Eastman v. Saul

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MARK EASTMAN, Case No.: 21cv655-GPC(KSC)

12 Plaintiff, ORDER ADOPTING IN PART AND 13 v. DECLINING TO ADOPT IN PART REPORT AND 14 KILOLO KIJAKAZI, Acting RECOMMENDATION AND Commissioner of Social Security, 15 REMANDING TO THE Defendant. COMMISSIONER 16

17 [Dkt. No. 17.]

18 On April 14, 2021, Plaintiff Mark Eastman (“Plaintiff”), with counsel, filed this 19 action seeking review of the Commissioner of Social Security’s final decision denying 20 his application for disability insurance benefits (“DIB”) under Title II of the Social 21 Security Act (“Act”).1 (Dkt. No. 1.) Pursuant to the Magistrate Judge’s scheduling 22 order, the parties filed a joint motion for judicial review. (Dkt. Nos. 13, 17.) On January 23 30, 2023, Magistrate Judge Karen S. Crawford issued a report and recommendation 24 (“Report”) that the Court affirm the Commissioner’s decision. (Dkt. No. 16.) Plaintiff 25 26 27 1 The complaint also claims to seek review of the Commissioner’s final decision denying supplemental security income benefits (“SSI”), (Dkt. No. 1, Comp. ¶ 1.) However, in this case, Plaintiff only filed a 28 1 filed Objections to the Report on February 21, 2023. (Dkt. No. 21.) Having carefully 2 reviewed the parties’ arguments, the Objections, the administrative record, and the 3 applicable law, the Court ADOPTS in part and DECLINES to ADOPT in part the Report 4 and REMANDS to the Commissioner for further administrative proceedings. 5 Procedural Background 6 On January 5, 2016, Plaintiff filed an application for disability insurance benefits 7 under Title II of the Social Security Act alleging a disability date of October 28, 2014. 8 (Administrative Record (“AR”) 183-84.) He alleged impairments regarding low back 9 injury, neck injury, ADD (attention deficit disorder), and depression. (AR 211.) 10 His application for disability was denied on April 7, 2016. (AR 117-20.) He 11 requested reconsideration on June 7, 2016, which was denied on July 22, 2016. (AR 121- 12 26.) On September 22, 2016, Plaintiff requested a hearing before an Administrative Law 13 Judge (“ALJ”). (Dkt. No. 11-4, AR 127.) A hearing was held before ALJ Michael 14 Richardson on May 30, 2018. (Dkt. No. 11-2. AR 58-88.) The ALJ heard testimony 15 from Plaintiff, his ex-wife Stacey Eastman and a vocational expert. (Id.) On September 16 12, 2018, the ALJ rendered his decision and concluded that Plaintiff was not disabled 17 under the Act. (Dkt. No. 11-2, AR 39-53.) Plaintiff requested review of the ALJ’s 18 decision by the Appeals Council which denied his request on June 4, 2020. (Dkt. No. 11- 19 2, AR 4-7.) Therefore, the ALJ’s decision is the final decision of the Commissioner of 20 Social Security and subject to district court review. 21 Factual Background 22 Plaintiff, a resident of San Diego, California, was born on July 5, 1976 and was 40 23 years old at the time of the onset of disability on October 28, 2014, and his highest 24 education is two years of college. (AR 208-12.) He has past relevant work as a fitness 25 consultant, a swim and fitness instructor, and a vendor. (AR 212.) In October 2014, 26 Plaintiff was involved in a motor vehicle accident when he was rear-ended by another 27 vehicle that was traveling at highway speed while he was stopped at the end of a freeway. 28 (AR 316, 458.) Plaintiff claims the following impairments: sciatic nerve pain prevents 1 him from moving, sitting, standing, and laying down except in a few select positions. 2 (AR 233.) He also states it’s “too painful” for him to among other things, lift, squat, 3 bend, stand, reach, walk, sit, kneel, and use his hands. (AR 238.) He takes Advil, 4 hydrocodone, tramadol and Tylenol. (AR 213.) His date last insured was December 31, 5 2019. (AR 208.) 6 A. Medical History 7 1. Treating Physicians’ Medical Records 8 On March 31, 2015, Plaintiff was evaluated by a chiropractor for treatment of right 9 low back and hip pain that was radiating down his right leg to his right ankle with the 10 inability to extend his right toes; frequent headaches; and pain and spasms in his mid- 11 back, upper back and neck. (AR 391.) Plaintiff graded his pain as 20 using a 0-10 scale. 12 (AR 391.) On examination, the chiropractor reported Plaintiff was unable to walk on his 13 heels on the right, there was no obvious lower extremity atrophy, he was unable to 14 perform lumbar range of motion due to the pain and there was “moderate to marked right 15 lower lumbar and S1 PVM spasm and trigger point pain with loss of segmental 16 movement” and he was unable to perform “bilateral leg lower” due to pain. (AR 391- 17 92.) His movements were guarded and he made vocal and facial expressions of pain 18 when he moved. (AR 391.) As to the cervical examination, his motion was unrestricted 19 but with pain in left lateral flexion and bilateral rotation. (AR 392.) There was also a 20 “moderate cervical, upper and mid thoracic PVM spasm with trigger point pain and loss 21 of segmental movement. Foramina compression caused pain bilaterally.” (AR 392.) 22 However, the chiropractor concluded that Plaintiff’s “subjective symptoms appear to 23 exceed his exam findings.” (AR 392.) 24 On April 2, 2015, Plaintiff was seen by Dr. William C. Holland, an orthopedist, 25 who reported Plaintiff had increasing low back pain that was intermittently radiating 26 down his right leg all the way to his foot, and weakness in lifting the great toe on his right 27 foot. (AR 316.) On exam, Plaintiff presented with normal gait without abnormal back 28 posture or limp, was able to walk on his heels and toes without much difficulty but had 1 difficulty extending the great toe, was able to perform a squat, his forward flexion was 2 limited and there was no tenderness to palpation around the hip. (AR 317.) Dr. Holland 3 was most concerned about the weakness Plaintiff was experiencing in his right ankle and 4 right great toe, so he ordered MRIs for his right hip2 and lumbrosacral spine. (AR 318.) 5 An MRI of the lumbar spine revealed “a rather huge central and right pericentral disk 6 extrustion at L4-L5, which was causing right-side neuroforaminal narrowing. There was 7 also a grade-1 retrolisthesis of L4 over S1 . . . .” (AR 320, 321-22.) Dr. Holland 8 concluded that the MRI results explained Plaintiff’s “right leg symptomatology.” (Id.) 9 Various treatment options were discussed, but Plaintiff was advised that “the only thing 10 that will cure the lumbosacral spine is surgery,” so Plaintiff was referred to a spine 11 surgeon. (Id.) 12 On July 13, 2015, Plaintiff had “minimally invasive” foraminotomy/diskectomy 13 surgery on his back at Alvarado Hospital to address the herniated disc at L4-L5. (AR 14 326-27.) A progress report dated August 12, 2015 notes there was improvement in 15 “neurological function” but he has “significant persistent pain” mainly from the hip. (AR 16 350.) Plaintiff’s gait was markedly antalgic and he was using a crutch. (AR 349.) There 17 was a 1 cm atrophy of the right calf compared with the left. (AR 349.) An intra-articular 18 injection and continued physical therapy were recommended. (AR 350.) Subsequent 19 progress reports dated October 22, 2015 and November 25, 2015 noted Plaintiff’s 20 continued “significant persistent pain.” (AR 344, 347.) He also had only a 30 percent 21 response from a right hip injection conducted on October 26, 2015, and his right hip was 22 only “a minor component of his pain.” (AR 343, 346.) It was opined that Plaintiff may 23 have “residual disc material or his L5-S1 spondylolisthesis may be symptomatic.” (AR 24 344, 347.) 25 26 27 28 1 An x-ray of the lumbar spine, taken on October 13, 2015, showed “moderate 2 degenerative disk disease at L4-L5” and a “grade 1 spondylolisthesis at L5-S1, possibly 3 secondary to pars defect” that “could result in neural foraminal narrowing affecting the 4 exiting L5 nerve roots.” (AR 359.) An MRI of the lumbar spine, taken on November 24, 5 2015, revealed some L4-L5 disk extrusion but was “much smaller” than pre-op, and 6 “grade 1 anterolisthesis of L5 on S1 with likely L5 pars break.” (AR 344, 355-56.) 7 Thereafter, “serial selective injections” were ordered “for both diagnostic and therapeutic 8 purposes.” (AR 344.) 9 Around November 28, 2015, Felix Regala, MPAP, PA-C wrote the following work 10 restrictions for Plaintiff: no lifting over 20 pounds, avoid prolonged standing, walking 11 and sitting and minimize bending and twisting at the lumbar spine.3 (AR 57, 360.) 12 On December 16, 2015, Dr. D. Scott Upton (“Dr. Upton”), Plaintiff’s treating 13 physician, saw Plaintiff for chronic headaches and chronic neck and back pain plus 14 intermittent numbness in his hands and the soles of his feet. (AR 375.) His lower back 15 pain was reportedly an 8 out of 10 and neck pain was 6 out of 10. (AR 375.) Plaintiff 16 reported he was unable sit or stand for more than 15 minutes, his legs and grip strength 17 were weaker and he had resorted to a sedentary lifestyle and could not work. (AR 375.) 18 A physical examination of his back revealed lots of pain with limited flexion and 19 extension with pain, but his grip strength was 5 out of 5 and strength testing of L4/5/S1 20 was 5 out of 5. (AR 376.) Plaintiff was referred to pain management, physical therapy, 21 and neurology, and Norco was prescribed for pain. (AR 375.) 22 On December 29, 2015, Plaintiff was referred to Dr. Douglas Dobecki (“Dr. 23 Dobecki”) at the San Diego Pain Institute, for pain management of his lumbar spine pain 24 and right lower extremity pain. (AR 379.) At that visit, Plaintiff reported his pain as 8- 25 10 out of 10 pain which he described as numbing, shooting, and sharp in his lumbar spine 26

27 3 Besides a paragraph describing Plaintiff’s work restrictions, there is no information as to the extent of 28 1 and right leg. (AR 379.) The pain was exacerbated by prolonged sitting, standing, 2 flexion, extension, and rising from a seated position but improved with walking. (AR 3 379.) Because conservative therapies of physical therapy, ice, heat, home exercise, L4/5 4 right microdiscectomy, opioids, NSAIDs, had not worked, epidural steroid injections 5 were recommended but Plaintiff elected to hold off on injections and get a second 6 surgical opinion. (AR 380.) Plaintiff was started on a “medrol dose pack,” Celebrex, and 7 Gabapentin, and his prescription for Norco was refilled, but the “overall goal” was to 8 address his pain with steroid injections and non-opiod medications. (AR 380.) 9 In his follow up appointment with Dr. Upton on January 13, 2016, Plaintiff stated 10 that he was taking two Advils a day and taking 2-3 tablets of Norco per day. (AR 373.) 11 He started physical therapy and was getting a neurological appointment “to look into 12 hand numbness.” (AR 373.) It was noted that his overall sense of well-being was “much 13 better.” (AR 373.) He was to continue his physical therapy, neuro visits, and continue 14 walking for exercise as tolerated. (AR 373.) 15 From February 11, 2016 to June 30, 2016, Plaintiff was treated regularly by 16 Richard Loos, D.C. (“Dr. Loos”) for low back pain and spasms as well as discomfort in 17 the left and right lumbar, and right and left pelvic. (AR 439-55.) During this time, he 18 was treated 30 times for Spinal Decompression treatment but did not make any progress. 19 (AR 439.) The final treatment note from June 30, 2016 reports that Plaintiff was “not 20 responding to treatment” and his “condition is failing to change as was expected.” (AR 21 441.) It was Dr. Loos’ opinion that Plaintiff would need additional surgery. (AR 441.) 22 On July 5, 20164, Dr. Loos assessed that Plaintiff’s functional limitations included sitting, 23 lifting, twisting and traveling and did not anticipate him to get any better. (AR 439.) Dr. 24 Loos did not provide any specifics as to these functional limitations. 25 26 27 4 Plaintiff states this report was on July 5, 2015 prior to the surgery, (Dkt. No. 17 at 6); however, it appears to be July 5, 2016 after the surgery since Plaintiff did not begin seeing Dr. Loos until February 28 1 On February 9, 2016, Plaintiff had a Platelet Rich Plasma Autologous Graft 2 treatment that was injected into his right iliolumbar ligaments and sacroiliac joint. (AR 3 401.) At that treatment, he complained of longtime lower back pain, and on exam, was 4 tender in the “right iliolumbar ligament and lower SI joint.” (AR 401.) On March 23, 5 2016, Plaintiff returned to have another Platelet Rich Plasma Autologous Graft injection 6 into his right iliolumbar ligaments and sacroiliac joint. (AR 400.) At that visit, Plaintiff 7 reported he had “great success” from the treatment and he was down to one pain pill a 8 day from eight pills a day and now doing physical activities and exercising such as 9 swimming. (AR 400). On physical inspection, he had “[v]ery little tenderness in the 10 right lower back.” (AR 400.) 11 On April 18, 2016, Plaintiff visited Dr. Richard Schumann (“Dr. Schumann”), a 12 neurologist, and his chief complaints were lower back pain and “bilateral hand 13 numbness” that was “symmetric bilaterally and mostly in the 4.5 digits and occasionally 14 the thumb.” (AR 403.) Plaintiff also indicated he had neck pain and “radicular 15 symptoms to the triceps mostly at night when he is sleeping.” (AR 403.) The treatment 16 notes state there was “[n]o loss of strength or muscle atrophy in his hands.” (AR 403.) 17 On physical exam, Dr. Schumann described Plaintiff’s cervical spine as abnormal and 18 diagnosed him, inter alia, with “[c]ervical spondylosis with myelopathy and 19 radiculopathy”, “[c]ervicalgia” and “[u]lnar neuropahy at elbow.” (AR 404.) He noted 20 that Plaintiff has “progressive numbness in both hand in the ulnar distribution for the last 21 few months.” (AR 404.) An MRI of the cervical and lumbar spine areas and an 22 EMG/NCV study of both upper extremities were recommended, and Plaintiff was 23 directed to follow up with a pain specialist. (AR 404-05.) 24 On June 7, 2016, an EMG and a motor and sensory nerve conduction study were 25 completed due to Plaintiff’s “bilateral hand numbness in digits 4-5” with “cervicalgia 26 with radicular symptoms and MRI showing left C3 root impingement.” (AR 406.) 27 Motor nerve conduction studies of the bilateral medina and ulnar nerves were “normal”, 28 sensory nerve conduction studies were “normal”, and needle exam of selected muscles of 1 the bilateral upper extremities were “normal.” (AR 406.) But the left upper cervical 2 paraspinal muscle exam showed evidence of active denervation. (AR 406.) Dr. 3 Schumann found “[t]here is electrodiagnostic evidence of an active left C3 radiculopathy 4 possibly subacute. No evidence of entrapment neuropathy or peripheral neuropathy was 5 present on the study” and concluded the results were “mildly abnormal.” (AR 406.) 6 On July 7, 2016, Plaintiff consulted with Dr, Sanjay Ghosh, M.D. (“Dr. Ghosh”), a 7 board certified neurosurgeon, who indicated Plaintiff still had “symptomatic cervical 8 radiculopathy” and “lumbar radiculopathy” despite conservative treatments and the 9 passage of time. (AR 458.) Upon physical examination, the neurosurgeon reported on 10 Plaintiff’s motor strength: “4+/5 right knee flexion, knee extension, foot dorsiflexion, 11 plantar flexion, and EHL; . . . 5/5 bilateral digit flexion, digit extension, deltoid, bicep, 12 and tricep.” (AR 459.) As to grip strength, Plaintiff reportedly had 90/90/90 kg of force 13 in his dominant right hand and 60/60/60 kg of force in his left hand.5 (AR 459.) Severe 14 back pain and spasm were noted with “positive straight leg raising bilaterally.” (AR 15 459.) He had slightly “diminished vibration sense in the thumb and index finger 16 bilaterally.” (AR 459.) An examination of the cervical spine revealed “significant neck 17 pain and spasm” with positive Spurling’s test. (AR 459.) 18 On that visit, after reading the films and the report of an MRI of the cervical spine 19 dated May 23, 2016, Dr. Ghosh indicated that the initial MRI report did not mention the 20 “5 mm disc protrusion at C5-6 compression the left C6 nerve root. There is a 3 mm disc 21 protrusion at C5-6 compression the right C6 nerve root.” (AR 459.) Dr. Ghosh noted 22 that an addendum to the report had been issued by a neuroradiologist. (AR 459.) 23 24

25 26 5 Plaintiff challenges the findings that he had 90/90/90 kg of force in his dominant right hand and 60/60/60 kg of force arguing these results, in fact, show weakness because average grip strength for 27 Plaintiff’s age is 119.7 pounds so his grip strength was reduced by 50%. (Dkt. No. 17 at 18.) However, Plaintiff relies on pounds rather than kilograms. 119.7 pounds equates to 54.3 kg. Therefore, according 28 1 Dr. Ghosh concluded that Plaintiff suffers from “[l]umbar herniated nucleus 2 pulposus at L4-5 with symptomatic lumbar radiculopathy”, “[i]nstability at L5-S1 due to 3 pars defect rendered symptomatic from the motor vehicle collision”; and “[c]ervical 4 herniated nucleus pulposus at C5-6.” (AR 460.) The neurosurgeon recommended 5 physical therapy and a diagnostic CT scan of the lumbar spine and indicated there was 6 potential for surgical intervention of the cervical spine and lumbar spine if he did not 7 respond positively to physical therapy. (AR 460.) 8 Plaintiff was then seen regularly by Dr. Mark C. Howard, M.D. (“Dr. Howard”), 9 his primary care provider, from June 17, 2016 to March 22, 2018, (AR 472-558), for a 10 number of ailments, including lumbar degenerative disc disease and cervical myelopathy 11 with cervical radiculopathy. (AR 560.) On August 30, 2016, Dr. Howard noted Plaintiff 12 was participating in physical therapy and was interested in having epidural injections to 13 treat his pain. (AR 553.) His prescriptions for Norco and Gabapentin were refilled. (AR 14 553.) Dr. Howard noted that Plaintiff plans to consult with a specialist for possible future 15 stem cell therapy and was advised against taking any NSAIDs because it would interfere 16 with circulation at the injection site. (AR 553, 556.) 17 In a note dated October 21, 2016, Kaleb Cullison, DPT6 wrote that Plaintiff 18 engaged in physical therapy for back pain in July 2016 and has a history of lumbar spine 19 surgery. (AR 462.) Because of his condition, Plaintiff has “functional limitations” in his 20 ability to lift and sit and walk for prolonged periods. (AR 462.) 21 In a follow-up appointment on October 31, 2016 with Dr. Howard, Plaintiff 22 reported “significant improvement” in his back pain since starting “Egoscue physical 23 therapy exercises 6 weeks ago” on his own. (AR 550.) The therapy involves “menus” of 24 exercises provided to him by a physical therapist over the phone. (AR 550.) Plaintiff 25 reported he met with a pain management specialist but had declined interventional 26 27 28 1 therapies (epidural or steroid injections), as well as stem cell therapy, because of his pain 2 improvement. (AR 550.) However, Plaintiff stated that his pain is aggravated by 3 prolonged sitting and he is taking Norco for breakthrough pain. (AR 550.) His gait was 4 normal; the full extension of the lumbar spine was “near normal” but range of motion 5 with rotation limited to about 30 degrees, and he was moving “all extremities well.” (AR 6 551.) Dr. Howard refilled Plaintiff’s prescriptions for Norco and Gabapentin but told 7 Plaintiff, he could not “indefinitely refill narcotic analgesics” unless there was “some sort 8 of treatment plan.” (AR 551.) 9 At his February 22, 2017 follow up visit, Plaintiff sought referral for a second 10 surgical evaluation from neurology and chiropractic care, and sought prescription refills. 11 (AR 545.) He described “right radicular pain affecting the right hip, right arm, as well as 12 weakness in the right lower extremity,” and he said he was wearing a back brace when 13 sedentary. (AR 545.) The treatment notes state Plaintiff was being followed by a pain 14 management specialist and had declined interventional therapies at his previous visit. 15 (AR 545.) Although detailed testing was not done, Plaintiff had an antalgic gate but was 16 moving all extremities well. (AR 546.) He was provided with a referral to neurological 17 surgery, chiropractor, physical therapy, and radiology. (AR 547.) Plaintiff’s 18 prescriptions for Norco and Gabapentin were refilled. (AR 548.) 19 An MRI of the lumbar spine completed on April 29, 2017 found Plaintiff had 20 “[m]ild to moderate multilevel degenerative changes . . . including an annular fissure 21 within L2-L3 disc.” (AR 570-71.) It also reported that “there is minimal grade 1 22 anterolisthesis of L5 on S1 without definite visible pars defect.” (AR 570.) 23 Thereafter, on May 3, 2017, after viewing his MRI with Dr. Howard, Plaintiff 24 indicated that he wanted to continue with conservative, non-surgical treatment. (AR 25 539.) Dr. Howard noted that Plaintiff was being followed by a pain management team, 26 will start physical therapy and has been compliant with his medications. (AR 535.) 27 From July 21, 2017 to April 30, 2018, Plaintiff regularly visited James Halvorson, 28 D.C. for chiropractic care. (AR 466-531.) At the initial visit, Plaintiff described his pain 1 level as a 2 out of 10 (a “dull ache”) that could reach 8 out of 10 at its worst in his lower 2 back, right hip, and buttocks with no radiation of pain into his legs. (AR 530.) He said 3 that the pain was “constant, every day” and was “getting worse as time goes by.” (AR 4 530.) The pain was aggravated by bending, lifting, and sitting or standing for too long 5 and relieved by stretching, massage, trigger point therapy, manipulation, and swimming. 6 (AR 530.) Plaintiff also described moderate, level 4 pain in his neck that is “getting 7 worse” and “comes and goes” about 2 to 3 times per week. (AR 530.) The treatment 8 goals were to reduce pain levels from 2 out of 10 to 1 out of 10 and to increase strength 9 and flexibility so that Plaintiff could “optimally perform all activities of daily living.” 10 (AR 531.) 11 During these chiropractic visits, the treatment goals remained the same, and all 12 pain was classified by the chiropractor as “moderate.” (See AR 466-531.) Plaintiff’s 13 remarks at these visits varied from “about the same;” “a little better;” and “[e]xcellent, 14 working out at the gym again.” (See AR 509, 519, 527.) On October 20, 2017, Plaintiff 15 remarked that the “treatment always helps,” but he still has “stiffness and pain.” (AR 16 503.) 17 On November 8, 2017, Plaintiff complained to Dr. Howard of pain and tightness 18 in the third finger on his left hand and said he may have broken his finger a few months 19 back. (AR 499.) The interphalangeal joint of his left middle finger was tender and 20 slightly swollen, and he was unable to completely close his finger while making a fist, so 21 x-rays were ordered. (AR 499, 501.) The treatment notes state that: “Typically finger 22 pain will improve over time.” (AR 501.) Plaintiff also complained of “mild sciatic pain 23 when bending his head down or bending forward” and “tight hip flexors.” (AR 499.) 24 Plaintiff reported he had been receiving epidural stem cell therapy and “PRP” for lumbar 25 pain and requested an “interval MRI” to determine whether or not the treatments had 26 been beneficial. (AR 499.) At the time, Plaintiff was no longer taking Gabapentin and 27 was only taking Norco “occasionally” for pain. (AR 499.) 28 1 On November 10, 2017, Plaintiff told the chiropractor that he had not had any 2 “major flare-ups;” but he had “tingling more in his fingers.” (AR 497.) Plaintiff also 3 reported tingling and soreness in his fingers on December 1, 2017, (AR 495), December 4 15, 2017, (AR 493), and April 20, 2018, (AR 466 (“the tingling and pain into the hands is 5 increasing, treatment is helping but it always comes back”)). 6 In a follow-up appointment with Dr. Howard on December 20, 2017, Plaintiff 7 reported he had “[m]ild sciatic pain when bending his head down or bending forward”; he 8 was “occasionally” taking Norco for pain; he was receiving chiropractic treatments which 9 were “very beneficial;” epidural stem cell therapy; and “PRP” for lumber back pain. (AR 10 488.) Plaintiff also said he “spends much of his days doing self-directed therapy for his 11 back, including sitting in a hot tub, followed by sitting in cold pool water, and exercising 12 at the gym.” (AR 488.) The treatment notes further states, “[o]verall back pain has 13 significantly improved.” (AR 488.) 14 On February 3, 2018, a follow-up MRI of the lumbar spine was completed 15 concluding “[s]table mild to moderate degenerative changes of the lumbar spine which 16 are most significant at the L4-L5 and L5-S1 level where there is moderate right neural 17 foraminal stenosis at L4-L5 and mild right neural foraminal stenosis at L5-S1. Stable 18 grad 1 anterolisthesis of L5 on S1.” (AR 568-69.) 19 At his March 22, 2018 visit with Dr. Howard, Plaintiff asked for a letter “stating 20 specific disabilities,” because he is unable to care for his special needs child,” and his 21 “ex-wife needs assistance vis-à-vis IHSS.” (AR 472.) Plaintiff stated “he does self- 22 directed therapy for his back all day long” and is also receiving chiropractic care which 23 he has found “very beneficial.” (AR 472.) As in prior visits, he reported “[s]ciatic pain 24 when bending his head down or bending forward.” (AR 472.) He stated that his back 25 pain was improving “overall” until very recently when he took a road trip in the car, 26 which made his back pain worse. (AR 472.) Prescriptions for both Gabapentin and 27 Norco are listed as “discontinued” in this treatment note but he takes Norco “occasionally 28 for pain amelioration.” (AR 472.) On physical examination, Dr. Howard noted that 1 Plaintiff’s back has a “normal spinal contour [and a] normal sitting posture” but forward 2 flexion was “limited to about 70 degrees.” (AR 474.) Plaintiff was able to rotate his 3 back “fully in both directions.” (AR 474.) Additionally, he was able to move “all 4 extremities well,” had no obvious neurological abnormalities, and had a normal gait. 5 (AR 474.) Dr. Howard’s final report in the record, dated May 2, 2018, indicates Plaintiff 6 sought a PT referral for his chronic neck/upper back pain and lower back pain. (AR 463.) 7 Plaintiff reported he found chiropractic work for his lumbar back pain “very beneficial” 8 and his complaints, at the time, were discomfort in the right lateral upper extremity of 9 pain/numbness and pain in the right leg and lower back pain. (AR 463.) 10 Finally, the record includes a form entitled “Physical Medical Source Statement” 11 that is dated May 4, 2018 that was completed and signed by Carmen Bellofatto (“Ms. 12 Bellofatto”) but does not include any of her credentials. (AR 572-75.) The form 13 indicates that Ms. Bellofatto provided some therapy, involving gentle stretching and 14 strengthening, to Plaintiff in six sessions from September 9, 2016 through May 4, 2017. 15 (AR 572.) According to Ms. Bellofatto, Plaintiff could walk one to two blocks; sit for 10 16 to 15 minutes; and stand for 15 to 20 minutes but needed to take unscheduled breaks of 17 30 minutes often and shift positions at will during an 8-hour workday because of pain. 18 (AR 573.) She also indicates that Plaintiff could occasionally twist and climb stairs but 19 should rarely lift more than 10 to 20 pounds; never crouch or climb ladders; and rarely 20 stoop. (AR 574.) Ms. Bellofatto also reported on the form that Plaintiff had significant 21 limitations with reaching, handling, or fingering; would likely be “off task” about 25 22 percent of the time; and needed to spend most of the day lying on his back. (AR 574.) 23 2. Non-Treating, Non-Examining Medical Opinions 24 On April 6, 2016, G. Spellman, M.D., an agency physician, reviewed Plaintiff’s 25 medical records and concluded he is not disabled and could perform his past relevant 26 work as a consultant, a sedentary job, because he has the residual functional capacity to 27 do the following in an 8-hour work day: occasionally lift and carry 10 pounds; frequently 28 lift and carry less than 10 pounds; stand and or walk for 2 hours; sit for about 6 hours; 1 push and pull to use hand and/or foot controls on an unlimited basis; occasionally climb 2 stairs, balance, stoop, kneel, and crouch or crawl; and never climb ladders. (AR 98-102.) 3 On July 14, 2016, K. Vu, an agency physician, on reconsideration, reviewed 4 Plaintiff’s medical records and concluded he is not disabled because he has the residual 5 functional capacity to occasionally lift or carry 10 pounds; frequently lift or carry less 6 than 10 pounds; stand or walk for 2 hours and sit for about 6 hours in an 8-hour work 7 day; push and pull hand or foot controls on an unlimited basis except for lift/carry 8 restrictions; occasionally balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, crawl, and climb ramps and 9 stairs. (AR 111-12.) However, Dr. Vu noted Plaintiff should avoid vibration “due to C3 10 radiculopathy.” (AR 112.) He also concluded Plaintiff had no manipulative limitations. 11 (AR 112.) It was Dr. Vu’s opinion that Plaintiff’s statements about his symptoms were 12 partially consistent with the medical evidence in the record. His notations also refer to 13 “improvement,” “hip [range of motion] with no pain”; and “no atrophy of quads or calfs.” 14 (AR 110.) 15 B. The ALJ Decision 16 For the purposes of the Social Security Act, a claimant is disabled if she is unable 17 “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable 18 physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has 19 lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 20 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). In order to determine whether a claimant meets this definition, 21 the ALJ employs a five-step sequential evaluation. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a). If the ALJ 22 determines that a claimant is either disabled or not disabled at a step in the process, the 23 ALJ does not continue on to the next step. Id. § 404.1520(a); Bray v. Comm’r of Soc. 24 Sec. Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 1222 (9th Cir. 2009). In brief, the ALJ considers whether 25 the claimant is disabled by determining: (1) whether the claimant is “doing substantial 26 gainful activity”; (2) whether the claimant has a “severe, medically determinable physical 27 or mental impairment . . . or a combination of impairments that is severe” and that has 28 lasted for more than 12 months; (3) whether the impairment “meets or equals” one of the 1 listings in the regulations; (4) whether, given the claimant’s residual functional capacity 2 (“RFC”), the claimant can still do his or her “past relevant work”; and (5) whether the 3 claimant “can make an adjustment to other work.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(i)-(v). 4 Between steps three and four, the ALJ must assess the claimant’s RFC. Id. § 5 404.1520(e); Bray, 554 F.3d at 1222–23; Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1011 (9th 6 Cir. 2014). The burden of proof is on the claimant at steps one through four but shifts to 7 the Commissioner at step five. Bray, 554 F.3d at 1222. 8 Here, the ALJ applied the five-step sequential framework to determine that 9 Plaintiff is not disabled. (AR 41-54.) At step one, the ALJ found that Plaintiff has not 10 engaged in substantial gainful activity since October 28, 2014, the alleged onset date of 11 disability. (AR 41.) At step two, the ALJ found that Plaintiff has the following severe 12 impairments: status post motor vehicle accident October 28, 2014 with degenerative disc 13 disease and degenerative joint disease of the lumbar spine; status post minimally invasive 14 L4-L5 foraminotomy/discectomy surgery; osteoarthritis of the bilateral hips; and 15 degenerative disc disease of the cervical spine. (AR 41.) At step three, the ALJ found 16 that Plaintiff does not have an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or 17 medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, 18 Subpart P, Appendix 1. (AR 44.) The ALJ determined that Plaintiff has the RFC to 19 perform sedentary work as defined in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(a) except that he “can lift and 20 carry 10 pounds occasionally and less than 10 pounds frequently; stand and/or walk 2 21 hours in an 8-hour workday with normal breaks; and push and pull within the lift and 22 carry restrictions. . . can occasionally climb ramps and stairs, balance, stoop, kneel, 23 crouch, or crawl, but can never climb ladders, ropes, and scaffolds. . . . must also avoid 24 concentrated exposure to wetness, vibration, and hazards such as unprotected heights or 25 dangerous moving machinery.” (AR 44.) 26 At step four, given Plaintiff’s RFC, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff is unable to 27 perform any past relevant work. (AR 51.) Finally, considering Plaintiff’s age, education, 28 work experience, and RFC, the ALJ concluded that there are jobs that exist in significant 1 numbers in the national economy that the claimant can perform. (AR 52.) Therefore, the 2 ALJ concluded Plaintiff has not been under a disability as defined in the Social Security 3 Act from October 28, 2014 through the date of its decision. (Id.) 4 Discussion 5 A. Standards of Review 6 1. Standard of Review of Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation 7 The district court’s duties in connection with a Report from a magistrate judge are 8 set forth in Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 72(b) and 28 U.S.C. § 636(b). The district 9 court “may accept, reject or modify, in whole or in part, the findings and 10 recommendations made by the magistrate.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b); see Wang v. Masaitis, 11 416 F.3d 992, 1000 n.13 (9th Cir. 2005); United States v. Reyna-Tapia, 328 F.3d 1114, 12 1121–22 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). However, the district court must conduct a do novo 13 review of any part of the Report that has been objected to. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3). 14 When no objections to a Report are made, the Court may assume the correctness of the 15 magistrate judge’s findings of fact and decide the motion on the applicable law. 16 Campbell v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for the N. Dist. Of California, 501 F.2d 196, 206 (9th Cir. 17 1974); Johnson v. Nelson, 142 F. Supp. 2d 1215, 1217 (S.D. Cal. 2001). Here, Plaintiff 18 filed an objection to portions of the Magistrate Judge’s Report; thus, the Court will make 19 a de novo determination of those portions of the Report to which objections are made. 20 2. Standard of Review of Commissioner’s Final Decision 21 Section 205(g) of the Act permits unsuccessful claimants to seek judicial review of 22 the Commissioner’s final agency decision. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The reviewing court may 23 enter a judgment affirming, modifying, or reversing the Commissioner’s decision, and 24 may also remand the matter to the Commissioner of Social Security for further 25 proceedings. Id. 26 The scope of the reviewing court is limited; it may only “set aside the ALJ’s denial 27 of benefits . . . when the ALJ’s findings are based on legal error or are not supported by 28 substantial evidence in the record as a whole.” Parra v. Astrue, 481 F.3d 742, 746 (9th 1 Cir. 2007) (internal quotations omitted). “‘Substantial evidence’ means more than a mere 2 scintilla, but less than a preponderance, i.e., such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind 3 might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 4 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006). However, “[w]here evidence is susceptible to more than one 5 rational interpretation, it is the ALJ’s conclusion that must be upheld.” Burch v. 6 Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005). 7 B. The ALJ’s RFC Determination 8 The “RFC is an administrative assessment of the extent to which an individual’s 9 medically determinable impairment(s), including any related symptoms, such as pain, 10 may cause physical or mental limitations or restrictions that may affect his or her capacity 11 to do work-related physical and mental activities.” Laborin v. Berryhill, 867 F.3d 1151, 12 1153 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting SSR 96–8p, 61 Fed. Reg. 34474, 34475 (July 2, 1996)). 13 Simply put, a claimant’s “residual functional capacity is the most [the claimant] can still 14 do despite [his or her] limitations.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(1). 15 The ALJ assesses a claimant’s RFC “based on all the relevant evidence in [the] 16 case record.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(1). The ALJ must consider both relevant medical 17 evidence as well as “descriptions and observations of [the claimant’s] limitations from 18 [the claimant’s] impairment(s), including limitations that result from [the claimant’s] 19 symptoms, such as pain, provided by” the claimant, family, friends, or “other persons.” 20 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(3). If a claimant has more than one impairment, the ALJ must 21 consider all “medically determinable impairments” in assessing the claimant’s RFC. 20 22 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(2). 23 In this case, Plaintiff alleged several impairments in his application for DIB 24 benefits, including his lower back pain and neck pain. (AR 211.) In the decision, the 25 ALJ concluded that Plaintiff’s degenerative disc disease and degenerative joint disease of 26 the lumbar spine, osteoarthritis of the bilateral hips, and degenerative disc disease of the 27 cervical spine were severe impairments. (AR 41.) Therefore, the ALJ must consider all 28 these impairments in assessing Plaintiff’s RFC. 1 1. Whether the ALJ Failed to Consider Relevant Medical Evidence as to 2 Plaintiff’s Manipulative Limitations in Hands and Fingers 3 First, Plaintiff contends the ALJ mischaracterized the evidence by failing to find 4 any limitations in the use of his hands and fingers in the RFC determination. (Dkt. No. 5 17 at 8-11.) He argues that the ALJ improperly cherry-picked and ignored findings of his 6 treating physicians and failed to consider the re-interpreted MRI results where there was 7 competent evidence that his cervical disc degeneration impairs his ability to handle and 8 grasp. (Id. at 8.) Defendant responds that the weight of the evidence does not support 9 Plaintiff’s complaints and he merely points to isolated excerpts of the record to support 10 the manipulative limitations. (Dkt. No. 17 at 14-15.) Defendant points out that the EMG 11 study came back negative revealing only a C3 radiculopathy on the left and C3 12 radiculopathy symptoms tend to be vague neck and trapezious pain; therefore, Plaintiff 13 has failed to show that C3 radiculopathy was the cause of his hand numbness. (Id. & n. 14 3.) Moreover, Defendant argues the ALJ properly relied heavily on the State agency 15 physicians, Dr. Spellman and Dr. Vu, who were able to synthesize the conflicting 16 medical record. (Id. at 11.) Ultimately, Defendant claims that weighing of the evidence 17 is reserved for the ALJ. (Id. at 14.) 18 The Report concluded that substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s RFC 19 determination excluding any limitations based on hand numbness or hand pain. (Dkt. No. 20 18, at 20-21.) In the Objections, Plaintiff argues that the Magistrate Judge’s conclusion 21 that the ALJ properly considered manipulative limitations should be rejected because 22 there is ample objective evidence supporting his hand and finger numbness and pain. 23 (Dkt. No. 21.) 24 “Where evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, . . . the 25 ALJ's conclusion . . . must be upheld.” Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 26 2005). Ultimately, the “ALJ is the final arbiter with respect to resolving ambiguities in 27 the medical evidence.” Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing 28 Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039-40 (9th Cir. 1995) (“The ALJ is responsible for 1 determining credibility, resolving conflicts in medical testimony, and for resolving 2 ambiguities.”). However, an ALJ may not “cherry pick” evidence without considering its 3 context in the record. Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1164 (9th Cir. 2014) (holding 4 ALJ may not “cherry pick” evidence that disfavors disability without considering its 5 context in record); Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1017 n.23 (9th Cir. 2014) (ALJ may 6 not “cherry-pick” from mixed results to support a denial) (quoting Scott v. Astrue, 647 7 F.3d 734, 739-40 (7th Cir. 2011)); Holohan v. Massanari, 246 F.3d 1195, 1207 (9th Cir. 8 2001) (holding that the ALJ erred in selectively relying on entries in the medical record 9 while “ignor[ing] the many others that indicated continued, severe impairment.”); see 10 also Williams v. Colvin, No. ED CV 14-2146-PLA, 2015 WL 4507174, at *6 (C.D. Cal. 11 July 23, 2015) (internal citations omitted) (“An ALJ may not cherry-pick evidence to 12 support the conclusion that a claimant is not disabled, but must consider the evidence as a 13 whole in making a reasoned disability determination.”). 14 The Court agrees with Plaintiff that the ALJ cherry-picked findings to support his 15 RFC determination that Plaintiff had no manipulative limitations in the use of his hands 16 and fingers. Most significantly, the ALJ appears to have overlooked or ignored the MRI 17 of his cervical spine dated May 23, 2016 discussed in Dr. Ghosh’s July 7, 2016 report 18 which the ALJ credited7, (AR 47).8 In a report dated July 7, 2016, Dr. Ghosh read the 19 films and the report of an MRI of the cervical spine dated May 23, 2016 and commented 20 that the initial report did not mention that the MRI revealed a “5 mm disc protrusion at 21 C5-6 compression the left C6 nerve root. There is a 3 mm disc protrusion at C5-6 22 compression the right C6 nerve root.” (AR 459.) Dr. Ghosh re-iterated that the 23 “symptomatic cervical radiculopathy due to a 4-5 mm disc herniation at C5-6” was 24 missed on the original MRI report. (AR 460.) The results of the re-interpreted MRI of 25

26 7 The ALJ recounted the results of Dr. Ghosh’s physical exam of Plaintiff during the visit on July 7, 27 2016. (AR 47.) 8 The report of the MRI of the cervical spine, dated May 23, 2016, is not in the record and only 28 1 May 23, 2016 is not mentioned by the ALJ, and his failure to consider the MRI of the 2 cervical spine with positive findings as it possibly relates to Plaintiff’s hand and finger 3 numbness/pain was error as he failed to consider all relevant evidence in the record when 4 making an RFC determination. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(1); Banks v. Colvin, No. 13– 5 cv–05322 BHS, 2014 WL 1912063, *4 (W.D. Wash. May 12, 2014) (ALJ committed 6 reversible error by failing to consider significant and probative evidence of more serious 7 findings in an MRI of the cervical spine). 8 Next, while the ALJ fully credited and gave substantial weight to Dr. Schumann’s 9 opinions, he ignored Dr. Schumann’s clinical findings and diagnosis that supported 10 Plaintiff’s complaints of hand and finger numbness. In his decision, the ALJ summarized 11 Dr. Schumann’s report of April 18, 2016 as follows: Plaintiff’s physical exam was 12 “unremarkable except for back spasm; tenderness of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar 13 spine” and “the remainder of the exam revealed normal sensation to light touch; and 14 normal reflexes. There was no loss of strength or muscle atrophy in the hands.” (AR 15 47.) However, the ALJ ignored Dr. Schumann’s findings that Plaintiff’s complaint of 16 “bilateral hand numbness” was “symmetric bilaterally and mostly in the 4.5 digits and 17 occasionally the thumb.” (AR 403.) The ALJ also did not mention that, on physical 18 exam, Dr. Schumann described Plaintiff’s cervical spine as abnormal and diagnosed him, 19 inter alia, with “[c]ervical spondylosis with myelopathy and radiculopathy”, 20 “[c]ervicalgia” and “[u]lnar neuropahy at elbow.” (AR 404.) The ALJ also neglected to 21 note that Dr. Schumann described Plaintiff as having “progressive numbness in both hand 22 [sic] in the ulnar distribution for the last few months.” (AR 404.) 23 By failing to consider the re-interpreted MRI of the cervical spine dated May 23, 24 2016 and selectively citing to his treating physician’s reports to support an RFC without 25 any manipulative limitations, the ALJ’s RFC assessment of no functional limitations to 26 Plaintiff’s hands and fingers are unsupported by substantial evidence in the record. See 27 Kenneth A. v. Berryhill, 3:17-cv-01575-PK, 2018 WL 5929674, at * 5 (D. Or. Sept. 4, 28 2018) (ALJ’s decision not supported by substantial evidence where ALJ ignored 1 physician’s findings supporting the plaintiff’s limitations and neglected to fully discuss 2 an MRI and x-rays that revealed multi-level degenerative disc disease). 3 Moreover, while Defendant defends the RFC determination as supported by the 4 state agency physicians, the Court notes Dr. Spellman’s opinion was rendered on April 1, 5 2016 before the cervical MRI scan of May 23, 2016, (AR 96), and Dr. Vu’s July 14, 2016 6 opinion does not address the cervical MRI scan. (AR 108.) Dr. Vu only mentions the 7 EMG conducted which revealed “C3 radiculopathy otherwise normal” and not the MRI 8 of May 23, 2016 which revealed cervical radiculopathy at C5-6.9 9 2. Whether the ALJ Failed to Consider Relevant Medical Evidence as to 10 Plaintiff’s Ability to Sit for Prolonged Periods 11 Plaintiff also argues that the ALJ erred in failing to quantify Plaintiff’s ability to sit 12 uninterrupted during the course of an eight-hour day in the RFC assessment. (Dkt. No. 13 17 at 4-8.) Defendant responds that the case was complex and conflicting and the ALJ 14 relied heavily on the State agency medical opinions to synthesize the conflicting medical 15 records and determine an RFC that includes both his limitations and residual capabilities. 16 (Dkt. No. 17 at 11-14.) The Report concluded that there was no compelling evidence 17 indicating that Plaintiff should avoid prolonged sitting. (Dkt. No. 18 at 21-25.) Plaintiff 18 did not file an objection to the Report’s conclusion. 19 After careful review of the record, the Court concludes that substantial evidence 20 supports the RFC finding that Plaintiff has the ability to perform sedentary work as 21 defined under 20 C.F.R. 404.1567(a)10, which includes his ability to sit six hours in an 22 eight-hour workday. (AR 44.) 23

24 25 9 In the briefing, Defendant argues that Plaintiff has failed to link C3 radiculopathy to his hand and finger numbness/pain but fails to address the C5-6 radiculopathy noted by Dr. Ghosh. 26 10 Sedentary work “involves lifting no more than 10 pounds at a time and occasionally lifting or carrying articles like docket files, ledgers, and small tools. Although a sedentary job is defined as one which 27 involves sitting, a certain amount of walking and standing is often necessary in carrying out job duties. Jobs are sedentary if walking and standing are required occasionally and other sedentary criteria are 28 1 The ALJ determined that Plaintiff has the RFC to perform sedentary work as 2 defined in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(a) except that he “can lift and carry 10 pounds 3 occasionally and less than 10 pounds frequently; stand and/or walk 2 hours in an 8-hour 4 workday with normal breaks; and push and pull within the lift and carry restrictions. . . 5 can occasionally climb ramps and stairs, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, or crawl, but can 6 never climb ladders, ropes, and scaffolds. . . . must also avoid concentrated exposure to 7 wetness, vibration, and hazards such as unprotected heights or dangerous moving 8 machinery.” (AR 44.) 9 As noted by the Report, under Social Security Ruling 83-10, “‘[o]ccasionally’ 10 means occurring from very little up to one-third of the time. Since being on one's feet is 11 required ‘occasionally’ at the sedentary level of exertion, periods of standing or walking 12 should generally total no more than about 2 hours of an 8-hour workday, and sitting 13 should generally total approximately 6 hours of an 8-hour workday. . . .” SSR 83-10 14 (emphasis added). Additionally, Social Security Ruling 83-12 provides that a person who 15 “must alternate periods of sitting and standing”, meaning an individual who can sit for a 16 time, but must then get up and stand or walk before returning to sitting, “is not 17 functionally capable of doing either the prolonged sitting contemplated in the definition 18 of sedentary work (and for the relatively few light jobs which are performed primarily in 19 a seated position) or the prolonged standing or walking contemplated for most light work. 20 (Persons who can adjust to any need to vary sitting and standing by doing so at breaks, 21 lunch periods, etc., would still be able to perform a defined range of work.).” SSR 83-12. 22 The ALJ’s RFC assessment means that Plaintiff has the ability to sit for about 6 23 hours in an 8-hour workday. See id. The ALJ recounted in detail Plaintiff’s medical 24 records related to his low back and right hip pain from around March 2015 to May 2018. 25 (AR 45-52.) The ALJ recognized the medical evidence to support his low back and hip 26 injury, including the x-ray of the lumbar spine, the MRI of the lumbar spine on 27 November 24, 2015, the MRI of the lumbar spine dated April 29, 2017 and February 3, 28 2018 as well as x-rays of the pelvis and right hip. (AR 46, 48, 49.) The ALJ considered 1 Plaintiff’s medical source that diagnosed Petitioner with symptomatic cervical 2 radiculopathy and lumbar radiculopathy. (AR 47.) Due to his pain, Plaintiff sought 3 treatment and engaged in different types of treatment such as physical therapy, 4 chiropractic care, steroid injections, pain management, medication, and Platelet Rich 5 Plasma Autologous Graft injections, which are all documented in the ALJ’s decision. 6 (AR 46-51.) Despite the voluminous medical records, no treating medical source opined 7 on Plaintiff’s inability to sit for prolonged periods.11 8 There are two medical reports by a Physician Assistant (“P.A.”) and a DPT in the 9 record limiting Plaintiff from prolonged sitting. (AR 360, 462.) “Regardless of its 10 source,” the ALJ “will evaluate every medical opinion [he or she] receive[s].” 20 C.F.R. 11 § 404.1527(c). The ALJ must consider the opinions from “other sources to show the 12 severity of [the claimant’s] impairment(s) and how it affects [the claimant’s] ability to 13 work.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1513(d). Other medical sources include nurse practitioners, 14 chiropractors, physicians’ assistants, therapists, teachers, social workers, spouses and 15 other non-medical sources. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1513(d)(1). An ALJ may not reject the 16 competent testimony of “non-acceptable” or “other” medical sources without comment. 17 Stout v. Comm'r, 454 F.3d 1050, 1053 (9th Cir. 2006). To reject the competent testimony 18 of “other” medical sources, the ALJ must give “reasons germane to each witness for 19 doing so.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Turner v. 20 Comm'r of Soc. Sec., 613 F.3d 1217, 1224 (9th Cir. 2010)). 21 First, around November 28, 2015, Felix Regala, P.A, summarily stated that 22 Plaintiff should avoid prolonged sitting. (AR 57, 360.) However, there is no information 23 as to Mr. Regala’s involvement in Plaintiff’s treatment. (AR 360.) Second, the brief 24

25 26 11 The Court notes that Plaintiff is challenging the ALJ’s review of the relevant medical evidence to support the RFC assessment concerning his lower back and hip pain and not Plaintiff’s subjective pain 27 and symptom testimony. (Dkt. No. 17 at 5-8.) The Court notes that the record is full of Plaintiff’s complaints of pain due to prolonged sitting but the ALJ’s assessment of his subjective complaints of 28 1 three sentence statement of Kaleb Cullison, DPT on October 21, 2016 stated that Plaintiff 2 has functional limitations in sitting for prolonged periods based on physical therapy for 3 back pain in July 2016. (AR 462.) The ALJ afforded little weight to both these opinions 4 because they were not from physicians, were not a proper function by function analysis, 5 did not consider the entire record, and conflicted with substantial evidence in the record 6 documenting sedentary work limitations. (AR 49-50.) The Court concludes that the ALJ 7 provided germane reasons for rejecting the two “other medical source” opinions. 8 Additionally, these “other source” opinions pre-date improvements to Plaintiff’s back and 9 hip pain starting in 2016 with dramatic improvements by 2018. 10 Finally, the ALJ notes that Plaintiff’s reports of severe lumbar and hip pain 11 gradually improved over time. (AR 48, 51.) Starting in February/March 2016, Plaintiff 12 experienced “great success” from the Platelet Rich Plasma Autologous Graft injections 13 for his lumbar pain and was down to one pill a day from eight pills a day and was then 14 able to do physical activities such as swimming. (AR 400.) In October 2016, Plaintiff 15 told Dr. Howard that he had significant improvement to his back pain since engaging in 16 “Egoscue physical therapy” and is taking Norco only for breakthrough pain. (AR 550.) 17 Because of his pain improvement, he declined interventional therapies and stem cell 18 therapy. (AR 550.) In September 2017, Plaintiff reported that he felt “excellent” and had 19 been working out at the gym. (AR 509.) In December 2017, he stated that his overall 20 back pain had “significantly improved” due to his self-directed therapies. (AR 488.) In 21 May 2018, Plaintiff reported that his chiropractic visits for his lumbar back pain were 22 “very beneficial.” (AR 463.) Accordingly, the Court concludes that the ALJ considered 23 the relevant evidence and provided substantial evidence to support his RFC assessment 24 concerning his ability to sit for six out of an eight-hour workday and ADOPTS the 25 Report’s conclusion on this issue.12 26

27 12 The Court notes that Plaintiff relies on medical evidence from 2015 and 2016 and does not address 28 1 3. Plaintiff’s Subjective Pain and Symptom Testimony 2 Next, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to provide clear and convincing reasons 3 for rejecting Plaintiff’s reports of pain and numbness related in his hands and fingers. 4 (Dkt. No. 17 at 16-20.) Defendant disagrees arguing that Plaintiff has failed to show that 5 his allegations of manipulative limitations were supported by the record. (Dkt. No. 17 at 6 21-22.) 7 The Report concluded that the ALJ was not required to provide specific, clear, and 8 convincing reasons to support his conclusion regarding limited use of hands and fingers 9 because Plaintiff had not provided objective medical evidence to support an underlying 10 impairment that might reasonably cause numbness or pain in his hands. (Dkt. No. 18 at 11 21.) However, the Magistrate Judge improperly came to the conclusion that Plaintiff had 12 not provided objective medical evidence of an underlying impairment that might 13 reasonably cause disabling numbness or pain in his hands; that was a determination 14 reserved for the ALJ. 15 It is well established that if an ALJ determines that 1) a claimant has provided 16 objective medical evidence of an underlying impairment or impairments that could 17 reasonably produce the pain or other symptom testimony, and that 2) the claimant is not 18 malingering, the ALJ “may reject the claimant's testimony about the severity of those 19 symptoms only by providing specific, clear, and convincing reasons for doing so.” 20 Lambert v. Saul, 980 F.3d 1266, 1277 (9th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). The inquiry 21 “requires the ALJ to specifically identify the testimony [from a claimant] she or he finds 22 not to be credible and . . . explain what evidence undermines that testimony.” Id. 23 (internal quotations and citations omitted). 24 First, the Court concludes that the ALJ erred by failing to make the threshold 25 express determination whether Plaintiff had provided objective medical evidence of an 26 underlying impairment or impairments that could reasonably produce the pain or 27 28 1 numbness in his hands and fingers. See Hunt v. Astrue, No. EDCV 11-1391 RNB, 2012 2 WL 2805034, at *1 (C.D. Cal. July 9, 2012) (ALJ erred by failing to make an “explicit 3 determination with respect to the first step of her credibility analysis” especially in light 4 of the fact that the plaintiff had asserted several alleged impairments) (citing Craig v. 5 Chater, 76 F.3d 585, 596 (4th Cir. 1996) (reversible error for ALJ to fail to expressly 6 consider threshold question of whether claimant had demonstrated by objective medical 7 evidence an impairment capable of causing the degree and type of pain alleged)). 8 However, even if the ALJ’s failure to make an explicit determination of the first step of 9 the credibility analysis was harmless, by having failed to consider the re-interpreted MRI 10 of May 23, 2016 revealing cervical radiculopathy at C5-6, the ALJ could not have 11 conducted a proper assessment whether Plaintiff had provided objective medical evidence 12 of an underlying impairment that could reasonably produce his hand and finger 13 pain/numbness. Therefore, the ALJ erred by failing to make the express determination 14 whether there was objective medical evidence of an impairment that could reasonably 15 cause Plaintiff’s manipulative limitations. 16 In sum, the Court concludes that substantial evidence does not support the ALJ’s 17 RFC determination that did not include any functional or manipulative limitations on 18 Plaintiff’s fingers and hand due to numbness/pain. 19 C. Remand 20 The decision whether to remand for further proceedings or order an immediate 21 award of benefits is within the district court's discretion. Harman v. Apfel, 211 F.3d 22 1172, 1175-78 (9th Cir. 2000). In general, when the Court reverses an ALJ’s decision 23 “the proper course, except in rare circumstances, is to remand to the agency for additional 24 investigation or explanation.” Benecke v. Barnhart, 379 F.3d 587, 595 (9th Cir. 2004). 25

26 13 While the ALJ concluded that the “claimant’s medically determinable impairments could reasonably 27 be expected to cause the alleged symptoms . . .” (AR 45), he also concluded that “[d]iagnostic findings do not substantiate the claimant’s complaints of significant bilateral hand numbness.” (AR 47.) His 28 1 Here because the ALJ failed to consider the relevant medical records to make an 2 || RFC determination as well as failed to properly assess Plaintiff’s subjective symptom 3 || testimony related to his hand and finger pain/numbness, the Court REMANDS the case 4 ||for further administrative proceedings. See Leon v. Berryhill, 880 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th 5 || Cir. 2017) (“where ... an ALJ makes a legal error, but the record is uncertain and 6 || ambiguous, the proper approach is to remand the case to the agency”) (quoting Treichler 7 ||v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1105 (9th Cir. 2014)). 8 Conclusion 9 Based on the reasoning above, the Court ADOPTS in part and DECLINES to 10 || ADOPT in part the Report. The ALJ’s decision is REVERSED in part and the case is 11 |} REMANDED for further administrative proceedings consistent with the opinion of the 12 || Court. 13 IT IS SO ORDERED. 14 Dated: March 30, 2023 = 5 Cooke Cae 16 United States District Judge 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28