2025 IL App (1st) 240948 First District Third Division November 19, 2025
No. 1-24-0948 ) EBULON FINANCIAL GROUP, LLC, ) ) Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of Cook County. v. ) ) No. 2022 M2 003221 EWA POLITANSKA, ) ) The Honorable Defendant ) James Allegretti, ) Judge Presiding. (Kinga Politanska, ) Appellee). ) )
JUSTICE REYES delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Presiding Justice Martin and Justice Rochford concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff Ebulon Financial Group, LLC, filed an eviction action against defendant Ewa
Politanska (Ewa), seeking possession and money damages in connection with a single-family
residence in Park Ridge, Illinois. After the circuit court entered an agreed eviction order,
appellee Kinga Politanska (Kinga), Ewa’s daughter, filed a motion to vacate the agreed order,
contending that she was an occupant of the residence and was never named in the lawsuit or
served. The circuit court granted her motion to vacate and also granted her subsequent motion
seeking immediate possession of the property. Plaintiff appeals, and for the reasons that follow,
we reverse. No. 1-24-0948
¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 On October 5, 2022, plaintiff filed an eviction complaint against Ewa and unknown
occupants, seeking possession of a single-family residence in Park Ridge (the property) and
alleging that Ewa owed $171,847.85 in past-due rent. Attached to the complaint was a lease
naming Ewa as the tenant and plaintiff as the landlord. Also attached to the complaint was a
five-day notice to “Ewa Politanska, Kinga Politanska and all unknown occupants” demanding
full payment of the past-due rent, as well as an affidavit of service from plaintiff’s managing
member averring the delivery of the five-day notice to “Danila, a person above the age of
thirteen (13) years of age, residing on or in charge of the above described premises.”
¶4 The sheriff’s office filed affidavits of service for Ewa and for “unknown occupants,”
averring that (1) Ewa had been served by substitute service on October 20, 2022, by leaving a
copy of the summons and complaint at Ewa’s usual place of abode with a family member or
person residing there, 13 years or older, namely, “Danielle Marinova,” and also mailing a copy
of the summons to Ewa; and that (2) “unknown occupants” had been served on the same day
by leaving a copy of the summons and complaint with “Danielle Marinova,” “a person of the
age of 13 or upwards occupying said premise[s].”
¶5 On November 14, 2022, Ewa filed a motion to quash service, claiming that Daniela
Marinova, the person who accepted service, did not reside at the property, nor was there any
evidence that the summons was mailed to the property. The circuit court granted Ewa’s motion
to quash service and, on its own motion, allowed service on defendant by posting an alias
summons on the front door of the property after knocking on the door. The sheriff’s office filed
affidavits of service for both Ewa and “unknown occupants,” averring service by posting on
December 22, 2022.
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¶6 On January 6, 2023, plaintiff and Ewa entered into a written settlement agreement, which
provided that Ewa was to purchase the property. The agreement further provided that, in the
event Ewa failed to close the transaction by March 31, 2023, Ewa, her guests, and all unknown
occupants would be required to vacate the property by that date. In addition, if she failed to
close the transaction, Ewa consented to the entry of an agreed order of possession—with no
stay—as well as a money judgment in the amount of $276,370 less any payments made since
the agreement was executed. If Ewa paid plaintiff $13,500 on or before March 1, 2023, the
dates in the agreement would be extended to April 30, 2023. On the same day as the execution
of the settlement agreement, the circuit court entered an agreed dismissal order dismissing the
case, subject to reinstatement on the same terms.
¶7 On July 24, 2023, plaintiff filed a motion to reinstate the case and enter judgment in its
favor. Plaintiff claimed that, even after obtaining several extensions, Ewa had failed to
purchase the property or pay the full amounts due, and Ewa and “unknown occupants” had not
vacated the premises. Consequently, plaintiff requested that the case be reinstated and the
circuit court enter a judgment of possession and a money judgment in the amount of
$288,493.68, representing the amount currently due and owing.
¶8 On September 21, 2023, the circuit court entered an agreed order vacating the January 6,
2023, dismissal order and entered a separate agreed order granting plaintiff possession of the
property. The circuit court also continued the cause to October 13, 2023, to determine
compliance with the terms of the settlement agreement and, in the event of a default under the
agreement, to enter a money judgment. In the agreed eviction order, the circuit court ordered
the defendants—Ewa and “unknown occupants”—to vacate the premises by October 10, 2023.
The circuit court further ordered that “[i]f Defendants do not move out by the date and time
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listed above, the Sheriff is ordered to evict the following Defendants: Ewa Politanska[,] Kinga
Politanska (not a defendant),” and “unknown occupants.”
¶9 On October 13, 2023, the circuit court entered an order which provided:
“1. A judgment is entered in favor of the plaintiff in the amount of $276[,]370
against Ewa Politanska plus costs.
2. Per the terms of the written settlement agreement if the defendant closes the
transaction per the terms of the previously entered settlement agreement and written
executed modification by October 31, 2023 and the payment of the October use and
occupancy, plaintiff will not object to the vacation of the judgments.
3. This is a final order.”
¶ 10 On October 23, 2023, Ewa filed an emergency motion to temporarily vacate the September
21, 2023, and October 13, 2023, orders to provide her the opportunity to obtain a mortgage in
order to close on the real estate transaction. On October 24, 2023, the circuit court denied
Ewa’s motion.
¶ 11 On November 17, 2023, Kinga filed a “motion to vacate void orders and quash service.”
Kinga claimed that she had a possessory interest in the property and “has lived in the Property
for years,” and further claimed that plaintiff was aware of this fact, as evidenced by her being
named in the five-day notice and in the September 21, 2023, eviction order. As such, Kinga
contended that she was a known occupant of the property and was required to have been named
and served in the action. Kinga maintained that the failure to do so rendered the eviction order
void. Attached to her motion was her affidavit, in which she averred that she had been an
occupant of the property since at least March 25, 2020, as well as a redacted copy of her
driver’s license showing the property as her address.
4 No. 1-24-0948
¶ 12 According to an affidavit filed by the sheriff’s office, the eviction was effectuated on
November 20, 2023. Kinga subsequently made an unauthorized entry onto the property,
removing all items remaining inside, and was arrested and charged with criminal trespass.
¶ 13 In response to Kinga’s motion, plaintiff contended that the motion was untimely, as all of
the orders were over 30 days old, and the issues were rendered moot, as the eviction had already
been effectuated and there was no money judgment against Kinga. In addition, plaintiff
claimed that public records established that Kinga’s address was a different one in Park Ridge,
indicating that she was not an occupant of the property, and that she was well aware of the
litigation from its infancy and so had ample opportunity to involve herself if she felt it
necessary.
¶ 14 On January 30, 2024, the circuit court granted Kinga’s motion, finding that she was a
known occupant of the property. The circuit court further found that she was not made a proper
party to the case, nor was she properly served. Consequently, the circuit court ordered that
“[t]he orders entered against Kinga are held for naught” and she was “permitted to pursue any
rights she may have as a result of this Court’s ruling.”
¶ 15 Plaintiff filed a motion to reconsider the circuit court’s January 30, 2024, order. While that
motion was pending, on April 1, 2024, Kinga filed a motion for immediate possession of the
property, claiming that “Kinga has an absolute right to possession of the Real Estate as she has
not been legally evicted.”
¶ 16 On April 4, 2024, the circuit court denied plaintiff’s motion to reconsider and granted
Kinga’s motion for immediate possession. This appeal follows. 1
1 We observe that, as a result of the circuit court’s April 4, 2024, order, plaintiff filed a new action against Kinga for possession of the property. An appeal concerning that case is currently pending before this court in appeal No. 1-24-2345. Despite plaintiff’s suggestion otherwise, we decline to look to the 5 No. 1-24-0948
¶ 17 ANALYSIS
¶ 18 On appeal, plaintiff contends that the circuit court erred in vacating the agreed eviction
order and granting Kinga immediate possession of the property. As an initial matter, Kinga
maintains that we lack appellate jurisdiction to consider plaintiff’s claims, so we begin with a
discussion of our jurisdiction. The question of whether we have jurisdiction over the instant
appeal presents a question of law, which we review de novo. In re Marriage of Demaret, 2012
IL App (1st) 111916, ¶ 25; In re Marriage of Gutman, 232 Ill. 2d 145, 150 (2008).
¶ 19 Appellate Jurisdiction
¶ 20 In this case, plaintiff claims that we have jurisdiction over its claims as the circuit court’s
judgment of eviction represented a final order. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 301 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994). We
agree with plaintiff that the circuit court’s September 21, 2023, and October 13, 2023, orders
entering judgment in favor of plaintiff with respect to the possession of the property and money
damages for unpaid rent would typically constitute final judgments that would be appealable
under Rule 301. See Royalty Farms, LLC v. Forest Preserve District of Cook County, 2017 IL
App (1st) 161409, ¶ 22 (appellate jurisdiction to consider eviction order); Burnham
Management Co. v. Davis, 302 Ill. App. 3d 263, 269 (1998) (appellate jurisdiction to consider
claims for possession and rent). In this case, however, the circuit court’s September 21, 2023,
order granting possession of the property to plaintiff was subsequently vacated with respect to
Kinga, meaning that, as the circuit court noted in its January 30, 2024, order, “[t]he orders
entered against Kinga are held for naught.” Consequently, Rule 301 does not provide us with
record filed in that appeal, as it concerns events occurring subsequent to the entry of the orders at issue herein. 6 No. 1-24-0948
appellate jurisdiction over either the January 30, 2024, order or the subsequent April 4, 2024,
order granting Kinga immediate possession of the property.
¶ 21 While we would be “well within [our] authority” to dismiss plaintiff’s appeal for failure to
cite the appropriate rule (Gardner v. Mullins, 234 Ill. 2d 503, 510 (2009)), we nevertheless
find that we have appellate jurisdiction under two other supreme court rules. First, in response
to plaintiff’s argument that her motion to vacate the eviction orders was untimely, Kinga
claimed that her motion should be interpreted as a petition pursuant to section 2-1401 of the
Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2022)). 2 Illinois Supreme Court
Rule 304(b)(3) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016) provides that “[a] judgment or order granting or denying
any of the relief prayed in a petition under section 2-1401 of the Code” is appealable. Thus,
we have jurisdiction to consider the propriety of the circuit court’s January 30, 2024, order
granting her motion to vacate the judgment. See S.C. Vaughan Oil Co. v. Caldwell, Troutt &
Alexander, 181 Ill. 2d 489, 496-97 (1998) (“[W]hen a circuit court grants relief on a section 2-
1401 petition, as the trial court did here, the appellate court has jurisdiction to review that
decision under Rule 304(b)(3).”).
¶ 22 While Kinga correctly claims that the vacatur of the eviction order means her rights to the
property have not been adjudicated, the current nonfinality of the underlying action is
irrelevant, as our supreme court has made clear that Rule 304(b)(3) renders appealable even an
2 We observe that our supreme court has indicated that petitions seeking relief from void judgments filed more than 30 days after the entry of the judgment, such as in this case, “are section 2- 1401 petitions.” Sarkissian v. Chicago Board of Education, 201 Ill. 2d 95, 105 (2002); see Department of Healthcare & Family Services ex rel. Sanders v. Edwards, 2022 IL App (1st) 210409, ¶ 43 (“A petition under section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure [citation] is the appropriate pleading to vacate a void judgment, such as the one here, purportedly entered upon invalid service of process, more than 30 days after that judgment was entered.”). In addition, given that section 2-1401 petitions are, by definition, filed more than 30 days after the entry of the order being challenged, we find no merit to plaintiff’s suggestion that Kinga’s motion was untimely or that the circuit court lacked the ability to vacate the order if appropriate. 7 No. 1-24-0948
order that vacates a judgment and reopens the proceedings. 3 See id. at 509 (grant of a section
2-1401 petition to vacate the judgment and reinstate the action was immediately appealable);
Sarkissian v. Chicago Board of Education, 201 Ill. 2d 95, 101-02 (2002) (grant of a section 2-
1401 petition to vacate default judgment based on improper service was immediately
appealable). Kinga cannot claim both that her motion was a section 2-1401 petition and that
the ruling on such a motion is nonappealable—the propriety of the circuit court’s January 30,
2024, order vacating the judgment of possession is squarely before this court. See S.C.
Vaughan Oil Co., 181 Ill. 2d at 496 (the appeal is not based on the entry of the underlying
order, but on the subsequent order vacating it and reinstating the cause of action).
¶ 23 In addition, as plaintiff observes, Illinois Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1) (eff. Nov. 1, 2017)
allows for interlocutory appeals from trial court orders “granting, modifying, refusing,
dissolving, or refusing to dissolve or modify an injunction.” An injunction is a “ ‘judicial
process operating in personam and requiring [a] person to whom it is directed to do or refrain
from doing a particular thing.’ ” In re A Minor, 127 Ill. 2d 247, 261 (1989) (quoting Black’s
Law Dictionary 705 (5th ed. 1983)). Our supreme court, however, has cautioned that not every
interlocutory order is appealable, “even if it compels a party to do or not do a particular thing.”
Id. at 261-62. Instead, the relevant distinction is whether the circuit court’s order may be
characterized as ministerial or administrative—regulating the procedural details of the
litigation—or is instead an order which affects the relationship of the parties in their everyday
activities apart from the litigation. Id. at 262.
3 We also observe that, although it is filed in the same proceeding, a section 2-1401 petition is considered to be the commencement of a new cause of action and is not a continuation of the proceeding in which the prior judgment was entered. See Warren County Soil & Water Conservation District v. Walters, 2015 IL 117783, ¶ 31; Burnicka v. Marquette National Bank, 88 Ill. 2d 527, 530 (1982). Thus, our supreme court has indicated that the ruling on the section 2-1401 petition is deemed a final order, which is immediately appealable. Sarkissian, 201 Ill. 2d at 102. 8 No. 1-24-0948
¶ 24 Here, the circuit court’s April 4, 2024, order granting Kinga immediate possession of the
property is in the nature of an injunction, as it ordered plaintiff to “immediately tender
possession of the property” to Kinga. Indeed, as the eviction had already been effectuated, the
order did not merely maintain the status quo but effectively required plaintiff, as the owner of
the property, to permit a nonowner to occupy the premises, at least temporarily. See In re
Marriage of Paris, 2021 IL App (1st) 200769-U, ¶ 20 (an order preventing a party from
entering a residence in which he has an ownership interest and temporarily giving the other
party exclusive possession of that residence is an appealable interlocutory injunctive order
under Rule 307(a)(1)); see also In re Marriage of Engst, 2014 IL App (4th) 131078, ¶ 16
(finding order granting exclusive possession to be an appealable interlocutory injunctive order
under Rule 307(a)(1)). As this order did not merely regulate the procedural details of the
litigation but instead affected the relationship of the parties in their everyday activities, we find
that we have jurisdiction to consider the propriety of the circuit court’s April 4, 2024, order
under Rule 307(a)(1).
¶ 25 Applicable Law
¶ 26 Although neither party discusses it, we observe that both section 2-1401 petitions and
injunctive orders are subject to well-established law on review. Section 2-1401 “provides a
comprehensive statutory procedure by which final orders, judgments, and decrees may be
vacated ‘after 30 days from the entry thereof.’ ” Smith v. Airoom, Inc., 114 Ill. 2d 209, 220
(1986) (quoting Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 110, ¶ 2-1401(a)). A section 2-1401 petition may
present either a legal or factual challenge to a final judgment or order. Warren County Soil &
Water Conservation District v. Walters, 2015 IL 117783, ¶ 31. The nature of the challenge is
“critical,” as it dictates the proper standard of review on appeal. Id. Where, as here, a judgment
9 No. 1-24-0948
is challenged as void due to lack of personal jurisdiction stemming from defective service of
process, the section 2-1401 petition presents a purely legal challenge, which we review
de novo. See id. ¶ 47; see also Sarkissian, 201 Ill. 2d at 105. 4 In addition, the claim that the
judgment is void negates the requirements otherwise applicable to section 2-1401 petitions—
namely, allegations of a meritorious defense and due diligence—and also removes the time
limit for filing the petition. Sarkissian, 201 Ill. 2d at 104.
¶ 27 With respect to the circuit court’s order granting Kinga immediate possession of the
property, we find that the order is most readily categorized as a preliminary injunction, as the
parties and the circuit court contemplated further action on the underlying matter. The purpose
of a preliminary injunction is to preserve the status quo pending a decision on the merits, and
our supreme court has described it as “an extreme remedy which should be employed only in
situations where an emergency exists and serious harm would result if the injunction is not
issued.” Callis, Papa, Jackstadt & Halloran, P.C. v. Norfolk & Western Ry. Co., 195 Ill. 2d
356, 365 (2001). Here, by placing Kinga into possession, the position she allegedly occupied
prior to the eviction order, it appears that the circuit court intended to maintain the status quo
pending the completion of the eviction process. 5 See Pullem v. Evanston Young Men’s
Christian Ass’n, 124 Ill. App. 3d 264, 268 (1984) (while courts will generally not change the
possession of real property by preliminary injunction, they will do so when the possession “is
but an interruption of the prior possession of the [party seeking the injunction], to which the
latter is entitled” (emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted)).
4 We also observe that a section 2-1401 petition alleging voidness due to failure to join a necessary party is similarly reviewed de novo. See Black v. Black, 2024 IL App (1st) 221667, ¶ 35. 5 As we observed above, even if the circuit court placed the parties in the position they had been in prior to the entry of the eviction order, as a practical matter, the circuit court’s actions changed the status quo, as all occupants had already been removed from the property at the time of the circuit court’s order. 10 No. 1-24-0948
¶ 28 A party seeking a preliminary injunction is required to demonstrate (1) a clearly ascertained
right in need of protection, (2) irreparable injury in the absence of an injunction, (3) a lack of
an adequate remedy at law, and (4) a likelihood of success on the merits of the case. Mohanty
v. St. John Heart Clinic, S.C., 225 Ill. 2d 52, 62 (2006). The decision to grant or deny a
preliminary injunction is generally reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 62-63. Where,
however, the decision as to injunctive relief depends on the resolution of a question of law,
that question of law is reviewed de novo. See id. at 63. On appeal, the only question is “whether
the party seeking the injunction has demonstrated a prima facie case that there is a fair question
concerning the existence of the claimed rights.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 62.
¶ 29 In this case, the circuit court’s April 4, 2024, order granting Kinga immediate possession
of the property relied on its finding that she had not been properly named as a party or served—
the basis for its January 30, 2024, order vacating the judgment of possession. Thus, we begin
our analysis by determining whether the circuit court properly granted Kinga’s motion to
vacate the order of possession.
¶ 30 Motion to Vacate Order of Possession
¶ 31 In her motion to vacate the order of possession, Kinga raised two arguments. First, she
contended that, as a known occupant, she was a necessary party to the lawsuit who should have
been named as a defendant. She further claimed that, as a result of the failure to name her in
the lawsuit, she was not properly served with the summons and complaint and the circuit court
therefore never obtained personal jurisdiction over her. On appeal, plaintiff contends that
Kinga was, at most, an “unknown occupant” and was properly served as such.
¶ 32 Section 2-405(a) of the Code requires the joinder of necessary parties to a lawsuit. 735
ILCS 5/2-405(a) (West 2022). “A necessary party is a person or entity having a present,
11 No. 1-24-0948
substantial interest in the matter being litigated, not a mere expectance or future contingency,
in whose absence a complete resolution of a matter in controversy cannot be achieved without
affecting that interest.” American Freedom Insurance Co. v. Garcia, 2021 IL App (1st)
200231, ¶ 36. A necessary party is one whose participation is required to (1) protect its interest
in the subject matter of the controversy that would be materially affected by a judgment entered
in its absence, (2) reach a decision protecting the interest of the parties already before the court,
or (3) allow the court to completely resolve the controversy. Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co. v.
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 315 Ill. App. 3d 552, 566 (2000). An order
entered without jurisdiction over a necessary party is void as to that party. Sullivan v.
Merchants Property Insurance Co. of Indiana, 68 Ill. App. 3d 260, 263 (1979).
¶ 33 To ensure that an order of possession may be immediately enforced against the entirety of
the property, article IX of the Code (commonly known as the Eviction Act 6 (Act)) was
amended in 2002 to permit a plaintiff to name “unknown occupants” as defendants in an
eviction action. See Pub. Act 92-823 (eff. Aug. 21, 2002); 735 ILCS 5/9-107.5 (West 2022)
(where “unknown occupants” are not named in the eviction order, such occupants are entitled
to additional notice prior to being evicted from the premises); see also Fairbanks Capital v.
Coleman, 352 Ill. App. 3d 550, 558 (2004) (observing that the Act generally authorizes
execution of possession orders against generically named occupants). The Act, however, does
not expressly define who is considered an “unknown occupant.” More specifically, as relevant
to the instant appeal, the Act does not expressly speak to the characterization of an occupant
who is known to the landlord but is not on any lease instrument or rental agreement. Thus, the
6 We note that the former Forcible Entry and Detainer Act was unofficially renamed the Eviction Act in 2018. See Pub. Act 100-0173 (eff. Jan. 1, 2018). 12 No. 1-24-0948
Act does not specify whether a complaint that names “unknown occupants” includes occupants
whose identities are known but are strangers to the lease.
¶ 34 Somewhat surprisingly, there appears to be scant case law on the topic, either published or
unpublished. Those cases, however, that involve similar issues focus on the question of
whether the property owner is actually aware that the specific individual is an occupant of the
property. See, e.g., Environmental Community Development Co. v. Pavlov, 2023 IL App (2d)
210768-U, ¶¶ 20-21 (affidavit that five-day notice was delivered to “ ‘Branco Pavlov [sic], a
person above the age of 13 years, residing on or in charge of the above described premises,’ ”
did not make the landlord aware that Branco Dobobrov resided on the premises and he was
therefore properly served as an unknown occupant); Federal National Mortgage Ass’n v. Any
& All Unknown Occupants, 2024 IL App (1st) 231665-U, ¶¶ 20-24 (intervenor’s affidavit and
purported lease documentation did not establish that she was a tenant and, therefore, her motion
to dismiss the eviction complaint based on lack of service was properly denied).
¶ 35 We additionally note that the Code has long had a general provision concerning
“[u]nknown parties,” which provides that, “[i]f in any action there are persons interested
therein whose names are unknown, it shall be lawful to make them parties to the action by the
name and description of unknown owners,” so long as the party requesting the joinder files an
affidavit averring that their names are unknown. 735 ILCS 5/2-413 (West 2022). At least one
court has found that the affidavit requirement does not apply to proceedings under the Act, as
the Act does not contain a statutory requirement that a plaintiff make any effort to ascertain
the identity of an occupant to properly serve them. See Environmental Community
Development Co., 2023 IL App (2d) 210768-U, ¶ 26. This provision nevertheless supports an
13 No. 1-24-0948
interpretation of “unknown occupants,” which focuses on the property owner’s awareness of
an individual with an interest in the property.
¶ 36 We observe, however, that the Act appears to draw a distinction between tenants—i.e.,
those with a contractual right to possession of the property—and all others. Specifically, in
section 9-104, which concerns a demand for possession under the Act, the statute provides, in
relevant part, that the demand
“may be made by delivering a copy thereof to the tenant, or by leaving such a copy
with some person of the age of 13 years or upwards, residing on, or being in charge of,
the premises; *** or if those in possession are unknown occupants who are not parties
to any written lease, rental agreement, or right to possession agreement for the
premises, then by delivering a copy of the notice, directed to ‘unknown occupants’, to
the occupant or by leaving a copy of the notice with some person of the age of 13 years
or upwards occupying the premises, or by posting a copy of the notice on the premises
directed to ‘unknown occupants’. ” (Emphases added.) 735 ILCS 5/9-104 (West 2022).
This section appears to contemplate two relevant possibilities: (1) the individuals in question
are tenants or (2) the individuals in question are “unknown occupants who are not parties to
any written lease, rental agreement, or right to possession agreement for the premises” (id.). 7
Under this section, any individual occupying the property without some type of agreement
would appear to be considered an “unknown occupant,” as there is no separate provision for
individuals who are known by the property owner to be occupying the property without any
such agreement.
The third possibility, not relevant in the instant case, is where no one is in actual possession of 7
the premises. 735 ILCS 5/9-104 (West 2022). 14 No. 1-24-0948
¶ 37 In this case, it is undisputed that Kinga did not have a written lease, rental agreement, or
right to possession agreement for the premises. Thus, section 9-104 suggests that Kinga would
be considered an “unknown occupant” for purposes of the Act, even if plaintiff was aware of
her presence. Even, however, if Kinga’s status turned on plaintiff’s awareness, we cannot find
that the evidence established that plaintiff did, in fact, know that Kinga was occupying the
property.
¶ 38 In support of her motion to vacate the eviction order, Kinga attached several documents as
exhibits. First, she attached the five-day notice, which was addressed to “Ewa Politanska,
Kinga Politanska and all unknown occupants,” as well as the eviction order, which ordered the
eviction of “Ewa Politanska, Kinga Politanska (not a defendant),” and unknown occupants. In
addition, Kinga attached an affidavit in which she averred that she was an occupant of the
property and had been so since at least March 25, 2020. She further averred that plaintiff was
aware of her occupancy, pointing to the five-day notice and the eviction order. She also
attached a copy of a driver’s license, issued September 14, 2023, which listed the property as
her address. 8
¶ 39 In response, plaintiff disputed Kinga’s occupancy. Plaintiff provided a warranty deed and
property tax bill indicating that Kinga owned a different residence nearby, as well as
documentation from the Secretary of State concerning a recently dissolved business she owned
in which Kinga had listed the other address. Plaintiff also contended that Kinga had been fully
aware of the litigation from its inception, yet had never previously sought to intervene, as
would have been her right if she had an interest in the property. See 735 ILCS 5/2-408(a) (West
We observe that the driver’s license attached to her motion was issued after negotiations to 8
purchase the property had fallen through and plaintiff had filed its motion to reinstate the eviction judgment, but prior to the entry of the agreed eviction order which Kinga later sought to vacate. 15 No. 1-24-0948
2022). Kinga did not address any of these points in her reply in support of her motion to vacate,
apart from arguing that actual notice of the litigation did not cure the jurisdictional defect.
¶ 40 From an examination of the record, there can be no dispute that Kinga was intimately
involved in the litigation. She is the daughter of Ewa, the tenant, and the parties’
communications demonstrate that she was regularly used as a conduit to reach Ewa. Indeed,
many of the parties’ e-mails refer to “Ewa/Kinga” taking particular actions. Thus, the record
on appeal overwhelmingly establishes that plaintiff was fully aware of Kinga’s existence. The
record, however, is more sparse as to whether Kinga was an occupant of the property and, if
so, if plaintiff was aware of that fact. Kinga’s affidavit is conclusory and merely contains the
self-serving claim that she was an occupant. See Federal National Mortgage Ass’n, 2024 IL
App (1st) 231665-U, ¶ 23 (finding affidavit claiming tenancy to contain “nothing but bald,
self-serving legal conclusions” that failed to support the affiant’s claims). Similarly, her
driver’s license—which was issued after the relevant time period—does not shed any light on
the matter. We also observe that Kinga does not claim to have paid any rent for her alleged
occupancy, nor did she provide any evidence of bill payments or other indications of
occupancy during the relevant time.
¶ 41 On the other hand, plaintiff has provided evidence that Kinga has owned a nearby residence
for several years and had used that residence, at least for business purposes, through the time
that the business was dissolved in November 2023—evidence that Kinga chose not to address
in response to plaintiff’s claims of nonoccupancy. While we agree with Kinga that actual
knowledge cannot substitute for the statute’s notice requirements, we also nevertheless find it
highly relevant that Kinga chose not to involve herself in the proceedings until after the entry
of the eviction order.
16 No. 1-24-0948
¶ 42 The only evidence that suggests that plaintiff was aware that Kinga may have been an
occupant was her inclusion on the five-day notice and in the eviction order. 9 Given, however,
her involvement throughout the proceedings, especially when communicating with Ewa, we
cannot find that her inclusion in these instances evidences her occupation of the property or
plaintiff’s knowledge thereof. While they could support a finding that plaintiff was aware that
Kinga had some possessory right of her own, apart from serving as her mother’s conduit, her
inclusion could just as easily represent another instance in which Kinga was listed in
correspondence aimed at Ewa. Accordingly, as Kinga had no written possessory interest in the
property, nor did the evidence establish her actual possession of the property, we find that
Kinga was, at most, an “unknown occupant” under the Act and was not required to be
separately named in the complaint.
¶ 43 We next consider Kinga’s related claim as to the validity of service, which was the second
point of error raised in her motion to vacate. The Act has requirements for service that depend
on whether the individual served is a named defendant or is an “unknown occupant.” Kinga’s
claims exclusively concerned her entitlement to service as a named defendant. 10 As discussed,
however, Kinga was not entitled to be named as a defendant and was, at most, an “unknown
occupant” for purposes of the Act. The record establishes that “unknown occupants” were
served on several occasions during the course of the litigation and that such service was
sufficient pursuant to the requirements of the Act. See 735 ILCS 5/9-107, 9-107.5 (West 2022)
9 We note that the circuit court suggested that plaintiff’s counsel inserted Kinga’s name into the eviction order without the court’s knowledge. While we cannot speak to any prior discussions between the parties and the court as to the contents of the order, the record on appeal indicates that both plaintiff’s counsel and Ewa’s counsel were aware of Kinga’s inclusion in the order, with Ewa’s counsel even making a specific modification to the proposed eviction order to indicate that she was “not a defendant.” 10 We also observe that Kinga’s arguments relied on the general provisions concerning service under the Code, not the specific statutes governing service in eviction actions, which are set forth in the Act. 17 No. 1-24-0948
(setting forth methods of service on unknown occupants). Accordingly, Kinga was properly
served in her capacity as an “unknown occupant.”
¶ 44 In summary, Kinga was not required to be named in the complaint, nor did she receive
improper service. Therefore, there was no basis for finding that the circuit court’s September
21, 2023, order granting possession of the property to plaintiff was void. As such, the circuit
court erred in granting Kinga’s motion to vacate and in vacating the September 21, 2023,
eviction order.
¶ 45 Motion for Immediate Possession
¶ 46 Our decision concerning the propriety of Kinga’s motion to vacate is also dispositive of
our analysis concerning plaintiff’s challenge to the circuit court’s April 4, 2024, order granting
Kinga immediate possession. As noted, a party seeking a preliminary injunction is required to
demonstrate (1) a clearly ascertained right in need of protection, (2) irreparable injury in the
absence of an injunction, (3) a lack of an adequate remedy at law, and (4) a likelihood of
success on the merits of the case. Mohanty, 225 Ill. 2d at 62. On appeal, the only question is
“whether the party seeking the injunction has demonstrated a prima facie case that there is a
fair question concerning the existence of the claimed rights.” (Internal quotation marks
omitted.) Id.
¶ 47 In this case, any rights Kinga had that were allegedly in need of protection stemmed from
her possessory rights to the property. As discussed above, however, Kinga’s rights were validly
extinguished through the entry of the eviction order. Consequently, the circuit court abused its
discretion in finding that Kinga was entitled to immediate possession of the property. See id.
at 62-63 (the decision to grant or deny a preliminary injunction is generally reviewed for an
18 No. 1-24-0948
abuse of discretion, but where the decision as to injunctive relief depends on the resolution of
a question of law, that question of law is reviewed de novo).
¶ 48 CONCLUSION
¶ 49 For the reasons set forth above, we reverse the circuit court’s orders vacating the eviction
order with respect to Kinga and granting her immediate possession of the property. Kinga was,
at most, an “unknown occupant” for purposes of the Act and was properly named and served
in that capacity.
¶ 50 Reversed.
19 No. 1-24-0948
Ebulon Financial Group, LLC v. Politanska, 2025 IL App (1st) 240948
Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 2022-M2- 0003221; the Hon. James Allegretti, Judge, presiding.
Attorneys Berton N. Ring, of Berton N. Ring, P.C., of Chicago, for for appellant. Appellant:
Attorneys Robert T. Hanlon, of Netzky Olswang Hanlon, LLC, of Chicago, for for appellee. Appellee: