NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT APPROVAL OF THE TAX COURT COMMITTEE ON OPINIONS
TAX COURT OF NEW JERSEY
MALA SUNDAR Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex JUDGE P.O. Box 975 Trenton, New Jersey 08625-0975 609 815-2922, Ext. 54630 Fax 609 376-3018
July 29, 2020 Amber Heinze, Esq. Pablo M. Kim, Esq. Irwin & Heinze, P.A. Attorneys for Plaintiff
David A. Ward, Esq. Kluger Healey, LLC Attorneys for Defendant
Re: Dweck, David and Julienne v. Village of Loch Arbour Block 12, Lot 8 Docket Nos. 000015-2017, 000083-2018, 000090-2019, 000020-2020 Dear Counsel:
This letter constitutes the court’s decision following trial of the above-captioned matters.
Plaintiffs owns the above-captioned property (“Subject”), a 0.413-acre lot improved by a single-
family home located in Defendant taxing district (“Loch Arbour”). For each tax year at issue,
they appealed the Subject’s local property tax assessment set forth below, and their real estate
appraiser concluded the Subject’s value as follows:
Year Assessment Appraiser’s Valuation 2017 $1,207,600 1 $ 925,000 2018 $1,419,200 2 $1,175,000 2019 $1,396,100 3 $1,200,000 2020 $1,778,700 4 $1,400,000
Loch Arbour argued that Plaintiffs’ appraiser’s value conclusions should be rejected
because (1) the appraiser did not make “market” adjustments for the significantly lowered tax
1 Allocated $645,800 to land and $561,800 to improvements. 2 Allocated $787,200 to land and $632,000 to improvements. 3 Allocated $804,400 to land and $591,700 to improvements. 4 Allocated $1,027,100 to land and $751,600 to improvements.
ADA Americans with Disabilities Act ENSURING AN OPEN DOOR TO
JUSTICE rm rate from 2017 onwards, which increased property values in Loch Arbour as a whole, and which
market appreciation is evidenced by the appraiser’s value conclusions increasing each year
despite the absence of any improvements to the Subject during this time; (2) the sales comparison
approach cannot be applied because each home in Loch Arbour is of a different style, and most
homes are bought to be demolished and rebuilt; (3) the gross adjustments made by the appraiser
were excessive; and (4) two of the three sales used for tax year 2020 were not sales but a swap
with an arbitrary sale price. It supported these arguments with testimony of its assessor and one
of the property owners involved in the alleged swap transaction. 5
The court rejects Loch Arbour’s first two arguments. It agrees with Loch Arbour that the
two sales used in tax year 2020 were a swap, and thus, are not usable as comparables. The court
also finds Plaintiffs’ appraiser’s lot size adjustments unpersuasive because he deemed the entire
difference between a comparable’s lot size and the Subject’s lot size surplus land with a lower
per-square-foot (PSF) value, which conflicts with his opinion that the Subject’s buildable lot size
merited a higher value than the area in excess of the buildable lot. The court cannot compute
what the correct adjustment should be based on the evidence before it. Since each tax year
required a lot size adjustment, and further since the appraiser also used the lower PSF value in
computing his location adjustment, the court must affirm the assessments.
SUBJECT DESCRIPTION
The site is a level parcel of land (slightly above street grade) measuring 100x180 SF,
with 100 feet of frontage on Euclid Avenue. Located in the R residential zone, it lies in the
southeastern most portion of Loch Arbour. Plaintiffs’ appraiser’s reports for each tax year
(admitted into evidence without objection) noted that the Subject was “legal” as to the zoning;
5 Loch Arbour withdrew its counterclaims for each tax year on the record at the end of trial.
2 however, they did not include or incorporate the zoning ordinance. The appraiser testified that
the Subject’s buildable lot size is 12,500 SF, and the 100-foot lot frontage is the minimum
required under the zoning ordinance; thus, the lot is not divisible, as of right or legally, into two
separate lots.
To the Subject’s south, half a block away, is Deal Lake, and to its east, five blocks away
is the Atlantic Ocean. The Subject’s neighborhood is a mix of styles and sizes from bungalows
to professionally landscaped estate-styles on half-acre lots. Some older homes are bought for
demolition and re-building. The Subject has good access to local highways.
The home on the site was built in 1947. Plaintiffs’ appraiser opined its effective age as
25 years due to its average condition. The two-storied house has an unfinished attic, is colonial-
styled, with a living room, dining room, den, kitchen, 3 bedrooms, and 2½ bathrooms (one with
a hot tub). The gross living area (GLA) is 2,880 SF. The 1,200 SF basement is 75% finished
(900 SF) with a large recreation room, a full bath, a laundry room, and a storage area. Amenities
include a fireplace, a deck, an open porch, a screened porch, an attached two-car garage, and a
brick driveway. Based on his personal inspection, Plaintiffs’ appraiser opined that the
improvements, although requiring deferred cosmetic repairs/maintenance, were in overall well-
maintained but average condition.
PLAINITIFFS’ APPRAISER’S VALUATION
Plaintiffs’ appraiser opined that the Subject’s highest and best use (HBU) as vacant was
for the development of a single-family residence, and as improved, its current use.
The appraiser used home sales in Loch Arbour, obtaining the sale details and physical
condition from the Multiple Listing Services (MLS), and verifying the same with realtors, a party
to, or an attorney for, the transaction, public records, and exterior inspection. He testified that
3 the Subject is located in a somewhat unique (as in exclusive) community; thus, publicly marketed
sales were limited but not absent. His reports noted that he was “able to view only a few” sales
listed on the MLS in the “[S]ubject’s price range,” that he also reviewed “non-MLS and private
sales,” and that “research of market data indicated an inherent limited amount of available sales
data of competing older homes from the subject’s marketplace.” He testified that since there
were sufficient sales in Loch Arbour for each tax year at issue, he did not extend his search for
comparable sales elsewhere.
For tax year 2017, he used the following four sales:
Comparable 403 Edgemont Dr 407 Euclid Ave 329 Euclid Ave 106 Norwood Ave Sale Price $950,000 $612,500 $1,200,000 $1,200,000 I Sale Date I 06/01/2016 I 11/19/2015 I 09/24/2015 I 11/20/2015 I For tax year 2018, he used the following four sales:
Comparable 331 Euclid Ave 408 Euclid Ave 10 Evergreen Place 112 Euclid Ave Sale Price $999,000 $830,000 $938,000 $950,000 I Sale Date I 04/13/2017 I 04/08/2017 I 05/24/2017 I 03/03/2017 I For tax year 2019, he used three of the four sales he used for tax year 2019 and one additional
sale as follows:
Comparable 325 Edgemont Dr 331 Euclid Ave 408 Euclid Ave 10 Evergreen Place Sale Price $1,500,000 $999,000 $830,000 $938,000 Sale Date I 11/13/2017 I 04/13/2017 I 04/08/2017 05/24/2017
For tax year 2020 he used the following three sales:
Comparable 416 Euclid Ave 325 Euclid Ave 4 Evergreen Place Sale Price $1,140,000 $1,300,000 $1,300,000 I Sale Date 09/17/2019 I 11/15/2019 I 11/14/2019
He made adjustments for differences in lot size, location, GLA, basement finish,
condition, fireplace, garage count, porch/deck, pool, and guesthouse/apartment. For lot size
adjustment, he compared two vacant land sales in Loch Arbour as follows:
4 Sale Price Sale Date Area Price PSF Zone Ocean Proximity 214 Euclid Ave $915,000 12/19/16 15,075 SF $ 60.70 6 R Two Blocks 111 Euclid Ave $829,000 08/13/18 7,500 SF $110.50 R One Block I I Based on these sales, he deemed the Subject’s site value to be $40-$50 PSF (or $800,000
to $900,000) since it was larger, but farther away from the ocean, and determined the value of
surplus land to be the 45% differential in the sale prices of the two sales. This 45% when applied
to his concluded value of the Subject’s lot ($40-$50 PSF) equals $18-$22.50 PSF, but he used
$25 PSF. He multiplied $25 PSF by the difference between the Subject’s and comparables’ lot
sizes to determine the lot size adjustments.
For the two comparables with a view of Deal Lake, (403 Edgemont Drive and 325
Edgemont Drive), he extracted an adjustment by deducting the adjusted sale price of another
comparable (4 Evergreen Place, without a water view), such adjustments being for differences
in lot size, GLA and condition, from the unadjusted sale price of 325 Edgemont Drive (with
water view), and attributed the $277,400 difference as a negative adjustment to properties with
a view of Deal Lake.
For ocean proximity, he compared the unadjusted sale prices of sales (some of which
were his comparables) located in Loch Arbour within a block of the ocean, and those located
three-to-four blocks away. The difference in their average PSF sale prices was about 19%; thus,
he reduced the sale price of a comparable closer to the ocean by -20%. He admitted that he did
not adjust the sale prices for differences in lot size, GLA and condition as he had for extracting
an adjustment for Deal Lake views. He made this adjustment to only 112 Euclid Avenue.
For the remaining items, he used the same methodology and data for each tax year by
comparing the differences in the depreciated cost of the item between the Subject (deemed Class
6 This includes the appraiser’s estimated demolition costs since the property was improved with a single-family home when sold.
5 D, masonry veneer with good construction) and the comparable. Cost for each item was derived
from the Marshall & Swift (M&S) August 2018 publication, to which he added the current and
local multipliers at the same rate for each tax year (1.03, 1.17), and then depreciated it using the
age/life method. When questioned about using the same multipliers for each tax year, he
explained that he had checked the quarterly updates but since the differences were insignificant,
he used the same multipliers each tax year. He used a 41.67% depreciation rate for the Subject
based on its 25-year effective age and 60-year economic life, and different rates for a comparable
depending on its condition (from the MLS pictures) and his opinion of its effective age. 7 The
adjustments were as follows:
Tax Year 2017
Comparable 403 Edgemont Dr 407 Euclid Ave 329 Euclid Ave 106 Norwood Ave Sale Price $950,000 $612,500 $1,200,000 $1,200,000 10,103 11,250 24,750 Site Size (SF) 15,000 (+$75,000) (+$197,425) (+$168,750) (-$168,750) Lakeside/Waterview Location Residential Residential Residential (-$274,000) 3,714 2,670 3,192 4,911 GLA (SF) (-$83,400) (+$21,000) (-$31,200) (-$203,100) Full/Unfinished Full/Unfinished Full/Unfinished Full/Unfinished Basement (+$11,466) (+$9,000) (+$25,848) (+$7,740) Good Good Condition Average Average (-$117,500) (-$101,000) Fireplaces 1 1 1 2 (-$6,000) Garage 2-car None (+$15,000) 2-car 2-car Porch/Patio Porches/Deck Porch/Patio/Deck Porch/Patio/EP Porch/Patio/Deck (+$3,500) Inground Pool None None None (-$25,000) 7 For example, he deemed comparable 1 (tax year 2018) in good condition, so he gave it an effective age of 10 years but a 60-year economic life for a 16.67% depreciation which he applied to the base cost-new ($126 PSF x multipliers =$151.64 PSF) for a depreciated cost of $126.54 PSF. This, less the Subject’s $94.90 PSF depreciated cost, or $31.63 PSF, when multiplied to the comparable’s GLA (2,788 SF) gave a -$88,000 adjustment (rounded). He used the same method for basements but applied the difference of the depreciated cost to 75% of the basement area of each comparable as the Subject’s basement was 75% finished. For GLA, he used the base cost for a single-family home, of Class D with a masonry veneer in “good” construction “type” at $135 PSF , which with the current and local multipliers increased to $162.69, and at 41.67% depreciation provided a depreciated cost of $94.90, rounded to $100 PSF. This adjustment also factored in bathroom count.
6 Apt/Guest House Apt/Guest House Apt/Guest House Other None (-$93,000) (-$50,000) (-$51,500) Adj. Price $590,991 $779,250 $873,398 $1,048,600
Tax Year 2018
Comparable 331 Euclid Ave 408 Euclid Ave 10 Evergreen Place 112 Euclid Ave Sale Price $999,000 $830,000 $938,000 $950,000 Site Size (SF) 11,250 (+$168,750) 6,250 (+$293,750) 6,600 (+$285,000) 6,140 (+$296,500) Ocean Block Location Residential Residential Residential (-$190,000) GLA (SF) 2,788 2,326 (+$55,400) 2,631 (+$24,900) 3,003 (-$12,300) Unfinished Unfinished Unfinished Unfinished Basement (+$7,650) (+$8,226) (+$8,190) (+$13,617) Above Average Condition Average Average Average (-$88,000) Garage None (+$15,000) 1-car (+$7,500) 1-car (+$7,500) None (+$15,000) Porch/Deck Porches/Deck Porch/Patio/Deck Porch/EP Porch/EP (+$3,500) Adj. Price $1,102,400 $1,198,376 $1,263,590 $1,072,817
Tax Year 2019 Comparable 325 Edgemont Dr 331 Euclid Ave 408 Euclid Ave 10 Evergreen Place Sale Price $1,500,000 $999,000 $830,000 $938,000 Site Size (SF) 9,432 (+$214,200) 11,250 (+$168,750) 6,250 (+$293,750) 6,600 (+$285,000) Lakeside/Waterview Location Residential Residential Residential (-$274,000) GLA (SF) 3,423 (-$54,300) 2,788 2,326 (+55,400) 2,631 (+$24,900) Unfinished Unfinished Unfinished Unfinished Basement (+$12,204) (+$7,650) (+$8,226) (+$8,190) Good/Remodeled Above Average Condition Average Average (-$139,000) (-$88,000) Fireplaces 2 (-$8,325) 1 1 1 Garage 2-car None (+$15,000) 1-car (+$7,500) 1-car (+$7,500) Patio/Sm/EP/Porch Porch/Deck Porches/Deck Porch/Patio/Deck Porch/EP (+$3,500) Adj. Price $1,250,599 $1,102,400 $1,198,376 $1,263,590
Tax Year 2020
Comparable 416 Euclid Ave 325 Euclid Ave 4 Evergreen Place Sale Price $1,140,000 $1,300,000 $1,300,000 Site Size (SF) 7,895 (+$252,625) 11,250 (+$168,750) 8,267 (+$243,325) GLA (SF) 1,770 (+$111,000) 2,266 (+$61,400) 3,573 (-$69,300)
7 Full/Finished Unfinished Finished Basement (+$10,980) Avg+Updated Avg+Updated Avg+Updated Condition (-$56,000) (-$71,500) (-$145,500) Adj. Price $1,447,625 $1,469,540 $1,328,525
ANALYSIS
A party challenging an assessment has the burden (a) to overcome the presumption of
correctness afforded a challenged local property tax assessment, and then, (b) to persuade this
court, with credible, objective evidence, why the Subject is over-assessed; and what is or should
be, the Subject’s value. MSGW Real Estate Fund, L.L.C. v. Borough of Mountain Lakes, 18
N.J. Tax 364, 373 (Tax 1998). The presumption “stands, until sufficient competent evidence to
the contrary is adduced.” Township of Little Egg Harbor v. Bonsangue, 316 N.J. Super. 271,
285-86 (App. Div. 1998).
Generally, for residential properties, a comparable sale analysis is used to determine
value. Plaintiffs’ appraiser applied that methodology and proffered his reasons for using sales
in Loch Arbour, both of which were reasonable. Based on his analysis of those sales, the court
finds that Plaintiffs have overcome their initial burden. This does not mean that the assessments
should be reduced. Rather, the court will examine the evidence presented to decide whether
changes in the assessments are warranted.
Loch Arbour argues that Plaintiffs’ appraiser’s value conclusions should be summarily
rejected because he did not make upward adjustments to the comparables’ sale prices for market
appreciation although his own value conclusions increased each tax year evidencing such
appreciation, and it is undisputed that no improvements or renovations were made to the Subject.
Loch Arbour’s assessor testified that the market was unstable but in a positive way, due to the
local property tax rate’s significant decline. The lower tax rate, he testified, was due to litigation
8 where Loch Arbour residents, who apparently paid a disproportionate share of the Ocean
Township school district’s taxes, had a reduced tax burden after Loch Arbour became part of
another school district. Such litigation ended sometime in 2017, after which, per the assessor,
Loch Arbour’s tax rates were significantly lower. 8
Plaintiffs argue that their appraiser already factored in a lower tax rate, hence his value
increased each tax year. Plaintiffs’ appraiser stated that a lower tax rate does not indicate market
appreciation as that phrase is normally understood (i.e., due to an economic upswing), although
it can influence buyer behavior in that buyers would consider buying homes where taxes are
lower. Especially here, given the unique close-community nature of Loch Arbour, and buyer
behavior therein (buying older homes to rebuild to suit owner needs/idiosyncrasies), tax rates do
not equate to stable or unstable real estate markets. He also noted that the unadjusted sale prices
of his one improved comparable which sold in 2016 (and used for tax year 2017), and all the
improved comparables sold in 2017 (used for tax years 2018 and 2019) were in the range of
$800,000 to mid-$1,000,000. Therefore, he stated, since the sales were close to or relatively
close to the tax years in question, there was simply no need for time or market conditions
adjustment for each tax year.
It is reasonable to posit that a lower tax rate would attract more buyers since a
homeowner’s overall expenses would be lower. Loch Arbour’s claim that its dramatic decrease
in tax rate sometime 2017 onwards can increase sale prices, and therefore warrant an adjustment
8 The tax rates for school purposes were as follows: Year Regional/District School Rate Per $100 of Rate Per $100 of Budget Regional School Budget District School Budget 2015 $2,028,038 1.355 2016 $2,148,418 1.450 2017 $1,347,521 0.845 2018 $ 642,522 0.374 2019 $ 546,233 0.306
9 to pre-2017 sales is also reasonable. However, without proof in support of the assessor’s theory
(such proof being for instance, sale prices pre-2017 and post-2017, with the only difference
attributable to the effect of the tax rate), or without details as to the methodology/quantum of
making a tax rate effect adjustment, the court cannot reject outright any pre-2017 sale used by
Plaintiffs’ appraiser as a comparable sale based on just the assessor’s rebuttal testimony. 9
Loch Arbour next argues that all of Plaintiffs’ appraiser’s comparables are suspect due
to a total lack of homogeneity in Loch Arbour. Thus, it is impossible to use a comparable sales
approach for Loch Arbour homes, and therefore, the appraiser’s conclusions are not credible.
Loch Arbour points to the appraiser’s report which noted that:
It should be stressed here again, that no two homes in the immediate marketplace are truly alike. They all have a wide range of different styles and sizes, and vary in condition and proximity or walking distance to various houses of worship and amenities. Based upon the semi-closed nature of the subjects (sic) neighborhood/real estate market, each of these homes take on their owners (sic) individual personality and lifestyles.
It may be that each home in Loch Arbour is uniquely styled. However, because of the
unique close-community nature of Loch Arbour, it is not unreasonable to also consider the sales
therein because those sales create a marketplace for/in Loch Arbour. The appraiser’s report notes
this by stating that “marketability is not hindered due to the variety of different styles and sizes.”
In the absence of proof of any usable sale from competitive neighborhoods, the court cannot
infer (1) they exist; (2) Deal and Allenhurst are automatically comparable competitive markets
for the Subject with the same HBU and buildable lot size as Loch Arbour suggests; and (3) that
Plaintiffs’ appraiser deliberately chose to disregard them.
9 Even assuming that the comparables used by Plaintiffs’ appraiser which sold in 2015/2016, and those that sold in 2017/2019 were similar to each other in all significant aspects (i.e., all things remaining equal), their unadjusted sale prices do not appear to show market value increase due to the lower tax rates, and thus, do not evidence the tie-in of a lower tax rate to property value increase in Loch Arbour, as espoused by Loch Arbour.
10 Next, Loch Arbour argues, the appraisal for each year must be rejected because it is
common knowledge that almost all residential properties in Loch Arbour are purchased to knock
down the existing structure and rebuild luxurious large homes; thus, in essence, the sale prices
are for land only, and therefore, the sales cannot be used as comparables. For instance, the
assessor testified, a comparable (112 Euclid Avenue) which sold 03/03/2017 for $950,000, was
gutted shortly post-sale. Although not deemed non-usable for purposes of sales ratio studies, he
considered it non-usable to prove the Subject’s market value since it was in reality a land sale.
He claimed the home was in bad condition which is why it was listed for a lower sale price. He
conceded that the assessment record, which was entered into evidence, noted the property as “In
Fair Cond. All Orig Needs Update marketed on Mls. Full Market Exp,” yet, he claimed, “fair”
means poor, therefore the comments meant that the property was in a poor condition and in need
of repairs/replacement. However, the MLS pictures (exterior and interior) attached to the
appraiser’s report belie this statement and do not evidence the alleged decrepit condition.
The assessor’s other example was 329 Euclid Avenue, which he stated was knocked
down after its purchase to make way for a much larger single-family home. He testified that the
home on this property was demolished sometime in 2016 after its purchase in 2015, and permits
were obtained for a new larger home which was built by the buyers in 2017. The “Property
Detail” which was entered into evidence shows the GLA as 7,300 SF with the “year built” as
2017 (whereas the GLA in Plaintiffs’ appraiser’s report showed 3,192 SF when sold). The
assessor agreed that the demolition had nothing to do with the home being in a poor or dilapidated
condition but stated that it was due to lot size and its buildability. Therefore, and while his
predecessor did not consider the sale as non-usable for purposes of sales ratio studies, the
11 assessor asserted that this property was not a credible comparable since it was bought to be
demolished.
Plaintiffs’ appraiser’s report acknowledged that homes in Loch Arbour are sometimes
bought to be demolished and re-built. For instance, his report states that “[o]ne must keep in
mind many older homes like the subject are typically purchased for their land value, whereby
individual homeowners construct their own private residence.” It also notes:
Older and remodeled, and large new custom built homes in the subject’s marketplace are considered to be typical and common for the area however they do not sell or “turn-over” on a frequent basis. These homes take a special type of real estate agent to properly list and market them accordingly. Also, the type of buyer that would look for a home of this quality, design and location is not considered to be the typical purchaser in the general surrounding market. It takes a special buyer who is specifically looking for a unique older home with similar capital to support it.
Clearly, the parties agree that sometimes older homes are purchased to be rebuild larger
new/custom homes regardless of the home’s habitable (average or good) condition. Evidence
shows that this happened with 329 Euclid Avenue. The problem is that the court is being asked
by Loch Arbour to take a leap from these two instances and conclude that all properties in Loch
Arbour are bought to be demolished and rebuilt, and therefore Loch Arbour sales reflect only
land value. Consequently, per Loch Arbour, it cannot have or provide comparable sales of
improved properties. The court, however, hesitates to make this leap without corroborative
evidence that the buyer(s) did not pay fair market price for land and the existing improvement,
for instance with testimony that the buyer paid only for land value due to the individual
motivation to rebuild to suit the buyer’s needs/idiosyncrasies, or testimony that the purchase
price was only for a buildable lot, or testimony that the sale was not arm’s-length, or proof that
the sale deed allocated the entire purchase price to land and/or a nominal amount to
12 improvements. Therefore, the court will not reject the comparables in their entirety simply
because some older homes are bought to be demolished and rebuilt into larger newer homes.
The court will now address the credibility of the comparables and adjustments. It rejects
Plaintiffs’ appraiser’s comparables 2 and 3 for tax year 2020. Testimony adduced by Loch
Arbour persuasively proved that these properties were never on, or exposed to the market, cash
never exchanged hands, neither party to the swap wanted to actually sell or buy, and simply
exchanged homes for an arbitrary price. This then leaves one sale for tax year 2020. Generally,
one sale is insufficient to conclude a credible value determination because it cannot reasonably
be considered representative of the general or entire market. See Lorenc v. Township of
Bernards, 5 N.J. Tax 39, 49 (Tax 1982) (“Until a sufficient number of samplings have been
examined to establish a definite trend from which a reasonable conclusion can be drawn,” it is
generally not possible to determine the “fair value of” the subject property). Therefore, the 2020
assessment must be affirmed.
The next issue the court has is the lot size adjustment at $25 PSF. The appraiser’s report
for each tax year noted that the “typical lot” size in Loch Arbour ranges from 7,500 SF-13,000
SF. 10 However, since the Subject’s buildable lot size was 12,500 SF (per his testimony), the
appraiser considered the balance (5,500 SF) as surplus land, which he valued at $25 PSF. While
the court agrees with him that area in excess of the buildable lot size can command a lower PSF
value, it disagrees with him that all land in excess of a comparable’s lot size is similarly
surplusage. This is the effect of his multiplying all land in excess of the comparable’s lot size
and the Subject’s lot size of 18,000 SF by $25 PSF. His computation also assumes that every
10 However, the lot sizes of three of his comparables (408 Euclid Avenue; 10 Evergreen Place; 112 Euclid Avenue) were all less than 7,500 SF, while the lot sizes of two comparables (106 Norwood Ave and 329 Euclid Avenue) were greater than 13,000 SF.
13 comparable’s listed lot size is its buildable lot size. This is illogical because (1) the comparison
is between buildable lot-to-buildable lot; (2) his report notes that “[t]he marginal utility of the
subject’s additional land area has a value that is naturally less than a total building lot”; (3) his
reports note that the site size adjustment “also takes into consideration surplus acreage beyond
the typical 10,000+ sf lot size, along with any conservation easements, changes in topography
and road frontage”; and (4) by his own calculations, the Subject’s buildable lot size is worth
more. It is doubtful if Plaintiffs would sell the Subject’s lot (as vacant) at $50 PSF for up to
6,140 SF (the smallest lot size of a comparable, 112 Euclid Avenue), and then at $25 PSF for the
remainder. This would be simply contrary to the HBU analysis since it violates the financially
feasible and maximal productivity aspects. See Clemente v. Township of South Hackensack, 27
N.J. Tax 255, 268 (Tax 2013) (HBU “analysis requires sequential consideration of the following
four criteria, determining whether the use of the subject property is: 1) legally permissible; 2)
physically possible; 3) financially feasible; and 4) maximally productive”) (citation omitted),
aff’d, 28 N.J. Tax 337 (App. Div. 2015).
Thus, it is also difficult to agree with the appraiser’s conclusion that 214 Euclid Avenue
(which measured 15,075 SF and was used to extract the lot size adjustment) “has an additional
7,575 square feet” as compared to 111 Euclid Avenue (the other sale used to extract the
adjustment, which measured 7,500 SF), and that “[t]herefore, the additional utility of the
additional 7,575 square feet is about 45% less than the smaller lot.” This conclusion also asks
the court to assume that the buildable lot is always 7,500 SF and any land in excess of this would
be surplus. There is no evidence to support this assumption. It could be that the larger lot has a
buildable lot size as the Subject (12,500 SF), which then means that only 2,575 SF would be
deemed surplus, which then calls into question the validity of allocating 45% of a lot to surplus,
14 and therefore deeming 45% of $50 PSF (the Subject lot’s buildable value opined by the
appraiser) to be the value of surplus land. That the “typical” lot size in Loch Arbour is 7,500
SF-13,000 SF does not assist the court since it does not address whether each comparable
requires the same buildable lot size as the Subject’s under Loch Arbour’s zoning ordinance.
Assuming each comparable’s minimum buildable lot is similar to the Subject’s (12,500
SF per the appraiser’s testimony), it would be logical to calculate the adjustment at $50 PSF for
up to 12,500 SF, and then a lower amount for the remaining 5,500 SF. This would increase the
lot size adjustments in all cases where the comparables’ lot sizes are smaller than the Subject’s.
This would increase the adjustment amount, thus, increase the adjusted sale price. However, the
court cannot (1) assume that each comparable’s lot has the same buildable lot size as the Subject;
or (2) compute the PSF value of the alleged surplus based on the evidence before it. There was
no information whether each comparable’s zoning and minimum requirements thereunder were
the same as the Subject. Additionally, as 329 Euclid Avenue has a lot size of 24,750, the court
does not know whether there could be two buildable lots: if so, there would be no surplusage, or
whether to assume that the 12,250 SF is all surplus land assuming the buildable lot for this
comparable is also 12,500 SF. Since the court cannot assume facts into evidence, see F.M.C.
Stores Co. v. Borough of Morris Plains, 100 N.J. 418, 430 (1985) (court can find value based
only “on the evidence before it and the data that [is] properly at its disposal”), it cannot compute
an adjusted lot size adjustment.
It should be noted that Plaintiffs’ appraiser carried his $25 PSF lot size adjustment when
computing his location adjustment for the two comparables with a view of Deal Lake, (403
Edgemont Drive and 325 Edgemont Drive) as explained above. The court’s disagreement with
15 the $25 PSF computation then could reduce the amount of the location adjustment for these two
comparables.
Since each comparable required a lot size adjustment for each tax year at issue, the court
is forced to affirm the assessments due to the issue with the credibility of this adjustment. For
tax year 2020, the assessment is affirmed for the additional reason that one comparable is an
insufficient sampling. Consequently, there is no need to evaluate the credibility of the need for,
or amount of the remaining adjustments. 11
CONCLUSION
For all of the reasons stated above, the court affirms the assessments for each tax year.
Very Truly Yours,
i,, Mala Sundar, J.T.C.
11 The court finds persuasive Plaintiffs’ appraiser’s adjustment extraction methodology for items such as GLA, basement, and amenities (cost data from M&S as depreciated after applying multipliers). It disagrees with his adjustment for (1) ocean proximity (112 Euclid Avenue) since it was based on comparing the mean PSF unadjusted sale prices. Without the adjustments for other differences (GLA or site size or condition he had done when extracting an adjustment for views of Deal Lake), it is not possible to attribute the sale price difference to ocean proximity only; (2) inground pool (-$25,000 for 106 Norwood Avenue) based on the assessor’s undisputed testimony that the property never had an inground pool pre-sale since permits to build one were acquired post-sale in 2016; (3) some of the comparables’ allegedly superior condition.