejected appellant's justification theory of self-defense, it found him guilty of murdering Francisco Losoya. During the punishment phase, the jury found that
appellant did not cause Losoya's death under the immediate influence of sudden
passion and assessed punishment at life in the Institutional Division of the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice and a fine of $10,000. See id. § 19.02(d). By four
issues, which we renumber as two, appellant complains that the evidence is
insufficient to support his conviction. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND1
The evidence established that appellant and his wife, Teresa Puente, lived
together in a mobile home in El Ranchito, Texas, with their two children and Teresa's
four older children. Approximately three weeks before the incident, appellant and
Teresa argued. Teresa told appellant that she wanted him to leave. Appellant went
to Houston, Texas, to stay with his mother and find work. On May 13, 2008, at
approximately 4:00 p.m., appellant called Teresa and asked to see his children.
Teresa agreed to the visit but told appellant that she hated him. Appellant arrived at
the house later that day.
A. Teresa Puente's Testimony
According to Teresa, Francisco Losoya had been staying at the house for about
one week when appellant called her. Losoya was wearing appellant's clothes
because he arrived at Teresa's house without a change of clothing. Teresa also
testified that Losoya knew appellant was coming to see his children, and Losoya
1 Because this is a memorandum opinion and the parties are familiar with the facts, we will not recite them here except as necessary to advise the parties of the Court's decision and the basic reasons for it. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.
2 threatened to kill appellant.
At trial, Teresa testified that, on May 13, she was outside with three of her
children. Teresa's and appellant’s two children were inside with Teresa's oldest
daughter. According to Teresa, Losoya had been drinking and was also outside.
Teresa testified that she did not see Losoya holding a knife that afternoon, except for
when he was peeling lemons. Losoya placed some of his knives on the top stair by
the back door of the house. Teresa heard a scuffle that lasted "not even minutes,"
saw Losoya and appellant struggling and fighting, grabbed her daughter, and ran to get
help. Teresa also testified that she did not see appellant holding a knife. According
to Teresa, appellant ran when he heard her scream "Police." She testified that
Losoya chased appellant until appellant got into a car where another man was waiting,
and appellant and the other man left.
On cross-examination, Teresa identified, read into the record, and testified,
without objection, about certain portions of a written statement she had given at or near
the time of the incident.2 Teresa agreed that her written statement contained the
following information that differed from her trial testimony: (1) appellant stabbed
Losoya while Losoya was sitting on the steps; (2) appellant was the first to pull out a
knife, and he began stabbing Losoya; and (3) appellant continued to stab Losoya.
Teresa also agreed that her previous statement reflected that appellant was
responsible for the stabbing. She testified, however, that although she told the
2 It is unclear from the record whether Teresa was testifying about a May 13 statement she gave while sitting in a police car outside the house or from a statement given to an investigator at the sheriff's office on May 16, 2008. Nonetheless, Teresa did testify regarding the statements she gave to police.
3 officers that Losoya was playing with knives, that was not included in her written
statement. She also agreed that nowhere in her written statement did she say that
appellant stayed to help Losoya, that Losoya started the fight, or that Losoya had any
weapon during the stabbing.
Recanting what she said in her prior statement, Teresa testified that she gave
her statement to investigators out of fear of America Garcia, Losoya's mother, who had
allegedly threatened Theresa. She also testified that if she blamed appellant,
"[Garcia] would never hurt [her] because there was somebody that was guilty."
Teresa agreed that, after fighting with Garcia, she changed her story. When asked,
"So were you lying then or are you lying now, ma'am?," she answered, "No. I was
lying back then."
On redirect, Teresa testified that she had tried to tell an officer that the
handwritten statement was not true, but he informed her that if she changed anything,
she would be locked up and would lose her children. When asked which one she
feared more, the officer or Garcia, Teresa testified, "[Garcia], but I don't care because I
want to tell the truth because I have been like I'm in a jail."
B. Appellant's Testimony
Appellant testified at trial that after talking with Teresa by phone about seeing
his children, a friend drove him to the house. When appellant arrived, he found a man
wearing camouflage pants inside his home. Appellant thought this man had a knife
and was breaking into his house. Appellant explained that because of what he
thought this man might have done to his family and because the man appeared to be
4 running away, appellant went toward him. According to appellant, the man took out a
knife and started to attack him. Appellant testified that what began in the trailer
progressed to the backyard when both men fell out the back door of the mobile home.
According to appellant, he fell on top of the man. They wrestled, got up, fought, and
fell back down for approximately three or four minutes.
Appellant testified that he took a knife away from the man, but then the man took
the knife back. According to appellant, the man got up and started to run toward the
side of the mobile home. Appellant testified that he thought the man was going to get
something else to "finish trying killing" him, so he got in the car and left. Appellant
explained that he had blood on his arms—his blood where he had been cut and some
other blood. According to appellant, he told his friend that "this man attacked me. I
had to defend myself." Appellant testified that he also told his friend that "this man
tried to stab me and had cut me in my arm." Appellant claimed that he had no
weapons on him that day and that he did not know Losoya died until he was arrested.
C. Rogelio Becerra's Testimony
Rogelio Becerra, Teresa's neighbor, testified that he was leaving for work on
May 13, 2008, when he heard a scuffle in his neighbor's yard and heard his neighbor
screaming, "they're going to kill him." After Becerra saw one male run to a car and the
car "haul a**," he called for help.
D. America Garcia's Testimony
Garcia testified that she received a call from Teresa and left immediately to see
what happened. She explained that Teresa and Losoya were friends and that "[h]e
5 was paying rent to Teresa so he could go work [with transportation arranged by
Teresa]." Garcia agreed that she and another son assaulted Teresa at Losoya's
funeral. But, according to Garcia, she never threatened Teresa. Garcia testified that
she saw Teresa approximately three weeks before trial, and Teresa had said that "she
was afraid to come [to trial] because of her family."
D. Officer Marco Antonio Gonzalez's Testimony
Officer Gonzalez, the intake officer at the Cameron County Jail, testified that
when appellant arrived at the jail, he took him to the nurse to be checked for injuries.
At that time, appellant asked him something in Spanish, which was interpreted as
slang to mean "to knife, to cut with a knife." Officer Gonzalez testified that he was
familiar with some street language and that, to him, "it meant that [appellant] had
stabbed a young kid." Appellant was assessed by the nurse, who noted cuts on the
inside of appellant's left arm. Officer Gonzalez testified that, while being treated,
appellant spoke in Spanish and said what was interpreted as the following: "When we
were knifing the young guy, I jumped over the fence and I got cut." When asked if
appellant made any other admissions that night, Officer Gonzalez replied, "No, ma'am.
He was just admitting he had stabbed somebody."
E. Norma Jean Farley, M.D.'s Testimony
Dr. Farley, a forensic pathologist, testified that she conducted the autopsy on
Losoya. She identified nine stab wounds–-wounds to Losoya's jaw, left backside, left
frontal scalp, anterior left chest, mid chest, left abdomen, left arm, and hip. Dr. Farley
described two wounds on Losoya's left forearm as defensive-type stab wounds. She
6 also identified contusions on Losoya's shoulder. Dr. Farley testified that the fatal
wound to the anterior left chest, which in her opinion was made by a knife, was
four-and-a-half inches deep following a lethal wound track, going through "the left lung
and into the sac that sits around the heart and into the pulmonary artery . . . ."
II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
By two issues, appellant claims that the evidence is insufficient to support his
murder conviction. By his first issue, appellant specifically challenges the sufficiency
of the evidence to establish the intent element of the offense, see TEX. PENAL CODE
ANN. § 19.02(b)(1), and, by his second issue, the jury's rejection of his self-defense
claim. See id. § 9.32 (a)(3)(A) (West Supp. 2010).
A. Standard of Review
Although appellant challenges both the legal and factual sufficiency of the
evidence, in light of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals's 2010 opinion in Brooks v.
State, we will conduct only a legal sufficiency review. See 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.). Brooks held that there is "no meaningful distinction
between the . . . legal-sufficiency standard and the . . . factual-sufficiency standard,
and these two standards have become indistinguishable." Id. at 902. A legal
sufficiency standard is "the only standard that a reviewing court should apply in
determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support each element in a criminal
offense that the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt. All other cases
to the contrary . . . are overruled." Id. at 912.
When conducting a sufficiency review, a court must ask whether "any rational
7 trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt"—not whether "it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond
a reasonable doubt." Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979). A
sufficiency analysis requires the court to view all of the evidence in "a light most
favorable to the verdict and to determine whether a rational trier of fact could have
found all of the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Id.; see
Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). We look at "events
occurring before, during and after the commission of the offense and may rely on
actions of the defendant which show an understanding and common design to do the
prohibited act." Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (quoting
Cordova v. State, 698 S.W.2d 107, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)). The trier of fact is
the sole judge of the facts, the credibility of the witnesses, and the weight given to
testimony. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.04 (West 1979); Beckham v. State, 29
S.W.3d 148, 151 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref'd). We do not
reevaluate the weight or credibility of the evidence, nor do we substitute our own
conclusions for the trier of fact. King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000) (en banc). Instead, we resolve any inconsistencies in the evidence in favor of
the final judgment and consider whether the jury reached a rational decision. Curry v.
State, 30 S.W.3d 394, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
Sufficiency is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by a
hypothetically correct jury charge. Villarreal v. State, 286 S.W.3d 321, 327 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2009); Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). As
8 indicted in this case, appellant is guilty of murder if he intentionally or knowingly caused
the death of an individual by stabbing him with a knife or other unknown object. See
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(1).
B. Applicable Law
1. Intent
Intent and knowledge are fact questions for the jury, and are almost always proven through evidence of the circumstances surrounding the crime. Robles v. State, 664 S.W.2d 91, 94 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) [(en banc)]; Mouton v. State, 923 S.W.2d 219, 223 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, no pet.). Intent may be inferred from words and conduct of the accused. See Hernandez v. State, 819 S.W.2d 806, 810 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) [(en banc)]. Intent to kill may be inferred from use of a deadly weapon, unless in the manner of its use it is reasonably apparent that death or serious bodily injury could not result. Flanagan v. State, 675 S.W.2d 734, 744 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) [(en banc) (op. on reh'g)]; Bell v. State, 501 S.W.2d 137, 138-39 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973).
Childs v. State, 21 S.W.3d 631, 635 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref'd);
see Guevara, 152 S.W.3d at 49-50.
2. Self-Defense
One may use force against another when and to the degree he reasonably
believes the force is immediately necessary to protect himself against the other's use
or attempted use of unlawful force. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.31 (West Supp. 2010).
This includes using deadly force against the other if a reasonable person in the actor's
situation would not have retreated and when and to the degree that "he reasonably
believes" the deadly force is immediately necessary to protect himself against the
other's use or attempted use of unlawful deadly force. Id. § 9.32(a).
When a defendant asserts a claim of self-defense, the State has the ultimate
9 burden of persuasion. Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 595 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007);
Miller v. State, 177 S.W.3d 177, 183 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref'd).
The burden of persuasion does not require the production of evidence; it requires only
that the State prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at 594.
"The issue of self-defense is a fact issue to be determined by the jury, and a jury is free
to accept or reject the defensive issue, even if the evidence is uncontroverted." Hill v.
State, 99 S.W.3d 248, 252 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. ref'd) (citing Wilkerson v.
State, 881 S.W.2d 321, 324 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)). When a jury finds a defendant
guilty, there is an implicit finding against the defensive theory. Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at
594. When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence concerning the jury's rejection
of self-defense, "we determine whether after viewing all the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact would have found the essential
elements of murder beyond a reasonable doubt and also would have found against
appellant on the self-defense issue beyond a reasonable doubt." Saxton v. State, 804
S.W.2d 910, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (en banc); Lee v. State, 259 S.W.3d 785, 791
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref'd).
C. Discussion
By his first issue, appellant contends that the evidence is insufficient to establish
the element of intent beyond a reasonable doubt and is, therefore, insufficient to
support the jury's verdict. Appellant asserts that there is no evidence to establish that
he acted with the intent to murder Losoya, rather than to just defend himself.
10 Here, the evidence establishes that appellant and Teresa had been separated
for approximately a month. Appellant went to see his children. Shortly before he
arrived, appellant talked with Teresa and was told that he could see his children but
that Teresa hated him. Appellant found Losoya, a man appellant did not know, at the
house where his wife and children lived. Losoya was wearing appellant's clothes.
This is evidence of circumstances surrounding the crime which could have established
appellant's intent to murder Losoya. See Guevara, 152 S.W.3d at 50 ("Motive is a
significant circumstance indicating guilt.").
Although it is undisputed that appellant and Losoya fought, Teresa testified that
she saw neither man with a knife while they fought. However, Teresa also testified at
trial that her statement to the police included the following: that appellant was the first
to pull out a knife; that he began stabbing Losoya while Losoya sat on the steps; and
that appellant continued to stab at Losoya. Appellant also testified that, at some point
during the fight, he had the knife; he took it away from the man. And Officer Gonzalez
testified that appellant admitted he had stabbed somebody. Therefore, the jury could
have determined that appellant used a deadly weapon. See Childs, 21 S.W.3d at
635. Moreover, Losoya's nine stab wounds, one of which was a four-and-a-half lethal
knife wound, were inflicted in a manner that could have and did result in death.
Appellant only received one cut on his arm, and there is conflicting testimony as to how
he received that cut—from the fight or from jumping over the fence. No one else was
involved in the fight. The jury could have inferred intent to kill from this evidence.
See id. Moreover, appellant did not immediately call 911 or an ambulance after
11 allegedly stabbing Losoya in self-defense. Instead, according to Teresa’s neighbor,
when Teresa yelled for someone to call the police, appellant fled the scene in haste.
Intent can be inferred from such conduct. See Hardesty v. State, 656 S.W.2d 73,
77-78 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983) ("Flight is also a circumstance indicating guilt.").
We are to view all of the evidence in "a light most favorable to the verdict and to
determine whether a rational trier of fact could have found all of the essential elements
of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318-19; see Laster,
275 S.W.3d at 517. The jury weighed conflicts in testimony and resolved them
against appellant. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.04; Beckham, 29 S.W.3d
at 151. We will neither reevaluate that determination nor substitute our own
conclusions for those of the jury. See King, 29 S.W.3d at 562. Instead, while the
record supports conflicting inferences, we must presume that the trier of fact resolved
any such conflicts in favor of the prosecution, and we must defer to that resolution.
See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326. Doing so, we conclude that, in this case, a rational trier
of fact could have found, beyond a reasonable doubt, that appellant intentionally
caused the death of Losoya by stabbing him with a knife. See id. at 318-19. We
overrule appellant's first issue.
By his second issue, appellant claims that the evidence is insufficient to support
the jury's rejection of his self-defense claim. He specifically contends that "the
evidence shows that any acts [appellant] committed which were acts dangerous to . . .
Losoya's life, were acts made in self-defense. [Appellant] testified he acted in
12 self-defense and did not know . . . Losoya had died." Appellant asserts that he "had
no choice but to use the force to defend himself which was, at the very least, equal to
the force that was being inflicted upon him by . . . Losoya," who was trying to stab him.
We disagree.
As set out above, although Teresa testified that Losoya had placed some knives
on the outside stairs, the only evidence that Losoya had a knife when he fought with
appellant came from appellant's testimony. Losoya was stabbed nine times while
appellant received only one cut, which the jury could have determined occurred when
he jumped over the fence. Even if appellant's testimony that Losoya had a knife was
uncontroverted, the jury was free to reject appellant's self-defense claim. See Hill, 99
S.W.3d at 252. The jury could have concluded that Losoya's actions were not so
threatening to appellant at that time that appellant reasonably believed that his actions
were necessary to protect himself against Losoya. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 9.31.
In this case, a rational jury could also have chosen to disbelieve appellant's testimony
that it appeared to him that Losoya had a knife when he first saw him in the trailer and
when they fought; that he had to defend himself against Losoya's attempted use of
deadly force; and that a reasonable person in that situation would not have retreated.
Id. § 9.32(a).
Although appellant may have perceived things differently, the evidence is, at
best, conflicting with regard to whether Losoya engaged in any physical attack on
appellant that would have justified appellant's use of deadly force against him. The
jury could have rejected the defensive evidence and concluded that appellant suffered
13 nothing life-threatening at the hands of Losoya at or near the time appellant repeatedly
stabbed and killed him. See Hill, 99 S.W.3d at 253.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that
a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant
intentionally caused Losoya's death, see Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at 594; Saxton, 804
S.W.2d at 914, and that a rational jury could have found against appellant on the
self-defense issue beyond a reasonable doubt. See Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 914.
Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support the jury's finding of
guilt and its rejection of appellant's claim of self-defense. We overrule appellant's
second issue.
VI. CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
NELDA V. RODRIGUEZ Justice
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the 9th day of June, 2011.