IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 18-0803 Filed March 4, 2020
DWAYNE WILLIAMS, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, George L.
Stigler, Judge.
Dwayne Williams appeals the summary disposition of his application for
postconviction relief. AFFIRMED.
John J. Sullivan of Sullivan Law Office, P.C., Oelwein, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Bridget A. Chambers, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., Mullins, J., and Potterfield, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2020). 2
MULLINS, Judge.
Dwayne Williams was convicted of first-degree robbery in 2010. This court
affirmed his conviction the following year. See generally State v. Williams, No. 10-
1254, 2011 WL 5394366 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 9, 2011). Procedendo issued in
February 2012. Williams filed the instant postconviction-relief application, his third,
in February 2018. He argued he was denied equal protection and due process in
relation to the selection of juries and a fair trial and forwarded a claim of actual
innocence. He referenced our supreme court’s ruling in State v. Plain, 898 N.W.2d
801 (2017), and argued he “could not establish a racially under represented jury”
until the ruling was filed. The State moved for summary disposition on statute-of-
limitations grounds. An unreported hearing was held in April. Thereafter, Williams
filed a pro se brief amending his innocence claim to a “freestanding claim of
innocence,” citing Schmidt v. State, 909 N.W.2d 778 (Iowa 2018), which had been
decided in March. His counsel also filed a brief, arguing Plain should be applied
retroactively. The district court entered an order granting the State’s motion for
summary disposition. The court only considered whether Plain should be applied
retroactively and answered that question in the negative. The court did not
address the remaining arguments.
Williams now appeals. He argues (1) the existence of genuine issues of
material fact should have precluded summary disposition, (2) the court improperly
ruled on the merits of his application without giving him notice of its intent to do so,
(3) the court erred in dismissing his claim of actual innocence, (4) the court erred
in concluding Plain should not be applied retroactively, and (5) postconviction
counsel was ineffective. 3
As to the first claim, Williams generally argues “there is no record evidence”
the State established his claims were time barred, that it “presented the
nonexistence of a material fact as to any of [his] claims,” and “that the parties were
given the opportunity to fully and fairly develop the record.” However, because the
hearing went unreported, neither is there any record evidence that these matters
were not satisfied.1 Unfortunately, given the status of the record made below, we
find ourselves quite limited. “It is the appellant’s duty to provide a record on appeal
affirmatively disclosing the alleged error relied upon” and we “may not speculate
as to what took place or predicate error on such speculation.” In re F.W.S., 698
N.W.2d 134, 135 (Iowa 2005). Without a transcript of the summary disposition
hearing, we have no idea what occurred. While Williams argues “there was no
argument or evidence presented by the [S]tate to controvert [his] assertions,” we
have no way of knowing that. We will not predicate error on our speculation of
what might have happened.
Next, Williams argues the court improperly ruled on the merits of his
application without giving him notice of its intent to do so. He cites State v.
Manning, where our supreme court held the district court erred in summarily
disposing of an application for postconviction relief without holding an evidentiary
hearing. 654 N.W.2d 555, 557 (Iowa 2002). Manning is distinguishable. There,
the district court did not take evidence on claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel and vindictive actions on the part of the prosecution, but instead
adjudicated the claims from a review of the court file only. Id. at 558. The State
1Likewise, there is no statement of the evidence or proceedings. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.806. 4
had previously moved for summary disposition on the grounds that (1) the
applicant did not include his claims in his resistance to his appellate counsel’s
motion to dismiss his direct appeal as frivolous; (2) he did not provide sufficient
reasons for failing to do so; and (3) because the applicant had pled guilty, he
waived all claims of ineffective assistance except those bearing on the voluntary
and knowing nature of his plea. Id. at 561. The supreme court generally found
none of those grounds supported dismissal under the circumstances of the case.
See id. While the district court agreed with the State on its allegations for
dismissal, it went on to rule on the merits of two of the ineffective-assistance
claims. Id. at 560. Because the State did not include arguments relative to those
claims in its motion to dismiss, the supreme court concluded the applicant was not
on notice that he would need to present proof on any issue outside of the State’s
motion and he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing before the court could rule on
those claims. Id. at 561. The court repeated evidentiary hearings are normally
required for claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. at 562.
Williams’s circumstances are different. The State moved for summary
disposition on statute-of-limitations and res-judicata grounds. As to the sole claim
the court considered and ruled upon, it agreed the statute of limitations barred the
application. Having raised the statute of limitations in its motion for summary
disposition, Williams was certainly on notice he would need to present evidence
and argument that his claims were based on “a ground of fact or law that could not
have been raised within the applicable time period,” see Iowa Code § 822.3 (2018),
and, for all we know, he might have. Williams goes on to argue the court’s ruling
on Plain retroactivity was an impermissible ruling on the merits. Different from 5
Manning, the court did not rule on Williams’s substantive claims, it only ruled on
whether Plain is entitled retroactive treatment and therefore served as an
exception to the time bar. We reject Williams’s claim he was not on notice of what
the hearing would entail.
Third, Williams argues the court erred in dismissing his freestanding claim
of actual innocence under Schmidt. The court did not rule on his claim of actual
innocence, and there is nothing in the record indicating the court considered the
argument. The argument was therefore not preserved for our review. See Meier
v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002); see also Stammeyer v. Div. of
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 18-0803 Filed March 4, 2020
DWAYNE WILLIAMS, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, George L.
Stigler, Judge.
Dwayne Williams appeals the summary disposition of his application for
postconviction relief. AFFIRMED.
John J. Sullivan of Sullivan Law Office, P.C., Oelwein, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Bridget A. Chambers, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee State.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., Mullins, J., and Potterfield, S.J.*
*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206
(2020). 2
MULLINS, Judge.
Dwayne Williams was convicted of first-degree robbery in 2010. This court
affirmed his conviction the following year. See generally State v. Williams, No. 10-
1254, 2011 WL 5394366 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 9, 2011). Procedendo issued in
February 2012. Williams filed the instant postconviction-relief application, his third,
in February 2018. He argued he was denied equal protection and due process in
relation to the selection of juries and a fair trial and forwarded a claim of actual
innocence. He referenced our supreme court’s ruling in State v. Plain, 898 N.W.2d
801 (2017), and argued he “could not establish a racially under represented jury”
until the ruling was filed. The State moved for summary disposition on statute-of-
limitations grounds. An unreported hearing was held in April. Thereafter, Williams
filed a pro se brief amending his innocence claim to a “freestanding claim of
innocence,” citing Schmidt v. State, 909 N.W.2d 778 (Iowa 2018), which had been
decided in March. His counsel also filed a brief, arguing Plain should be applied
retroactively. The district court entered an order granting the State’s motion for
summary disposition. The court only considered whether Plain should be applied
retroactively and answered that question in the negative. The court did not
address the remaining arguments.
Williams now appeals. He argues (1) the existence of genuine issues of
material fact should have precluded summary disposition, (2) the court improperly
ruled on the merits of his application without giving him notice of its intent to do so,
(3) the court erred in dismissing his claim of actual innocence, (4) the court erred
in concluding Plain should not be applied retroactively, and (5) postconviction
counsel was ineffective. 3
As to the first claim, Williams generally argues “there is no record evidence”
the State established his claims were time barred, that it “presented the
nonexistence of a material fact as to any of [his] claims,” and “that the parties were
given the opportunity to fully and fairly develop the record.” However, because the
hearing went unreported, neither is there any record evidence that these matters
were not satisfied.1 Unfortunately, given the status of the record made below, we
find ourselves quite limited. “It is the appellant’s duty to provide a record on appeal
affirmatively disclosing the alleged error relied upon” and we “may not speculate
as to what took place or predicate error on such speculation.” In re F.W.S., 698
N.W.2d 134, 135 (Iowa 2005). Without a transcript of the summary disposition
hearing, we have no idea what occurred. While Williams argues “there was no
argument or evidence presented by the [S]tate to controvert [his] assertions,” we
have no way of knowing that. We will not predicate error on our speculation of
what might have happened.
Next, Williams argues the court improperly ruled on the merits of his
application without giving him notice of its intent to do so. He cites State v.
Manning, where our supreme court held the district court erred in summarily
disposing of an application for postconviction relief without holding an evidentiary
hearing. 654 N.W.2d 555, 557 (Iowa 2002). Manning is distinguishable. There,
the district court did not take evidence on claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel and vindictive actions on the part of the prosecution, but instead
adjudicated the claims from a review of the court file only. Id. at 558. The State
1Likewise, there is no statement of the evidence or proceedings. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.806. 4
had previously moved for summary disposition on the grounds that (1) the
applicant did not include his claims in his resistance to his appellate counsel’s
motion to dismiss his direct appeal as frivolous; (2) he did not provide sufficient
reasons for failing to do so; and (3) because the applicant had pled guilty, he
waived all claims of ineffective assistance except those bearing on the voluntary
and knowing nature of his plea. Id. at 561. The supreme court generally found
none of those grounds supported dismissal under the circumstances of the case.
See id. While the district court agreed with the State on its allegations for
dismissal, it went on to rule on the merits of two of the ineffective-assistance
claims. Id. at 560. Because the State did not include arguments relative to those
claims in its motion to dismiss, the supreme court concluded the applicant was not
on notice that he would need to present proof on any issue outside of the State’s
motion and he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing before the court could rule on
those claims. Id. at 561. The court repeated evidentiary hearings are normally
required for claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. at 562.
Williams’s circumstances are different. The State moved for summary
disposition on statute-of-limitations and res-judicata grounds. As to the sole claim
the court considered and ruled upon, it agreed the statute of limitations barred the
application. Having raised the statute of limitations in its motion for summary
disposition, Williams was certainly on notice he would need to present evidence
and argument that his claims were based on “a ground of fact or law that could not
have been raised within the applicable time period,” see Iowa Code § 822.3 (2018),
and, for all we know, he might have. Williams goes on to argue the court’s ruling
on Plain retroactivity was an impermissible ruling on the merits. Different from 5
Manning, the court did not rule on Williams’s substantive claims, it only ruled on
whether Plain is entitled retroactive treatment and therefore served as an
exception to the time bar. We reject Williams’s claim he was not on notice of what
the hearing would entail.
Third, Williams argues the court erred in dismissing his freestanding claim
of actual innocence under Schmidt. The court did not rule on his claim of actual
innocence, and there is nothing in the record indicating the court considered the
argument. The argument was therefore not preserved for our review. See Meier
v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002); see also Stammeyer v. Div. of
Narcotics Enforcement, 721 N.W.2d 541, 548 (Iowa 2006) (finding an argument
not preserved for appeal when there was “nothing indicating the court ruled upon
or even considered [it]”). The proper procedure to preserve error was to file a
motion raising the court’s failure to decide the issue prior to appealing. See
Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 863 (Iowa 2012).
Next, Williams argues the court erred in concluding Plain is not entitled to
retroactive treatment. He is partially correct. While “Plain claims are not barred
by section 822.3’s three-year statute of limitations,” the exception does not “apply
retroactively to convictions that were already final at the time [the supreme court]
decided Plain,” such as Williams’s. Thongvanh v. State, 938 N.W.2d 2, 10, 16
(Iowa 2020). We affirm the district court on this point.
Lastly, Williams argues postconviction-relief counsel was ineffective for
failing to raise and address all of Williams’s claims in a resistance to the State’s
motion for summary disposition, respond to the motion, prepare for the hearing on
the motion, and develop and preserve a record on the motion. In order to grant 6
him relief, the record must show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that
(1) counsel failed to perform an essential duty and (2) prejudice resulted.
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); State v. Lopez, 907 N.W.2d
112, 116 (Iowa 2018). Absence of either will preclude relief. State v. McNeal, 897
N.W.2d 697, 703 (Iowa 2017). Without a record of the hearing on the motion, we
are unable to assess whether counsel was prepared for the hearing and
competently and diligently pursued Williams’s arguments. Thus, we are unable to
assess whether there is any reasonable probability the result of the proceeding
would have been any different had counsel taken the measures Williams urges he
should have taken. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; cf. Alexander v. State, No.
17-0390, 2020 WL 820329, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb. 19, 2010).
We affirm the denial of Williams’s application for postconviction relief.
AFFIRMED.