.Ritz, Judge:
On the 3rd of January, 1913, the defendant D. Scott 'Thompson entered into a contract with the Pennsylvania ■Sales Corporation, assignor of the plaintiff in this case, by which he became the agent of that concern for the sale of ■Michigan automobiles and their accessories in certain designated territory. The provisions of the contract, so far as they ■are material to the determination of the questions involved here, are that Thompson deposited one thousand dollars with ■the Sales Corporation to be held by it as security for the payment of any amount which he might owe, and to be refunded to him by crediting it on the automobiles sold by him, •at the rate of one hundred dollars for each of such machines •so sold. The contract further fixed the price at which such machines and their accessories were to be sold, and the compensation to be allowed to Thompson for making the sales. It further provided that in case of the failure of Thompson ‘to remit the invoice price of the automobiles and parts shipped and sold under the agreement at the time provided in the contract he, thb said Thompson, authorized any attorney of a court of record selected by the other party to confess .judgment in any court of law of competent jurisdiction for the amount of any unpaid balance. This suit was brought by Edward P. Gerber Company, a corporation, assignee of the Pennsylvania Sales Corporation, to recover a balance alleged to be due by the said Thompson upon the contract aforesaid. An affidavit was filed with the declaration in which was stated the amount which the plaintiff claimed the right to recover. When the ease was called for trial the plaintiff by its attorney appeared and moved to be permitted to confess ..judgment in favor of the plaintiff against the defendant for 'the sum claimed in the affidavit. The defendant resisted this [724]*724motion and asked to be allowed to file his counter affidavit and plea of non assumpsit. The court below declined to allow plaintiff’s attorney to confess judgment, but permitted the counter affidavit to be filed, together with the plea of non as-sumpsit. Subsequently the defendant filed his special plea of res judicata. This special plea is based upon an attachment proceeding instituted by the defendant against the Pennsylvania Sales Corporation in December, 1913. It appears that the defendant instituted in the circuit court of Harrison county an action in assumpsit in December, 1913, to recover the one thousand dollars deposited by him under the contract. No service of process was had upon the defendant, but the jurisdiction was sustained by levying an attachment sued out in said cause on one of the machines shipped to Thompson for sale. Without any appearance on behalf of the Sales Corporation a judgment was taken condemning the said machine to sale in satisfaction of plaintiff’s demand. It was sold, the sale confirmed, and the proceeds thereof paid over to the plaintiff, and this proceeding Thompson now sets up as res judicata in this suit. A trial was had in the court ■below upon the issue raised by the plea of res judicata alone, and the court found thereon in favor of Thompson and rendered judgment accordingly, from which judgment this writ of error is prosecuted.
The plaintiff’s first contention is that the court erred in not granting its motion to confess judgment by its attorney in its favor against the defendant because of the provision in the contract referred to. This contract created the defendant Thompson an agent for the sale of the Sales Corporation’s goods at an agreed price. At the time it was entered into there was no amount due by Thompson, and the provision authorizing the confession of judgment simply provided that when any amount might become due and unpaid, in accordance with the terms of the contract, the plaintiff, through its. attorney, might confess judgment in its favor. It will be observed that there is nothing in the contract from which such amount can be determined. It depended entirely upon thn future dealings of the parties. Ordinarily an authority to confess judgment ought to be as certain in its terms as the [725]*725judgment itself. The amount for which such judgment is to be confessed should be clearly stated, or else facts and figures given' in the power itself from which the amount can be certainly determined. Such is not the case here, and for that reason alone the alleged power of attorney conferred no authority to confess judgment for any amount. 23 Cyc. 704; 15 R. C. L. 653; Bennett v. Haley, 142 Pa. St. 253; Little v. Dyer, 138 Ill. 272; Fortune v. Bartolomei, 164 Ill. 51; Holden v. Bull, 1 Penrose & Watts (Pa.) 460; Connay v. Halstead, 73 Pa. 354; 11 Ency. of Pleading & Practice, 981. Thé court did not err in denying plaintiff’s motion to confess judgment and permitting the defendant to file his counter affidavit and plea.
The plaintiff, however, contends that the court below erred in finding for the defendant on his special plea of res judi-cata. As before stated, this special plea relied upon the judgment in an attachment suit brought by Thompson against plaintiff’s assignor, in which no service of process was had, but which jurisdiction was sustained by reason of a levy made on one of the automobiles shipped to Thompson by the Sales Corporation. In this suit Thompson filed an account upon which he asked recovery, and it was for the one thous- and dollars advanced by him to the Sales Corporation under the contract. The judgment was in his favor for this sum with its interest, and adjudged that the property attached was liable to be sold in satisfaction thereof. What is the effect of such a judgment? The defendant contends that it is conclusive of all controversies existing between the parties,, while the plaintiff contends that it is conclusive of nothing except the fact that Thompson was entitled to have the particular property upon which the levy was made sold to satisfy his alleged debt. A proceeding by way of attachment partakes somewhat in its nature both of a proceeding in rem and one in personam. It is not, strictly speaking, a proceeding in rem, although it partakes more of the nature of such a proceeding where no service of process has been had than it does of a proceeding in personam. There is this difference, however. In a pure proceeding in rem, the judgment is con- ■ elusive against the world as to the right in the property or [726]*726thing seized, or the status sought to be determined, while in a. proceeding by attachment, where there is no service of process the attachment is only conclusive upon the parties to it and their privies. If a stranger claims to own the property he would not be bound by the adjudication in the attachment proceeding, while in a pure proceeding in rem every one is bound by the adjudication. It will thus be seen that the effect of .such a judgment is not as broad as a judgment in a proceeding purely in rem. Cooper v. Reynolds, 10 Wall. 308; Biglow on Estoppel, p. 330. But what is the effect of such a judgment upon the parties to the proceedings? It is for no other purpose, and has no other effect than to reach the property which a non resident defendant may have in the state, where there is no personal service of process. It is confined exclusively to such property, and is of no further force when that is exhausted. It is evidence of nothing be‘ yond this, and does not bind or conclude the defendant as to anything else.
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.Ritz, Judge:
On the 3rd of January, 1913, the defendant D. Scott 'Thompson entered into a contract with the Pennsylvania ■Sales Corporation, assignor of the plaintiff in this case, by which he became the agent of that concern for the sale of ■Michigan automobiles and their accessories in certain designated territory. The provisions of the contract, so far as they ■are material to the determination of the questions involved here, are that Thompson deposited one thousand dollars with ■the Sales Corporation to be held by it as security for the payment of any amount which he might owe, and to be refunded to him by crediting it on the automobiles sold by him, •at the rate of one hundred dollars for each of such machines •so sold. The contract further fixed the price at which such machines and their accessories were to be sold, and the compensation to be allowed to Thompson for making the sales. It further provided that in case of the failure of Thompson ‘to remit the invoice price of the automobiles and parts shipped and sold under the agreement at the time provided in the contract he, thb said Thompson, authorized any attorney of a court of record selected by the other party to confess .judgment in any court of law of competent jurisdiction for the amount of any unpaid balance. This suit was brought by Edward P. Gerber Company, a corporation, assignee of the Pennsylvania Sales Corporation, to recover a balance alleged to be due by the said Thompson upon the contract aforesaid. An affidavit was filed with the declaration in which was stated the amount which the plaintiff claimed the right to recover. When the ease was called for trial the plaintiff by its attorney appeared and moved to be permitted to confess ..judgment in favor of the plaintiff against the defendant for 'the sum claimed in the affidavit. The defendant resisted this [724]*724motion and asked to be allowed to file his counter affidavit and plea of non assumpsit. The court below declined to allow plaintiff’s attorney to confess judgment, but permitted the counter affidavit to be filed, together with the plea of non as-sumpsit. Subsequently the defendant filed his special plea of res judicata. This special plea is based upon an attachment proceeding instituted by the defendant against the Pennsylvania Sales Corporation in December, 1913. It appears that the defendant instituted in the circuit court of Harrison county an action in assumpsit in December, 1913, to recover the one thousand dollars deposited by him under the contract. No service of process was had upon the defendant, but the jurisdiction was sustained by levying an attachment sued out in said cause on one of the machines shipped to Thompson for sale. Without any appearance on behalf of the Sales Corporation a judgment was taken condemning the said machine to sale in satisfaction of plaintiff’s demand. It was sold, the sale confirmed, and the proceeds thereof paid over to the plaintiff, and this proceeding Thompson now sets up as res judicata in this suit. A trial was had in the court ■below upon the issue raised by the plea of res judicata alone, and the court found thereon in favor of Thompson and rendered judgment accordingly, from which judgment this writ of error is prosecuted.
The plaintiff’s first contention is that the court erred in not granting its motion to confess judgment by its attorney in its favor against the defendant because of the provision in the contract referred to. This contract created the defendant Thompson an agent for the sale of the Sales Corporation’s goods at an agreed price. At the time it was entered into there was no amount due by Thompson, and the provision authorizing the confession of judgment simply provided that when any amount might become due and unpaid, in accordance with the terms of the contract, the plaintiff, through its. attorney, might confess judgment in its favor. It will be observed that there is nothing in the contract from which such amount can be determined. It depended entirely upon thn future dealings of the parties. Ordinarily an authority to confess judgment ought to be as certain in its terms as the [725]*725judgment itself. The amount for which such judgment is to be confessed should be clearly stated, or else facts and figures given' in the power itself from which the amount can be certainly determined. Such is not the case here, and for that reason alone the alleged power of attorney conferred no authority to confess judgment for any amount. 23 Cyc. 704; 15 R. C. L. 653; Bennett v. Haley, 142 Pa. St. 253; Little v. Dyer, 138 Ill. 272; Fortune v. Bartolomei, 164 Ill. 51; Holden v. Bull, 1 Penrose & Watts (Pa.) 460; Connay v. Halstead, 73 Pa. 354; 11 Ency. of Pleading & Practice, 981. Thé court did not err in denying plaintiff’s motion to confess judgment and permitting the defendant to file his counter affidavit and plea.
The plaintiff, however, contends that the court below erred in finding for the defendant on his special plea of res judi-cata. As before stated, this special plea relied upon the judgment in an attachment suit brought by Thompson against plaintiff’s assignor, in which no service of process was had, but which jurisdiction was sustained by reason of a levy made on one of the automobiles shipped to Thompson by the Sales Corporation. In this suit Thompson filed an account upon which he asked recovery, and it was for the one thous- and dollars advanced by him to the Sales Corporation under the contract. The judgment was in his favor for this sum with its interest, and adjudged that the property attached was liable to be sold in satisfaction thereof. What is the effect of such a judgment? The defendant contends that it is conclusive of all controversies existing between the parties,, while the plaintiff contends that it is conclusive of nothing except the fact that Thompson was entitled to have the particular property upon which the levy was made sold to satisfy his alleged debt. A proceeding by way of attachment partakes somewhat in its nature both of a proceeding in rem and one in personam. It is not, strictly speaking, a proceeding in rem, although it partakes more of the nature of such a proceeding where no service of process has been had than it does of a proceeding in personam. There is this difference, however. In a pure proceeding in rem, the judgment is con- ■ elusive against the world as to the right in the property or [726]*726thing seized, or the status sought to be determined, while in a. proceeding by attachment, where there is no service of process the attachment is only conclusive upon the parties to it and their privies. If a stranger claims to own the property he would not be bound by the adjudication in the attachment proceeding, while in a pure proceeding in rem every one is bound by the adjudication. It will thus be seen that the effect of .such a judgment is not as broad as a judgment in a proceeding purely in rem. Cooper v. Reynolds, 10 Wall. 308; Biglow on Estoppel, p. 330. But what is the effect of such a judgment upon the parties to the proceedings? It is for no other purpose, and has no other effect than to reach the property which a non resident defendant may have in the state, where there is no personal service of process. It is confined exclusively to such property, and is of no further force when that is exhausted. It is evidence of nothing be‘ yond this, and does not bind or conclude the defendant as to anything else. A suit could not be maintained on it in any other court in the same state or elsewhere, nor would the plaintiff in such a proceeding in whose favor the judgment was rendered be precluded from bringing another action on the original consideration for such balance as may be due after exhausting the property attached. To hold that a judgment thus rendered has any vitality after exhausting the only thing conferring the jurisdiction is violative of a principle in-heritent in our government which constitutes an inflexible rule of the common law, and that is that no one can be condemned unheard. It cannot be disputed that whatever interest the Pennsylvania Sales Corporation had in the property attached passed by the judgment and sale thereunder, but after exhausting that subject-matter the judgment is of no force or effect, and can afford no advantage to either party as an adjudication of any other matter. 7 Robinson’s Practice, p. 51; Stone v. Myers, 9 Minn. 303.
But the plaintiff argues that even though the judgment relied upon be treated as one rendered upon default after service of process, it would not be a bar to this suit for two reasons: first, that this suit is brought by an assignee of the defendant in the former suit, and it does not appear whether [727]*727the -rights of the plaintiff here was acquired before or after-the institution of -the former suit, is being contended that if' such rights were acquired under the assignment before such, suit was brought-the same could have no effect upon the plaintiff in this suit; and second, that the subject-matter of this, suit was neither involved nor litigated in the former suit.
It is well settled that a judgment is conclusive, not only-upon the parties to the litigation, but also upon all persons^ who are in privity with them. Privity is said to be a mutual or successive relationship to the same rights of property, and', if it is sought to bind one as privy by an adjudication against-, his predecessor in title, it must appear that at the time he acquired the right, or succeeded to the title, it was then affected by the adjudication, for if the right was asquired by him before the adjudication then the doctrine cannot apply. Black on Judgments, § 549; Freeman on Judgments, §162; United States v. Louisville, 169 U. S. 249; Bensimer v. Fell, 35 W. Va. 15; 29 Am. St. Rep. 774; Maxwell, v. Leeson, 50 W. Va. 361; Hudkins v. Crim, 72 W. Va. 418; Steel v. Long, 104 Iowa, 39. It will therefore be seen that it was necessary,, not only to show that the plaintiff in this suit was the assignee of the defendant in the other suit, but that it became such assignee after the institution of such former suit. This does not appear from the proof submitted, and for that reason the court erred in his findings upon the plea of res judicata.
Nor can it be said, we think, that the matters involved in this suit were in any wise involved in the former proceeding which is set up as a bar to this action. The former litigation had no other object than the recovery of the one 'thousand dollars advanced by Thompson to the Sales Corporation as security for property delivered to him for sale. It did not involve in any wise amounts which he might owe to the Sales Corporation. It is true the Sales Corporation might have filed these amounts as offsets in that suit, and had this been done the same would have become involved, and the adjudication in that suit would have concluded the Sales Corporation as to the claim set up. But one who is sued upon a claim is, under no obligation to plead offsets thereto, or to set up -some! independent cause of action in defense thereof. Even after-[728]*728he is served with process and allows a judgment to go against him by default, he is only concluded as to such matters as are defensive to the cause of action set up. He could not thereafter say, of course, that he did not owe the money for which suit was brought, but if he has a claim against the plaintiff in such suit he is not barred from setting it up in another and independent suit to recover the same. 23 Cyc, 1131, etc.; 15 R. C. L. p. 987; Lawson v. Conaway, 37 W. Va. 159; Vanfleet’s Former Adjudiaction, § 217. We are therefore of the opinion that the court below was wrong in holding that the cause, of action here was barred by the former proceeding, for the reason that it was in no wise involved in that proceeding, and there was no adjudication there affecting the 'Cause of action relied upon in this suit.
As before stated, ,the defendant in this suit pleaded the general issue of non assumpsit, as well as the special defense of res judicata. The issues upon these pleas should have been tried together. It is apparent, however, that the trial in the •circuit court was only of the issue made upon the special plea of res judicata. Neither party objected to the suit proceeding in this way. In fact, it is apparent that it so proceeded with the consent and the desire of both parties.
Finding that the conclusions of the court below are wrong upon this issue, we will set aside the judgment rendered thereon and reverse the court’s findings, but inasmuch as the flssue joined upon the plea of non assumpsit has never been Uried we will not render judgment here in favor of either of the parties, but will remand the cause to the circuit court for a trial upon that issue.
Reversed and remanded.