MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED regarded as precedent or cited before any Nov 27 2019, 9:02 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals and Tax Court estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Matthew J. McGovern Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Anderson, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Ellen H. Meilaender Supervising Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Earl B. Martin, November 27, 2019 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 19A-CR-627 v. Appeal from the Vanderburgh Circuit Court State of Indiana, The Honorable David D. Kiely, Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Trial Court Cause No. 82C01-1712-MR-7874
Brown, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 1 of 17 [1] Earl B. Martin appeals his convictions for murder, attempted murder, two
counts of robbery, and conspiracy to commit robbery. We consolidate the
issues he raises as whether the trial court abused its discretion or erred in
admitting certain evidence. We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] In December 2017, Martin communicated with his co-worker, Jalil Fellows, via
text messages. Martin asked Fellows if he knew someone they could rob, and
Fellows gave Martin the phone number for his marijuana supplier, Brandon
Waldroup. Fellows believed that Martin was going to rob Waldroup of a half-
pound of marijuana and they would split it in some way.
[3] On December 18, 2017, Miranda Grissom, Martin’s friend, picked him up from
his mother’s house around 4:00 or 5:00 p.m. and took him to her apartment
located across the street from Rick’s Sports Bar. Grissom observed that Martin
had a gun. A couple of hours later, Martin left with the gun and said he was
going to Rick’s to meet his girlfriend.
[4] That same day, Waldroup exchanged text messages with a person calling
himself Jeremiah. They decided to meet at Rick’s Bar, and Waldroup drove to
the bar with Christopher Hoefling. Waldroup heard a tap on the rear passenger
door, unlocked the car, and Martin opened the door and pointed a gun at
Waldroup’s head and a second gun at Hoefling’s head. Waldroup turned his
head back around, heard a gunshot, and was then struck by a second shot. A
few seconds later, Waldroup saw his car door open, and Martin pulled him out
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 2 of 17 of the car and threw him face down on the concrete. Waldroup laid in pain for
awhile before turning his head to see that his car and Hoefling were gone.
[5] A passerby approached Waldroup, and officers arrived at the scene. Waldroup
was able to give the officers a description of his vehicle and the person who shot
him as an older black male with a tan jacket. Waldroup was unable to tell the
police if Hoefling had been shot.
[6] Evansville Police Detective David Smith sent officers to speak with Hoefling’s
father and then to Waldroup’s apartment to look for Hoefling. Detective Smith
went through the process with Blue Link to locate Waldroup’s car but was
unsuccessful. 1 He then contacted AT&T regarding Waldroup’s phone, received
an emergency disclosure, discovered that the phone had been turned off
moments after the incident, and learned that two phone numbers were of
interest and belonged to Fellows and Martin.
[7] Waldroup was transported to the hospital and had a bullet removed from his
jaw. While he was in the hospital, he identified Martin from a photo array as
the person who shot him. Evansville Police Detective Peter DeYoung spoke
with Waldroup and learned that Waldroup’s phone was likely in the vehicle
and that there was a second victim. He contacted the phone carrier and asked
1 Detective Smith testified that Waldroup’s father thought the car had Onstar and that he ultimately determined that the brand of Waldroup’s vehicle used Blue Link.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 3 of 17 for an exigent circumstances tracking of the phone so he could locate the
second victim.
[8] Meanwhile, at some point that evening, Martin’s girlfriend, Heather Wilson,
called him, and he asked her for a ride but did not seem to know where he was
and gave her the names of the intersecting streets. Wilson picked him up in a
red PT Cruiser, noticed he smelled of marijuana, and dropped him off at his
mother’s home.
[9] Martin called Fellows and said it “turned out bad” and Fellows would “see it
on the news.” Transcript Volume II at 120. That night, Fellows went to
Martin’s house and obtained three ounces of marijuana.
[10] Around 10:00 or 11:00 p.m., Martin called Grissom and asked her to pick him
up at his mother’s house. She picked him up, noticed that he had marijuana
with him, and returned him to his mother’s house around 7:30 a.m. the
following morning.
[11] On December 19, 2017, Detective Smith told Evansville Police Detective Brad
Evrard that he had a number for one of the victim’s phones. They contacted
the cell provider and obtained information regarding two phone numbers that
were communicating with Waldroup’s phone. Detective Evrard entered the
phone numbers into Facebook and discovered that one number belonged to
Fellows and the other belonged to Martin. He took the numbers for Fellows
and Martin and “did an exigent warrant to Verizon.” Id. at 246.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 4 of 17 [12] The police searched for Waldroup’s vehicle that day but did not find it. That
afternoon, they executed a search warrant on the home of Martin’s mother.
Police discovered a .380 caliber Cobra handgun and a .22 caliber Ruger pistol.
They discovered a velvet Crown Royal bag containing eighteen rounds of
federal .380 caliber ammunition, a firearm, a Carhartt jacket, and marijuana in
a bag in a trash can of a neighboring home. Police collected jeans from a
bedroom with blood on the seat, a pair of work boots, two .380 caliber spent
shell casings, and a box of .25 caliber ammunition from the northeast bedroom.
[13] Evansville Police Detective Jeffrey Allen Hands informed FBI Special Agent
Kevin Horan of the missing vehicle and that there was another victim. Agent
Horan created a report for the Verizon phone number believed to belong to
Martin.
[14] On December 19, 2017, the police recovered Waldroup’s vehicle and
discovered Hoefling’s body inside. After a search warrant was obtained for the
vehicle, the police discovered a spent .380 caliber shell casing, a small baggie of
suspected marijuana, and a .22 caliber shell casing. An autopsy revealed
Hoefling suffered four gunshot wounds to his back and died as a result of a
large accumulation of blood in the right chest cavity caused by one of the
gunshot wounds.
[15] On December 26, 2017, the State charged Martin with Count I, murder; Count
II, murder; Count III, attempted murder as a level 1 felony; Count IV, robbery
resulting in serious bodily injury as a level 2 felony; Count V, robbery resulting
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 5 of 17 in serious bodily injury as a level 2 felony; and Count VI, conspiracy to commit
robbery as a level 5 felony. The State also alleged a sentencing enhancement
for a person committing a felony offense while using a firearm as to Counts I,
II, IV, and V, and that he was an habitual offender.
[16] Martin sent a letter dated March 13, 2018, to Grissom in which he stated “the
only reason your [sic] not wrapped up in this is because of me,” that he needed
her to move a package, if she ignored him then “I swear to God your [sic]
done!,” and “So make your next move your best move my Queen. Lol One
more thing. Check mate.” State’s Exhibit 28.
[17] On December 3, 2018, Martin filed a motion to suppress alleging that the
Evansville Police Department requested and received his cell phone records
from Verizon Wireless pursuant to an “Emergency Disclosure” request and that
this demand violated his rights. Appellant’s Appendix Volume II at 169. The
trial court held a hearing on the motion to suppress and denied the motion.
[18] In January 2019, the court held a jury trial. Fellows testified about his
communications with Martin and that Martin called him and said it “turned
out bad” and he would “see it on the news.” Transcript Volume II at 120.
Waldroup testified that Martin entered the car with guns drawn, shot him in the
face, and pulled him out of the car. He immediately identified Martin as the
shooter in the photo array on the day after the shooting and with a “hundred
percent” certainty during his testimony in court. Id. at 167. Heather Wilson,
Martin’s girlfriend until the time of the robbery, testified that she did not discuss
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 6 of 17 with Martin about going to Rick’s Sports Bar that day. The court admitted a
surveillance video recording from a liquor store near the scene of the shooting
which showed a male walking through a parking lot wearing a tan jacket at
approximately 8:51 p.m.
[19] Erin Gabor, an IT Specialist Computer Forensic Examiner employed by the
FBI, prepared a report regarding Martin’s phone titled Extraction Report and
refers to the Federal Bureau of Investigation Computer Analysis Response
Team. The court admitted the 2,770-page report as State’s Exhibit 31 over
Martin’s objection. Gabor testified that the report included information from
the cell phone given to her in the investigation.
[20] Evansville Police Officer Douglas Hamner testified that he used a chemical
known as bluestar on the PT Cruiser which reacts to the presence of
hemoglobin and blood. He observed a reaction on the front passenger seat, the
outside front passenger door handle area, and the front passenger inside door
handle.
[21] Outside the jury’s presence, Agent Horan testified he is a cell phone expert and
that he provided a report to the Evansville Police Department containing an
expert opinion about the movement of Martin’s phone on the evening of the
crime. He explained that the report is generated from inputting the Verizon
records into a software program. Martin’s counsel argued that Verizon did not
provide a business records affidavit or certify the records. Agent Horan testified
that he was a member of the cellular analysis survey team and had been trained
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 7 of 17 “in almost all things, cell phone . . . .” Transcript Volume III at 159. Martin’s
counsel later stated: “I’m not contesting whether he’s qualified. I’m contesting
that the data he relied upon, which is in substance his map, is not
authenticated.” Id. at 166. He also objected under Ind. Evidence Rules 803
and 901.
[22] In the presence of the jury, Agent Horan testified that he received specialized
training and was assigned to the Cellular Analysis Survey Team, which is a
group of experts in the field of cellular technology and cellular tracking. During
Agent Horan’s testimony, Martin’s counsel objected to the admission of the
report prepared by him. The court overruled the objection, and admitted the
report as State’s Exhibit 232. Agent Horan testified as to the report and
location of the phone during certain times on December 18, 2017.
[23] Mitzi Templeton, a forensic firearm and toolmark examiner, testified that a
bullet retrieved from Hoefling’s body during the autopsy was fired from the
Cobra .380 caliber firearm. She indicated that a .380 caliber shell casing
recovered from Waldroup’s vehicle and two .380 caliber shell casings recovered
from the residence of Martin’s mother were fired from the Cobra .380 caliber
firearm.
[24] Nicole Huffman, a forensic scientist, testified she detected human blood on a
swab of the recovered tan jacket. She testified that the DNA profile was “at
least one trillion times more likely if it originated from Earl Martin and
Brandon Scott Waldroup rather than originating from Earl Martin and an
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 8 of 17 unknown individual,” and that “[t]hat analysis provides very strong support for
the explanation that Brandon Scott Waldroup is a contributor to the DNA
profile.” Id. at 223. With respect to a swab from Martin’s boots, Huffman
detected blood and testified that “[t]he DNA profile developed was interpreted
as originating from a single individual and the DNA profile is at least one
trillion times more likely if it originated from Brandon Scott Waldroup than if it
originated from an unknown unrelated individual,” and “this analysis provides
very strong support for the explanation that Brandon Scoot [sic] Waldroup is a
contributor to the DNA profile.” Id. at 229.
[25] Huffman testified that the DNA profiles developed from four cuttings of
Martin’s shirt were each interpreted as originating from a single individual, that
the DNA profile was “at least one trillion times more likely if it originated from
Brandon Scott Waldroup than if it originated from an unknown unrelated
individual,” and “[t]his analysis provides very strong support for the
explanation that Brandon Scott Waldroup is a contributor to the DNA profile.”
Id. at 230. With respect to a fifth cutting from the shirt, she developed a DNA
profile and interpreted it as originating from three individuals, the DNA profile
was “at least one trillion more times likely if it originated from Earl Martin,
Brandon Scott Waldroup, and an unknown unrelated individual rather than if it
originated from Earl Martin and two unknown individuals,” and “[t]his
analysis provides very strong support for the explanation that Brandon Scott
Waldroup is a contributor to the DNA profile.” Id. at 230-231. She gave
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 9 of 17 similar testimony regarding a sixth cutting from the shirt, Martin’s underwear,
and Martin’s blue shorts.
[26] On cross-examination, Martin’s counsel asked Huffman if when she said
somebody is one trillion times more likely to be the contributor that “we’re
basically saying to this jury that you’re pretty certain that that’s the person’s
DNA,” and she replied: “We’re saying that the DNA profile I developed is best
explained by that situation, like that, it’s best supported by that explanation
versus another. We’re actually comparing two different scenarios and saying
this is more likely than that.” Id. at 233. When asked if a swab of a dried red
substance in front of the tan jacket that she understood belonged to Martin was
human blood, she answered affirmatively. Martin’s counsel asked: “No
question based upon your analysis that the contributors to that DNA profile
were Mr. Martin and Mr. Waldroup. Is that right?” Id. at 236. Huffman
answered: “My reports are a trillion more times likely that that is where they
originated from.” Id. at 236.
[27] Susan Laine, a forensic DNA analyst, testified that she tested the swab from the
slide of the Ruger, found human blood, determined that the DNA profile
originated from a single individual and that “the profile was at least one trillion
times more likely if it originated from Christopher Leo Hoefling than if it
originated from an unknown unrelated individual.” Id. at 248.
[28] Detective Hands testified that Verizon sent records and identified them as
State’s Exhibit 240. Upon questioning by Martin’s counsel, Detective Hands
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 10 of 17 indicated that the file from Verizon was encrypted, that Verizon provides
instructions on how to open and authenticate it, and that the file was sent to
Detective Smith’s email. Martin’s counsel objected on the basis of Ind.
Evidence Rules 901 and 803(6). After some discussion, the court sustained the
objection. Detective Hands then identified State’s Exhibit 31 as a CD
containing the download of Martin’s phone that was sent to the FBI with the
search warrant. The court indicated that the exhibit had already been admitted,
Martin’s counsel renewed his objection, and the court overruled the objection.
[29] After the State rested, Martin presented the testimony of Brandon Cox who
testified that he lived in Mt. Vernon, Indiana, had a Ruger SR 22 semi-
automatic pistol for sale in November 2017, listed it on a website, and
ultimately sold it to Hoefling.
[30] The jury found Martin guilty as charged, and he later admitted to the firearm
sentencing enhancements and to being an habitual offender. The court found
that Count II merged with Count I and sentenced him to an aggregate sentence
of 135 years.
Discussion
[31] The issue is whether the trial court abused its discretion or erred in admitting
certain evidence. Martin argues that the cell phone records were not properly
authenticated and were inadmissible under Ind. Evidence Rule 901(a) and
points to State’s Exhibits 31 and 232. He contends that the erroneous
admission of the evidence was not harmless because the records had a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 11 of 17 substantial effect on the jury’s deliberations. He also points to Ind. Evidence
Rule 803(6) and asserts that his phone records and the map and testimony
generated from them constitute impermissible hearsay and its admission
violated his right of confrontation. He argues that the business records were
compiled by the FBI to show his movements on the day of the shooting and
Agent Horan admitted that he used this information to create a map and
provide a location of his phone at the relevant times. He contends that he had
no way to cross-examine the custodian of the data underlying the map and no
ability to confront the State about the accuracy of the information generated by
the FBI agent. He also argues that his cell phone and the cellular location
evidence related to his phone were seized in violation of the Fourth
Amendment.
[32] The State argues that the cell phone records were not admitted into evidence,
that Agent Horan authenticated the report he prepared, and that an expert is
permitted to rely upon inadmissible evidence in reaching conclusions. It also
argues that any error in admitting the evidence over the Rule 901 and Rule 803
objections was harmless given the overwhelming evidence of guilt and relative
insignificance of the cell phone location evidence. It contends that no warrant
was required under the exigent circumstances exception and the officers acted
in good-faith reliance on then-controlling precedent that a warrant was not
required.
[33] The trial court has broad discretion to rule on the admissibility of evidence.
Bradley v. State, 54 N.E.3d 996, 999 (Ind. 2016). A trial court’s ruling on the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 12 of 17 admission of evidence is generally accorded a great deal of deference on appeal.
Hall v. State, 36 N.E.3d 459, 466 (Ind. 2015), reh’g denied. We do not reweigh
the evidence; rather, we consider only evidence that is either favorable to the
ruling or unrefuted and favorable to the defendant. Beasley v. State, 46 N.E.3d
1232, 1235 (Ind. 2016). We will not reverse an error in the admission of
evidence if the error was harmless. Turner v. State, 953 N.E.2d 1039, 1058 (Ind.
2011). In determining the effect of the evidentiary ruling on a defendant’s
substantial rights, we look to the probable effect on the fact finder. Id. at 1059.
An improper admission is harmless if the conviction is supported by substantial
independent evidence of guilt satisfying the reviewing court that there is no
substantial likelihood the challenged evidence contributed to the conviction. Id.
[34] Initially, we note that the trial court did not admit the cell phone records.
Rather, Martin points to State’s Exhibit 232, which is Agent Horan’s report of
his analysis drawing his conclusions about the location of the phone at various
times and is titled “FBI Cellular Analysis Survey Team,” and State’s Exhibit
31, which includes FBI Examiner Gabor’s report of her extraction of the data
on Martin’s cell phone conducted pursuant to a search warrant. State’s Exhibit
232. Agent Horan identified State’s Exhibit 232 as his report at trial. Ind.
Evidence Rule 703 provides: “An expert may base an opinion on facts or data
in the case that the expert has been made aware of or personally observed.
Experts may testify to opinions based on inadmissible evidence, provided that it
is of the type reasonably relied upon by experts in the field.”
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 13 of 17 [35] To the extent Martin cites Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206, 2217-2218
(2018), we cannot say that case requires reversal. In Carpenter, police officers
arrested four men suspected of robbing multiple stores in Michigan and Ohio.
138 S. Ct. at 2212. One of the men confessed that, over the previous four
months, the group had robbed nine different stores and identified fifteen
accomplices and gave the FBI some of their cell phone numbers. Id. Based on
that information, the prosecutors applied for court orders under the Stored
Communications Act to obtain cell phone records for Carpenter and several
other suspects. Id. The Court addressed the question of whether the
Government conducts a search under the Fourth Amendment when it accesses
historical cell phone records that provide a comprehensive chronicle of the
user’s past movements. 138 S. Ct. at 2211. The Court observed that the
government acquired the cell-site records pursuant to a court order issued under
the Stored Communications Act, which required the government to show
“reasonable grounds” for believing that the records were “relevant and material
to an ongoing investigation.” Id. at 2221. The Court held that “[t]hat showing
falls well short of the probable cause required for a warrant.” Id. The Court
recognized:
Further, even though the Government will generally need a warrant to access [cell-site location information (“CSLI”)], case- specific exceptions may support a warrantless search of an individual’s cell-site records under certain circumstances. “One well-recognized exception applies when ‘“the exigencies of the situation” make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that [a] warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.’” Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452, 460, 131 S. Ct.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 14 of 17 1849, 179 L.Ed.2d 865 (2011) (quoting Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 394, 98 S. Ct. 2408, 57 L.Ed.2d 290 (1978)). Such exigencies include the need to pursue a fleeing suspect, protect individuals who are threatened with imminent harm, or prevent the imminent destruction of evidence. 563 U.S., at 460, and n. 3, 131 S. Ct. 1849.
As a result, if law enforcement is confronted with an urgent situation, such fact-specific threats will likely justify the warrantless collection of CSLI. Lower courts, for instance, have approved warrantless searches related to bomb threats, active shootings, and child abductions. Our decision today does not call into doubt warrantless access to CSLI in such circumstances. While police must get a warrant when collecting CSLI to assist in the mine-run criminal investigation, the rule we set forth does not limit their ability to respond to an ongoing emergency.
Id. at 2222-2223.
[36] The Indiana Supreme Court has held that exigent circumstances that have been
found sufficient to overcome a warrantless entry have included: (1) a suspect is
fleeing or likely to take flight in order to avoid arrest; (2) incriminating evidence
is in jeopardy of being destroyed or removed unless an immediate arrest is
made; and (3) hot pursuit or movable vehicles are involved. Snellgrove v. State,
569 N.E.2d 337 (Ind. 1991). The Court has also recognized an “emergency
circumstances” exception to the warrant requirement when a violent crime has
occurred and entry by police can be justified as a means to prevent further
injury or to aid those who have been injured. Sapen v. State, 869 N.E.2d 1273,
1277 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (quoting Snellgrove, 569 N.E.2d at 340 (citing Tata v.
State, 486 N.E.2d 1025, 1028 (Ind. 1986))), trans. denied. Further, “[a]mong the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 15 of 17 exigencies that may properly excuse the warrant requirement are threats to the
lives and safety of officers and others and the imminent destruction of
evidence.” Holder v. State, 847 N.E.2d 930, 937 (Ind. 2006).
[37] The record indicates that Martin fired multiple shots, shot Waldroup, pulled
him out of his car, threw him face down on the concrete, and left the scene with
Hoefling. Given that law enforcement was attempting to find Hoefling, we
conclude that exigent circumstances existed. See Johnson v. State, 117 N.E.3d
581, 585 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018) (holding that the police were investigating a
murder and that a threat to the lives and safety of others and possible
destruction of evidence were sufficient exigent circumstances to justify
obtaining cellular location information without a court order and that the
defendant had not shown a violation of his federal constitutional rights), trans.
denied; Govan v. State, 116 N.E.3d 1165, 1174 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019) (holding that
the police had ample reason to believe that the defendant had committed
violent felonies and presented an ongoing threat to the lives and safety of others
and had reason to believe that obtaining real-time data about the location of the
defendant’s cellular phone would assist them in finding him and that these were
sufficient exigent circumstances under the Fourth Amendment to justify
obtaining real-time phone location information without first seeking a court
order), trans. denied.
[38] Moreover, the record reveals substantial independent evidence of guilt set forth
above. Grissom testified that she picked up Martin the day of the shooting and
took him to her apartment which was across the street from Rick’s Sports Bar.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 16 of 17 Waldroup immediately identified Martin as the shooter in the photo array after
the shooting and with “a hundred percent” certainty during his testimony in
court. Transcript Volume II at 167. The court admitted surveillance video
from the liquor store near the scene in which a male walked through a parking
lot wearing a tan jacket at approximately 8:51 p.m. The record includes
testimony regarding the DNA profiles found on the tan jacket and Martin’s
boots, shirt, underwear and shirts. Based upon this evidence as well as the
ballistics evidence and other evidence in the record, we conclude that any error
was harmless. See Zanders v. State, 118 N.E.3d 736, 756 (Ind. 2019) (“In light of
the Supreme Court’s decision in Carpenter, we hold that the State’s access to
Zanders’s historical CSLI was a Fourth Amendment search. We also hold that,
regardless of whether the search falls under the exigent-circumstances exception
to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement, the admission of the CSLI
evidence was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.”).
[39] For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Martin’s convictions.
Affirmed.
Altice, J., and Tavitas, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-627 | November 27, 2019 Page 17 of 17