STONE, J.
Charges 2, 3, and 4, asked by defendants and refused by the court, all raise the same question. The testimony tended to show that two twenty-dollar bills, treasury-notes of the United States, were stolen from Isaiah Bozeman. There was no independent testimony that these notes had any value. Th- proposition of these charges is, that evidence that the ^ppgg^Y stolen consisted of two twenty-dollar bills, know.!, ,/1 -}reenbacks,” does not show they were of any value. The term “ greenbacks,” as a designation of United States treasury-notes, has grown into such general use, that neither courts nor juries can be supposed to be ignorant of the meaning it conveys. We think the jury were authorized to infer and find from this expression [16]*16that the witness intended to say, and did in effect say, that the property stolen from him was two 'United States treasury-notes, each of the denomination of twenty dollars. It is matter of law that the commercial value of United States treasury-notes is what their face imports. Hence, there was enough before, the jury to authorize them to find the value of the treasury-notes, or “greenbacks,” and the City Court did .not err in refusing to give these charges. Sallie v. The State, 39 Ala. 691; Corbett v. The State, 31 Ala. 329; Grant v. The State, 55 Ala. 201.
2. Charges to the jury should be given, and must be construed, in reference to the evidence in the cause. — Hammett v. Brown, 60 Ala. 499. “ Instructions .may be correct, when read in the light of the particular facts, which would be erroneous under a different state of facts.” — Ib.; Judge v. The State, 58 Ala. 407; Thrash v. Bennett, 57 Ala. 156. As a general rule, charge No. 1, asked in this ease, asserts a correct legal proposition. There can be no larceny of anything without value. But, when viewed in connection with the evidence in this cause, we think the charge, if given as asked, would probably have misled the jury. We have shown the description of the property alleged to have been stolen, as “ two twenty-dollar bills, known as greenbacks,” furnished evidence from which the jury might find the value. This evidence was before the jury. If the court had instructed them, in the language of the request, that “ if the evidence in this case fails to show the value of the property alleged to have been stolen, the jury must, acquit,” we think they would have understood the court as meaning and intending that there must be other evidence of value, beyond what is implied in the language, “ two twenty-dollar bills, known as greenbacks.” There was no error in refusing this charge.
3. A graver question arises on the 5th charge asked. The indictment charged, that the defendants “feloniously took and carried away sundry United States treasury-notes, or national-bank bills, the number and denomination of which are to the grand jury unknown, of the aggregate value of forty dollars, the personal property of Isaiah Bozeman.” Isaiah Bozeman was examined as a witness; and he testified, that he had in bis possession, and in his hand, two twenty-dollar bills, called “ greenbacks,” and he also had in his possession one ten-dollar bill. He had no other money. He further testified, that Pelham, one of the defendants, snatched the two twenty-dollar bills from his hand, and fled. This witness, on cross-examination, testified that, in his examination before the grand jury, he had stated the same thing he [17]*17here testified — namely, that he had two twenty-dollar bills, known as greenbacks, and one ten-dollar bill. The" fifth charge asked and refused is in the following language : “ If the jury are satisfied from the evidence that a description of the moneys the subject of the alleged larceny, was known to the grand jury at the time they found the indictment in this cause, or that by reasonable diligence and inquiry they could, at such time, have ascertained the same, then they must find the defendants not guilty.” What is the meaning, the proper interpretation, of the words, ‘ number ’ and ‘ denomination f If the word had been numbers, in the plural, we would be inclined to hold it referred to the serial numbers on the bills. Being in the singular number, it must be construed, as expressing or relating to the number of bills alleged to have been stolen; not the numbers on the bills. The word denomination explains itself. It refers to the value or number of dollars the several bills represented; as, the denomination of five dollars, the denomination of ten dollars, &c. The grand jury then affirmed, by their indictment, that they did not know the number of bills stolen, nor their denomination'al value; that is, that the testimony before them did not satisfy their minds on these subjects. We are not informed what other testimony was or was not before that body, bearing on these questions, nor of the degree of intelligence or clearness with which the witness Bozeman gave his-testimony. He may have been a very ignorant witness, and the minds of the grand jury may have been left in doubt on these questions ; or the testimony of other witnesses may have created doubts. It is within knowledge that the term ‘ greenbacks ’ is sometimes employed to denote national-bank bills, as well as United States treasury-notes. They are of convertible Value, in ordinary commercial transactions, and, unless some special circumstance had fixed attention, the average man would not be able to affirm, with reliable certainty, to which species of circulating medium a bill or bills he had owned, and had passed off, or lost, belonged. So, we repeat, the grand jury, even if Bozeman testified as he said he had done before them, may have had doubts of the number and denomination of the bills.
At the common law, a fact not known to the grand jury, and which could not be learned by the exercise of reasonable diligence, might be charged as “to the grand jury unknown,” unless such fact was an ingredient of the offense sought to be prosecuted. This was a rule of necessity, to prevent a failure of justice ; and when the necessity did not exist, the rule did not obtain. Hence, when the fact was known to the grand jury, or could have been learned by the [18]*18employment of reasonable diligence, a conviction was not allowed to be had on an indictment so framed. Courts, in such cases, directed an acquittal, on an indictment so framed. 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 212-213; Regina v. Stroud, 2 Moody, 270; Regina v. Campbell, 3 Carrington & Kir. 82; Rex v. Walker, 3 Camp. 264. But the prisoner was not discharged; he was held for a new indictment, to be preferred in proper form, and according to the facts. — 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 213. The same doctrine has been frequently asserted on this side of the Atlantic; some of the cases going so far as to hold that, when a particular fact or name is charged to be to the grand jury unknown, this averred want of knowledge, like any other material averment in the indictment, must be proved, or there can be no conviction. — Blodget v. The State, 3 Porter, Ind. 403; Brooster v. The State, 15 Ind. 190; Com. v. Hendrie, 2 Gray, 503; 1 Bish. Cr. Proc. §§ 549, 551, 553.
. In Com. v. Tompson, 2 Cush. 551, the defendant was indicted for adultery, in two counts. The first count charged that the adultery was committed with Esther Bradford ; and the second, “ with a woman whose name was not known.” On the trial, there was evidence tending to show that the the person, with whom the alleged offense was supposed to have been committed, was known, and that her name was Esther Bradford.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
STONE, J.
Charges 2, 3, and 4, asked by defendants and refused by the court, all raise the same question. The testimony tended to show that two twenty-dollar bills, treasury-notes of the United States, were stolen from Isaiah Bozeman. There was no independent testimony that these notes had any value. Th- proposition of these charges is, that evidence that the ^ppgg^Y stolen consisted of two twenty-dollar bills, know.!, ,/1 -}reenbacks,” does not show they were of any value. The term “ greenbacks,” as a designation of United States treasury-notes, has grown into such general use, that neither courts nor juries can be supposed to be ignorant of the meaning it conveys. We think the jury were authorized to infer and find from this expression [16]*16that the witness intended to say, and did in effect say, that the property stolen from him was two 'United States treasury-notes, each of the denomination of twenty dollars. It is matter of law that the commercial value of United States treasury-notes is what their face imports. Hence, there was enough before, the jury to authorize them to find the value of the treasury-notes, or “greenbacks,” and the City Court did .not err in refusing to give these charges. Sallie v. The State, 39 Ala. 691; Corbett v. The State, 31 Ala. 329; Grant v. The State, 55 Ala. 201.
2. Charges to the jury should be given, and must be construed, in reference to the evidence in the cause. — Hammett v. Brown, 60 Ala. 499. “ Instructions .may be correct, when read in the light of the particular facts, which would be erroneous under a different state of facts.” — Ib.; Judge v. The State, 58 Ala. 407; Thrash v. Bennett, 57 Ala. 156. As a general rule, charge No. 1, asked in this ease, asserts a correct legal proposition. There can be no larceny of anything without value. But, when viewed in connection with the evidence in this cause, we think the charge, if given as asked, would probably have misled the jury. We have shown the description of the property alleged to have been stolen, as “ two twenty-dollar bills, known as greenbacks,” furnished evidence from which the jury might find the value. This evidence was before the jury. If the court had instructed them, in the language of the request, that “ if the evidence in this case fails to show the value of the property alleged to have been stolen, the jury must, acquit,” we think they would have understood the court as meaning and intending that there must be other evidence of value, beyond what is implied in the language, “ two twenty-dollar bills, known as greenbacks.” There was no error in refusing this charge.
3. A graver question arises on the 5th charge asked. The indictment charged, that the defendants “feloniously took and carried away sundry United States treasury-notes, or national-bank bills, the number and denomination of which are to the grand jury unknown, of the aggregate value of forty dollars, the personal property of Isaiah Bozeman.” Isaiah Bozeman was examined as a witness; and he testified, that he had in bis possession, and in his hand, two twenty-dollar bills, called “ greenbacks,” and he also had in his possession one ten-dollar bill. He had no other money. He further testified, that Pelham, one of the defendants, snatched the two twenty-dollar bills from his hand, and fled. This witness, on cross-examination, testified that, in his examination before the grand jury, he had stated the same thing he [17]*17here testified — namely, that he had two twenty-dollar bills, known as greenbacks, and one ten-dollar bill. The" fifth charge asked and refused is in the following language : “ If the jury are satisfied from the evidence that a description of the moneys the subject of the alleged larceny, was known to the grand jury at the time they found the indictment in this cause, or that by reasonable diligence and inquiry they could, at such time, have ascertained the same, then they must find the defendants not guilty.” What is the meaning, the proper interpretation, of the words, ‘ number ’ and ‘ denomination f If the word had been numbers, in the plural, we would be inclined to hold it referred to the serial numbers on the bills. Being in the singular number, it must be construed, as expressing or relating to the number of bills alleged to have been stolen; not the numbers on the bills. The word denomination explains itself. It refers to the value or number of dollars the several bills represented; as, the denomination of five dollars, the denomination of ten dollars, &c. The grand jury then affirmed, by their indictment, that they did not know the number of bills stolen, nor their denomination'al value; that is, that the testimony before them did not satisfy their minds on these subjects. We are not informed what other testimony was or was not before that body, bearing on these questions, nor of the degree of intelligence or clearness with which the witness Bozeman gave his-testimony. He may have been a very ignorant witness, and the minds of the grand jury may have been left in doubt on these questions ; or the testimony of other witnesses may have created doubts. It is within knowledge that the term ‘ greenbacks ’ is sometimes employed to denote national-bank bills, as well as United States treasury-notes. They are of convertible Value, in ordinary commercial transactions, and, unless some special circumstance had fixed attention, the average man would not be able to affirm, with reliable certainty, to which species of circulating medium a bill or bills he had owned, and had passed off, or lost, belonged. So, we repeat, the grand jury, even if Bozeman testified as he said he had done before them, may have had doubts of the number and denomination of the bills.
At the common law, a fact not known to the grand jury, and which could not be learned by the exercise of reasonable diligence, might be charged as “to the grand jury unknown,” unless such fact was an ingredient of the offense sought to be prosecuted. This was a rule of necessity, to prevent a failure of justice ; and when the necessity did not exist, the rule did not obtain. Hence, when the fact was known to the grand jury, or could have been learned by the [18]*18employment of reasonable diligence, a conviction was not allowed to be had on an indictment so framed. Courts, in such cases, directed an acquittal, on an indictment so framed. 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 212-213; Regina v. Stroud, 2 Moody, 270; Regina v. Campbell, 3 Carrington & Kir. 82; Rex v. Walker, 3 Camp. 264. But the prisoner was not discharged; he was held for a new indictment, to be preferred in proper form, and according to the facts. — 1 Chit. Cr. Law, 213. The same doctrine has been frequently asserted on this side of the Atlantic; some of the cases going so far as to hold that, when a particular fact or name is charged to be to the grand jury unknown, this averred want of knowledge, like any other material averment in the indictment, must be proved, or there can be no conviction. — Blodget v. The State, 3 Porter, Ind. 403; Brooster v. The State, 15 Ind. 190; Com. v. Hendrie, 2 Gray, 503; 1 Bish. Cr. Proc. §§ 549, 551, 553.
. In Com. v. Tompson, 2 Cush. 551, the defendant was indicted for adultery, in two counts. The first count charged that the adultery was committed with Esther Bradford ; and the second, “ with a woman whose name was not known.” On the trial, there was evidence tending to show that the the person, with whom the alleged offense was supposed to have been committed, was known, and that her name was Esther Bradford. On this evidence, the jury were instructed that, “ if they doubted whether the true name of the woman was Esther Bradford, they might find the defendant guilty on the second count, if the other necessary facts were proved.” The jury found the defendant not guilty on the first count, and guilty on the second count. The court, Shaw, C. J., said : “ The instruction of the court, to which exception was taken, appears to us to be correct, as we understand the direction. It was intended, we suppose, to say, that if the evidence was insufficient to establish the fact affirmatively, to the satisfaction of their minds, that the woman’s name was Esther Bradford, they could not so find that fact; and as there was no other evidence tending to prove what her name was, the jury would be warranted in finding, that if the act was done at all, it was with a woman whose name, not being proved by any legal and sufficient evidence, was not known to them, and was, therefore, unknown.” The practice of varying the averments in two or more counts, pursued by the pleader in this case, might, in cases of doubt or unsatisfactory testimony, be followed with profit, in all similar cases. One rule is clearly declared in all the cases: that when a fact or name is known or proved to the grand jury, there is no Warrant in the law for averring such fact or name as unknown. Such form of averment may be supposed to give greater latitude [19]*19of proof; but, when it appears on the trial that the fact or name was known, a conviction on such indictment should not be allowed.
In New York and Missouri, the rule seems to be as follows : when the averment in the indictment is that a name or fact is unknown, such indictment will support a conviction, unless it be shown that such name or fact was known to the. grand jury. It is not enough that the name or fact is proved, and, therefore, made known to the petit jury, or that, by proper diligence, the grand jury could have learned the true name or fact. It is a question of variance between the averments and the proof; and hence the proper inquiry is not whether that important arm of the law’s administration employed due diligence. - It was part of their sworn duty to “diligently inquire and true presentment make.” The law presumes sworn officials do their duty. The inquiry is, did they falsely affirm the name or fact was unknown, when it was known? — White v. The People, 32 N. Y. 465; Noakes v. The People, 25 N. Y. 380; Hays v. The State, 13 Mo. 246. We think this much the better rule, and that it secures to persons charged with violations of the criminal law all that is practicable, in stating the “ nature and cause of the accusation.” — Declaration of Bights, section 7; Code of 1876, §§ 4786, 4789, 4790; Morningstar v. The State, 52 Ala. 405. See, also, Sparrenberger v. The State, 53 Ala. 481; Washington v. The State, at the present term.' Charge number 5 was rightly refused, because it asked too much. It claimed an acquittal, not only if the grand jury knew the description of the money, the subject of the alleged larceny, at the time they found the bill, but also, if “ by reasonable diligence and inquiry they could have ascertained the same.”
There is no error in the record, and the judgment of the City Court is affirmed.