Robinson, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This bill is filed to set aside a deed of gift made by John Reynolds to his nephew, John Henry Reynolds.
The undisputed facts show that the donor was unmarried and over seventy years of age, and in an extremely feeble condition of health.
At the time of the execution of the deed he was, and for several months prior thereto had been, confined to his room, suffering great bodily pain from an attack of dropsy, and from the effects of which he shortly afterwards died.
He had three sisters living, two of whom were poor and in needy circumstances, and nieces and nephews of two sisters deceased and one deceased brother.
[307]*307In November, 1818, he made three wills, in each of which he gave legacies to his sisters and other relatives, varying in amount from ten to twelve thousand dollars ; and in each of which he left his nephew, John Henry Reynolds, executor and residuary legatee.
In December following, he made an assignment to the said John Henry, of certain personal property, embracing horses, cattle, crops and farming implements ; and on the 13th of January he made the deed now assailed, by which he conveyed to the donee, subject to a life estate in the donor, a tract of land containing two hundred and sixty acres, and valued at twelve to fifteen thousand dollars.
The property belonging to him, and not embraced in the assignment of December, and the deed now in question, was altogether insufficient to pay the legacies under his will.
The bill charges that the donor was incompetent to make a valid deed or contract, and that the deed of January 13th was obtained by fraud and undue influence practiced and exercised by tbe donee.
A good deal was said in argument about the relations existing between the donor and donee, and it was insisted that they were of such a character as to bring this case within the well recognized principles of a Court of equity, as applicable to gifts between persons standing in a confidential and fiduciary relation to each other. The proof, however, does not in our opinion justify this contention. It does show that the donee was the favorite nephew of the donor, that he had lived with his uncle from his earliest childhood, and that the most affectionate relations existed between them. It shows also, that for several years prior to the deed, the donee had occasionally transacted business for tbe donor, and that he had during the last sickness of his uncle, the general management of the farm. But it shows also, that this was done under the general directions of the donor.
[308]*308It does not show that the relation was such as to imply dominion or control either over the property ox person of the donor. On the contrary, it was a relation which one might naturally expect to arise from near kinship and mutual affection. At the same time we deem it proper to say that in view of this close and intimate relation, the age and infirmity of the donoi’, the nature and character of the gift, the fact that in each of the three wills just preceding the deed in question, the donor recognized his sisters and other relatives as objects of his bounty, a Court cannot be too vigilant and cautious in considering the proof, and in determining whether the gift was the free, voluntary and intelligent act of the donor.
We come now to consider the proof upon which the deed of January 13th is assailed; and first in regard to the capacity of the donor to make a valid deed or contract.
Quite a number of witnesses, not less than ten, most of whom had known the donor intimately for years, do not hesitate to say that in their opinion, he was at the time of the execution of this deed, incapable of making a valid contract, or an intelligent disposition of his property. The reasons upon which this opinion is founded, are not, it is true, in some cases very satisfactory, being, to some extent at least, based upon his great bodily infirmities and sufferings.
It would extend this opinion far beyond what is necessary, to review in detail the testimony of the several witnesses on this subject; but if the case rested solely upon their testimony, we should be obliged to say that the deed in question was not the act of an intelligent and capable person.
But against this, we have the testimony of not less than twenty witnesses, the friends and neighbors of the donor,. who had known him for a long number of years, who saw him frequently during his last illness, both before and subsequent to the execution of the deed, all of whom say [309]*309that although broken down by disease, and suffering great bodily pain, the donor was in the possession of his faculties, and fully competent to execute a deed or contract. They detail, too, conversations with Kim during this time on a variety of subjects, in regard to business matters, current news of the day, farming, crops, &c., all of which show conclusively that whatever may have been his bodily infirmities, his mind was clear.
And in addition to these, we have the testimony of Mr. Syester, who had been for years hi's legal adviser, who prepared the three wills in November, and the deed now in question, and to whom the donor assigned the reasons which induced him to make the several changes in his will, and the reasons by which he was influenced and governed in making the deed of 13th January. It is unnecessary to state in detail the conversation between Mr. Syester and the donor; it shows, however, that the latter was in the full possession of his faculties and understood thoroughly the business in which he was engaged. • In regard to the legacies under his will, he said “he was afraid they would be considered in law as charges upon his land, and that his nephew, John Henry, would be obliged to sell part of the farm to pay them, and this he wanted to avoid.” He then propo’sed that Mr. Syester should prepare a deed of the farm to his nephew, reserving to himself a life estate.
The witness further says, that fearing these changes in his will, and the execution of the deed, might give rise to controversy, he entered into a general conversation with the donor in regard to his business, the nature and extent of his property, the number of his relations, and then in regard to farming matters, news of the day, &c., and upon all of which, the donor talked intelligently.
And when the deed was prepared by witness and about to be read, the donor requested John Beeler, who was present, to read the original deed, for the purpose of ascer[310]*310taining whether the two deeds corresponded íd metes and hounds, courses and distances.
The conversation between Mr. Syester and the donor shows beyond all question that the latter understood fully the nature and extent of the act in question, and was perfectly competent to make a deed or any other contract. And to this, we have the testimony of Doctor Grimes, who had been the family physician for a number of years, and who attended him during his last sickness.
The only remaining question then, is whether the deed of January the 13th was the free and voluntary act of the donor, or whether it was procured by fraud and undue influence ? And upon this branch of the case there are, we must confess, some very suspicious circumstances.
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Robinson, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This bill is filed to set aside a deed of gift made by John Reynolds to his nephew, John Henry Reynolds.
The undisputed facts show that the donor was unmarried and over seventy years of age, and in an extremely feeble condition of health.
At the time of the execution of the deed he was, and for several months prior thereto had been, confined to his room, suffering great bodily pain from an attack of dropsy, and from the effects of which he shortly afterwards died.
He had three sisters living, two of whom were poor and in needy circumstances, and nieces and nephews of two sisters deceased and one deceased brother.
[307]*307In November, 1818, he made three wills, in each of which he gave legacies to his sisters and other relatives, varying in amount from ten to twelve thousand dollars ; and in each of which he left his nephew, John Henry Reynolds, executor and residuary legatee.
In December following, he made an assignment to the said John Henry, of certain personal property, embracing horses, cattle, crops and farming implements ; and on the 13th of January he made the deed now assailed, by which he conveyed to the donee, subject to a life estate in the donor, a tract of land containing two hundred and sixty acres, and valued at twelve to fifteen thousand dollars.
The property belonging to him, and not embraced in the assignment of December, and the deed now in question, was altogether insufficient to pay the legacies under his will.
The bill charges that the donor was incompetent to make a valid deed or contract, and that the deed of January 13th was obtained by fraud and undue influence practiced and exercised by tbe donee.
A good deal was said in argument about the relations existing between the donor and donee, and it was insisted that they were of such a character as to bring this case within the well recognized principles of a Court of equity, as applicable to gifts between persons standing in a confidential and fiduciary relation to each other. The proof, however, does not in our opinion justify this contention. It does show that the donee was the favorite nephew of the donor, that he had lived with his uncle from his earliest childhood, and that the most affectionate relations existed between them. It shows also, that for several years prior to the deed, the donee had occasionally transacted business for tbe donor, and that he had during the last sickness of his uncle, the general management of the farm. But it shows also, that this was done under the general directions of the donor.
[308]*308It does not show that the relation was such as to imply dominion or control either over the property ox person of the donor. On the contrary, it was a relation which one might naturally expect to arise from near kinship and mutual affection. At the same time we deem it proper to say that in view of this close and intimate relation, the age and infirmity of the donoi’, the nature and character of the gift, the fact that in each of the three wills just preceding the deed in question, the donor recognized his sisters and other relatives as objects of his bounty, a Court cannot be too vigilant and cautious in considering the proof, and in determining whether the gift was the free, voluntary and intelligent act of the donor.
We come now to consider the proof upon which the deed of January 13th is assailed; and first in regard to the capacity of the donor to make a valid deed or contract.
Quite a number of witnesses, not less than ten, most of whom had known the donor intimately for years, do not hesitate to say that in their opinion, he was at the time of the execution of this deed, incapable of making a valid contract, or an intelligent disposition of his property. The reasons upon which this opinion is founded, are not, it is true, in some cases very satisfactory, being, to some extent at least, based upon his great bodily infirmities and sufferings.
It would extend this opinion far beyond what is necessary, to review in detail the testimony of the several witnesses on this subject; but if the case rested solely upon their testimony, we should be obliged to say that the deed in question was not the act of an intelligent and capable person.
But against this, we have the testimony of not less than twenty witnesses, the friends and neighbors of the donor,. who had known him for a long number of years, who saw him frequently during his last illness, both before and subsequent to the execution of the deed, all of whom say [309]*309that although broken down by disease, and suffering great bodily pain, the donor was in the possession of his faculties, and fully competent to execute a deed or contract. They detail, too, conversations with Kim during this time on a variety of subjects, in regard to business matters, current news of the day, farming, crops, &c., all of which show conclusively that whatever may have been his bodily infirmities, his mind was clear.
And in addition to these, we have the testimony of Mr. Syester, who had been for years hi's legal adviser, who prepared the three wills in November, and the deed now in question, and to whom the donor assigned the reasons which induced him to make the several changes in his will, and the reasons by which he was influenced and governed in making the deed of 13th January. It is unnecessary to state in detail the conversation between Mr. Syester and the donor; it shows, however, that the latter was in the full possession of his faculties and understood thoroughly the business in which he was engaged. • In regard to the legacies under his will, he said “he was afraid they would be considered in law as charges upon his land, and that his nephew, John Henry, would be obliged to sell part of the farm to pay them, and this he wanted to avoid.” He then propo’sed that Mr. Syester should prepare a deed of the farm to his nephew, reserving to himself a life estate.
The witness further says, that fearing these changes in his will, and the execution of the deed, might give rise to controversy, he entered into a general conversation with the donor in regard to his business, the nature and extent of his property, the number of his relations, and then in regard to farming matters, news of the day, &c., and upon all of which, the donor talked intelligently.
And when the deed was prepared by witness and about to be read, the donor requested John Beeler, who was present, to read the original deed, for the purpose of ascer[310]*310taining whether the two deeds corresponded íd metes and hounds, courses and distances.
The conversation between Mr. Syester and the donor shows beyond all question that the latter understood fully the nature and extent of the act in question, and was perfectly competent to make a deed or any other contract. And to this, we have the testimony of Doctor Grimes, who had been the family physician for a number of years, and who attended him during his last sickness.
The only remaining question then, is whether the deed of January the 13th was the free and voluntary act of the donor, or whether it was procured by fraud and undue influence ? And upon this branch of the case there are, we must confess, some very suspicious circumstances. Here is an old man broken down by age and disease, making no less than three wills within a month, and in each succeeding will, the change is always in favor of the appellee. Within two weeks after the last will is signed, we find him conveying a large portion of his personal property to the appellee, and within a month after this, he makes the deed of January 13th, by which the appellee gets the farm, and thus there is but little left to pass to the legatees under his last will. During all this time the appellee is living in the same house with the donor, and is not only aware of the preparation of these papers by which he was to get nearly all of his uncle’s property, hut shows some anxiety about their execution.
These facts, we say, are calculated to create a strong suspicion against the good faith of this transaction, but yet when considered in connection with other facts in the case they are not sufficient to justify us in condemning this deed as being procured by fraud or undue influence. All the witnesses agree in saying that the donor was a man of sound judgment, strong convictions, and of firm and resolute purpose. They prove also that whatever may have been his affection for his sisters and other relatives, [311]*311the appellee, whom he had raised from his earliest childhood, was the one nearest and dearest to his heart. He was, too, the son of his favorite brother, with whom the donor had lived a number of years, owning and sharing all property belonging to them in common.
As far hack as 1813, he had declared to the witness, Burtner, that he intended to keep the farm in the Reynolds’ name, and that he intended to give it to his nephew, the appellee.
He told Mr. Syester in 1814, “that a large part of the property owned by him was the result of the joint labors of his brother William, the father of the appellee, and himself, and that he thought William’s interest ought to go to his son, John Henry, and that he intended his part should go to him also.”
To William Jones he said, in February, 1811, “ that he intended to give everything he had to John Henry, and that he would do it then if it was not for throwing himself out of a home.”
In the same year he told Dr. Grimes, his family physician, “that he intended to make a deed of his property to John Henry,” and in the next year, to the same witness, he said, “he was going to give him the home farm, and would do it then, hut was afraid he might outlive him.”
He said the same thing, in 1871, to John H. Beeler, and in the same year he told Jonathan Stine “ he intended to give to John Henry the home farm and the personal property on it.”
A voluntary gift thus made by a capable donor in pursuance of a long cherished purpose, to a favorite nepheio whom he had raised from childhood, and with whom he had lived on the most intimate and affectionate terms, negatives the suspicion of fraud and undue influence; and a Court ought not to set aside a deed made under such circumstances, except upon proof of the strongest and most conclusive character.
[312]*312(Decided 30th June, 1880.)
The term, undue influence, as used in this connection,, means a deed executed in pursuance of suggestions made by others, and not one made upon the suggestions of the donor himself, and in pursuance of well settled and often declared purposes.
The donor in this case was no doubt desirous of making some suitable provision for his sisters and others who were the natural objects of his bounty, but this desire was subordinate to the long cherished purpose of making what he considered an ample provision for his nephew, the appellee.
This paramount purpose explains the changes in his will, and also the motives by which he was governed in making the deed of the 13th of January.
For these reasons the decree below will be affirmed.
Decree affirmed.
Alvby, J., dissented.