AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed July 12, 2018.
In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-17-00590-CR
ECTOR ANTONIO SOZA, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 265th Judicial District Court Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. F-1660408-R
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Lang-Miers, Evans, and Schenck Opinion by Justice Schenck Ector Antonio Soza appeals his conviction and ten-year sentence for indecency with a
child. In a single issue, appellant asserts he was egregiously harmed because the trial court did not
accurately instruct the jury on the parole law as it applied to him. We affirm his conviction.
Because all issues are settled in law, we issue this memorandum opinion. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.
BACKGROUND
The State indicted appellant for the offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child younger
than fourteen years of age. Appellant entered a plea of “not guilty” and proceeded to a jury trial.
Appellant testified at trial and denied having performed the unlawful act as alleged in the
indictment and as testified to by the complainant. The jury found against appellant and returned a verdict against him on the lesser-included offense of indecency with a child. The jury subsequently
set punishment at ten years’ confinement.
DISCUSSION
Appellant asserts the trial court violated its duty to provide the jury instruction statutorily
mandated by article 37.07, section 4(a) of the code of criminal procedure. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
ANN. art. 37.07, § 4(a). Claims of jury charge error are viewed under a two-pronged test. Almanza
v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). First, we determine whether error exists.
Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). If so, we then evaluate the harm
caused by that error. Id.
In this case, appellant elected to have the jury assess his punishment. Therefore, the trial
court was required to instruct the jury on the law of parole and how this law would be applied to
appellant.1 The jury should have been charged as follows:
Under the law applicable in this case, the defendant, if sentenced to a term of imprisonment, may earn time off the period of incarceration imposed through the award of good conduct time. Prison authorities may award good conduct time to a prisoner who exhibits good behavior, diligence in carrying out prison work assignments, and attempts at rehabilitation. If a prisoner engages in misconduct, prison authorities may also take away all or part of any good conduct time earned by the prisoner.
It is also possible that the length of time for which the defendant will be imprisoned might be reduced by the award of parole.
Under the law applicable in this case, if the defendant is sentenced to a term of imprisonment, the defendant will not become eligible for parole until the actual time served equals one-half of the sentence imposed or 30 years, whichever is less, without consideration of any good conduct time the defendant may earn. If the defendant is sentenced to a term of less than four years, the defendant must serve at least two years before the defendant is eligible for parole. Eligibility for parole does not guarantee that parole will be granted.
1 The statutory instruction is constitutional and mandatory, and the precise language of article 37.07 is prohibited from alteration. Luquis v. State, 72 S.W.3d 355, 363 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
–2– It cannot accurately be predicted how the parole law and good conduct time might be applied to this defendant if sentenced to a term of imprisonment, because the application of these laws will depend on decisions made by prison and parole authorities.
You may consider the existence of the parole law and good conduct time. However, you are not to consider the extent to which good conduct time may be awarded to or forfeited by this particular defendant. You are not to consider the manner in which the parole law may be applied to this particular defendant.
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07 §4(a).
Instead, the jury was charged, in pertinent part:
It is also possible that the length of time for which the defendant will be imprisoned might be reduced by the award of parole.
Under the law applicable in this case, the defendant will not become eligible for parole until the actual time served equals one-half of the sentence imposed, without consideration of any good conduct time he may earn. Eligibility for parole does not guarantee that parole will be granted.
It cannot be accurately be predicted how the parole law and good conduct time might be applied to this defendant if he is sentenced to a term of imprisonment, because the application of these laws will depend on decisions made by prison and parole authorities.
You may consider the existence of the parole law and good conduct time. However, you are not to consider the extent to which good conduct time may be awarded to or forfeited by this particular defendant. You are not to consider the manner in which the parole law may be applied to this particular defendant.
This instruction failed to inform the jury that if appellant were sentenced to a term of less
than four years he must serve at least two years before he is eligible for parole and, thus, was
erroneous. Appellant did not object to the erroneous charge, however. Therefore, the error
supports reversal only if it is shown to be egregious and to have created such harm that appellant
was deprived of a fair and impartial trial. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
Egregious harm obtains when the record shows that a defendant has suffered actual, rather
than merely theoretical, harm from jury charge error. Id. at 174. Egregious harm consists of error
affecting the very basis of the case, depriving the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affecting
–3– a defensive theory. Sanchez v. State, 209 S.W.3d 117, 121 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); see also
Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (stressing the extraordinary harm
necessary to support a finding of egregious harm). In examining the record to determine whether
such harm occurred, we consider (1) the entire jury charge, (2) the state of the evidence, including
the contested issues and weight of probative evidence, (3) the argument of counsel and (4) any
other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial court as a whole. Almanza, 686
S.W.2d at 171. These are commonly referred to as the Almanza factors.
Appellant argues egregious harm exists in this case because the erroneous parole charge
tended to encourage the jury to assess a lengthier sentence than they would have if they had a
correct understanding of the law. Appellant cites no authority or evidence to substantiate this
argument, and, in fact, as more fully set forth below, the record and the law both refute appellant’s
contention.
The over-arching purpose of the section 4(a) instruction is to inform the jurors of the
concepts of “good conduct time” and parole as a general proposition, but to prohibit the jury from
using its notions of parole or “good conduct time” in any calculus in assessing the appropriate
punishment. Luquis, 72 S.W.3d at 260.
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AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed July 12, 2018.
In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-17-00590-CR
ECTOR ANTONIO SOZA, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 265th Judicial District Court Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. F-1660408-R
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Lang-Miers, Evans, and Schenck Opinion by Justice Schenck Ector Antonio Soza appeals his conviction and ten-year sentence for indecency with a
child. In a single issue, appellant asserts he was egregiously harmed because the trial court did not
accurately instruct the jury on the parole law as it applied to him. We affirm his conviction.
Because all issues are settled in law, we issue this memorandum opinion. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.
BACKGROUND
The State indicted appellant for the offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child younger
than fourteen years of age. Appellant entered a plea of “not guilty” and proceeded to a jury trial.
Appellant testified at trial and denied having performed the unlawful act as alleged in the
indictment and as testified to by the complainant. The jury found against appellant and returned a verdict against him on the lesser-included offense of indecency with a child. The jury subsequently
set punishment at ten years’ confinement.
DISCUSSION
Appellant asserts the trial court violated its duty to provide the jury instruction statutorily
mandated by article 37.07, section 4(a) of the code of criminal procedure. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
ANN. art. 37.07, § 4(a). Claims of jury charge error are viewed under a two-pronged test. Almanza
v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). First, we determine whether error exists.
Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). If so, we then evaluate the harm
caused by that error. Id.
In this case, appellant elected to have the jury assess his punishment. Therefore, the trial
court was required to instruct the jury on the law of parole and how this law would be applied to
appellant.1 The jury should have been charged as follows:
Under the law applicable in this case, the defendant, if sentenced to a term of imprisonment, may earn time off the period of incarceration imposed through the award of good conduct time. Prison authorities may award good conduct time to a prisoner who exhibits good behavior, diligence in carrying out prison work assignments, and attempts at rehabilitation. If a prisoner engages in misconduct, prison authorities may also take away all or part of any good conduct time earned by the prisoner.
It is also possible that the length of time for which the defendant will be imprisoned might be reduced by the award of parole.
Under the law applicable in this case, if the defendant is sentenced to a term of imprisonment, the defendant will not become eligible for parole until the actual time served equals one-half of the sentence imposed or 30 years, whichever is less, without consideration of any good conduct time the defendant may earn. If the defendant is sentenced to a term of less than four years, the defendant must serve at least two years before the defendant is eligible for parole. Eligibility for parole does not guarantee that parole will be granted.
1 The statutory instruction is constitutional and mandatory, and the precise language of article 37.07 is prohibited from alteration. Luquis v. State, 72 S.W.3d 355, 363 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
–2– It cannot accurately be predicted how the parole law and good conduct time might be applied to this defendant if sentenced to a term of imprisonment, because the application of these laws will depend on decisions made by prison and parole authorities.
You may consider the existence of the parole law and good conduct time. However, you are not to consider the extent to which good conduct time may be awarded to or forfeited by this particular defendant. You are not to consider the manner in which the parole law may be applied to this particular defendant.
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07 §4(a).
Instead, the jury was charged, in pertinent part:
It is also possible that the length of time for which the defendant will be imprisoned might be reduced by the award of parole.
Under the law applicable in this case, the defendant will not become eligible for parole until the actual time served equals one-half of the sentence imposed, without consideration of any good conduct time he may earn. Eligibility for parole does not guarantee that parole will be granted.
It cannot be accurately be predicted how the parole law and good conduct time might be applied to this defendant if he is sentenced to a term of imprisonment, because the application of these laws will depend on decisions made by prison and parole authorities.
You may consider the existence of the parole law and good conduct time. However, you are not to consider the extent to which good conduct time may be awarded to or forfeited by this particular defendant. You are not to consider the manner in which the parole law may be applied to this particular defendant.
This instruction failed to inform the jury that if appellant were sentenced to a term of less
than four years he must serve at least two years before he is eligible for parole and, thus, was
erroneous. Appellant did not object to the erroneous charge, however. Therefore, the error
supports reversal only if it is shown to be egregious and to have created such harm that appellant
was deprived of a fair and impartial trial. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
Egregious harm obtains when the record shows that a defendant has suffered actual, rather
than merely theoretical, harm from jury charge error. Id. at 174. Egregious harm consists of error
affecting the very basis of the case, depriving the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affecting
–3– a defensive theory. Sanchez v. State, 209 S.W.3d 117, 121 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); see also
Villarreal v. State, 453 S.W.3d 429, 433 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (stressing the extraordinary harm
necessary to support a finding of egregious harm). In examining the record to determine whether
such harm occurred, we consider (1) the entire jury charge, (2) the state of the evidence, including
the contested issues and weight of probative evidence, (3) the argument of counsel and (4) any
other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial court as a whole. Almanza, 686
S.W.2d at 171. These are commonly referred to as the Almanza factors.
Appellant argues egregious harm exists in this case because the erroneous parole charge
tended to encourage the jury to assess a lengthier sentence than they would have if they had a
correct understanding of the law. Appellant cites no authority or evidence to substantiate this
argument, and, in fact, as more fully set forth below, the record and the law both refute appellant’s
contention.
The over-arching purpose of the section 4(a) instruction is to inform the jurors of the
concepts of “good conduct time” and parole as a general proposition, but to prohibit the jury from
using its notions of parole or “good conduct time” in any calculus in assessing the appropriate
punishment. Luquis, 72 S.W.3d at 260. In keeping with this purpose, the jury here was informed
of the range of punishment, instructed to limit its deliberations, under the law and the evidence in
the case, to the question of punishment, and instructed not to consider how “good conduct time”
or parole may be applied to appellant when assessing punishment. Absent any evidence or other
record indications to the contrary, we presume the jurors understood and followed the trial court’s
instructions in the jury charge, see Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011),
and appellant has failed to show otherwise. Thus, the first Almanza factor does not weight in favor
of concluding appellant was egregiously harmed by the erroneous instruction.
With respect to the second Almanza factor to be considered—the state of the evidence—
–4– appellant does not contend the evidence was insufficient to find him guilty of indecency with a
child. The jury convicted appellant of indecency with a child, a second degree felony. TEX. PENAL
CODE ANN. § 21.11(a)(1). The punishment range for the offense was a term of two to twenty years
and a possible fine not to exceed $10,000. See id. § 12.33. The jury assessed punishment at ten
years’ confinement and no fine. That sentence falls slightly below the mid-point of the range of
punishment. Thus, had the jury considered the possibility of parole, it was not in the range
potentially impacted by the erroneous charge (a term of less than four year). This factor does not
weigh in favor of concluding appellant was egregiously harmed by the erroneous instruction.
The third Almanza factor pertains to the arguments of counsel. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at
171. During closing arguments, appellant’s counsel urged the jury to impose the lowest sentence
and the State asked for more than ten years. The State did not request that the jury consider the
possibility of parole in assessing appellant’s punishment. The third Almanza factor does not weigh
in favor of concluding appellant was egregiously harmed by the erroneous instruction.
The fourth Almanza factor requires that we consider any other relevant information
revealed by the record of the trial as a whole that would have a bearing on whether appellant
suffered egregious harm. Id. At the time the jury considered punishment, it had already convicted
appellant of indecency with a child, and the punishment phase jury charge set forth the proper
range of punishment for the offense. During the jury’s deliberations on punishment, there was no
communication between the jury and the judge regarding the parole instruction or the possible
application of parole law to appellant. See Lopez v. State, 314 S.W.3d 70, 73 (Tex. App.—Waco
2010, no pet.) (op. on reh’g). Nothing in the record suggests the jury discussed, considered, or
attempted to apply any aspect of parole law to appellant despite the charge’s admonition not to do
so. Appellant has presented no evidence showing the jury was misled by the parole law charge
actually given or increased his sentence based on the absence of the portions of the article 37.07,
–5– section 4(a) instruction regarding a minimum of two years’ service for a two to four year sentence.
See Hooper v. State, 255 S.W.3d 262, 272–73 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, pet. ref’d). The fourth
Almanza factor does not weigh in favor of concluding appellant was egregiously harmed by the
erroneous instruction.
We are unable to conclude appellant suffered egregious harm from the erroneous jury
instruction concerning parole eligibility. Under the standards necessary to show egregious harm,
we conclude that the erroneous jury instruction did not deprive appellant of a fair and impartial
trial or affect the very basis of the case, deprive him of a valuable right, or vitally affect a defensive
theory. See Villarreal, 453 S.W.3d at 433. Accordingly, we resolve appellant’s sole issue against
him.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/David J. Schenck/ DAVID J. SCHENCK JUSTICE
DO NOT PUBLISH TEX. R. APP. P. 47
170590F.U05
–6– Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
ECTOR ANTONIO SOZA, Appellant On Appeal from the 265th Judicial District Court, Dallas County, Texas No. 05-17-00590-CR V. Trial Court Cause No. F-1660408-R. Opinion delivered by Justice Schenck. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee Justices Lang-Miers and Evans participating.
Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.
Judgment entered this 12th day of July, 2018.
–7–