OPINION
NIX, Justice.
Appellant, Joseph Dussia, a Lieutenant Colonel of the Pennsylvania State Police presently under suspension, instituted an action in equity in the Commonwealth Court seeking permanent injunctive relief from his pending court-martial. The action was instituted against James D. Barger, the Commissioner of the Pennsylvania State Police Department, and the individual members of the Court-Martial Board. The court-martial proceeding had been instituted by the Commissioner for the purpose of
considering certain improprieties allegedly committed by Dussia in the performance of his duties. In the event the charges are established the Board would have the option to recommend to the Commissioner that Dussia be discharged or demoted in rank. In the event of his exoneration the Board would be empowered to recommend reinstatement with back pay.
The Commonwealth Court sitting en banc denied appellant’s request for injunctive relief and this appeal followed.
A number of assignments of error have been raised and will be treated ad seriatim. Appellant first asserts that his constitutional right to a fair hearing will be denied if the court-martial proceedings are permitted to continue because of the Commissioner’s bias against him. The testimony pertaining to this point focused upon the content of a telephone conversation between the Commissioner and appellant. Although appellant’s version of the conversation would tend to indicate that the Commissioner was biased against him, the Commonwealth Court found the Commissioner’s representations to the contrary more credible. The court below concluded that Barger’s statements were “only an effort to apprise the appellant that there was evidence against him and to suggest that resignation should be considered.” They found that the record failed to establish that Barger had, in fact, formed an opinion as to appellant’s guilt or innocence and, therefore, could objectively perform his function. While the record presents a close question as to whose version is correct we believe the findings of fact made by the Commonwealth Court are supported by adequate evidence and, thus, will not be disturbed on appeal.
Snow v. Corsica Construction Company,
459
Pa. 528, 329 A.2d 887 (1974);
Berkowitz v. Mayflower,
455 Pa. 531, 317 A.2d 584 (1974);
Anthony v. Perose,
455 Pa. 233, 312 A.2d 360(1973);
Yuhas v. Schmidt,
434 Pa. 447, 258 A.2d 616 (1969);
Hankin v. Goodman,
432 Pa. 98, 246 A.2d 658 (1968).
Appellant next asserts that Section 711
of the Administrative Code is an unconstitutional delegation of
power by the legislature because it fails to provide any legislative standards to guide the Commissioner in the performance of the duties provided for therein. We do not agree.
In
Ruch v. Wilhelm,
352 Pa. 586, 43 A.2d 894 (1945) this Court was called upon to consider an earlier version of Section 711 of the Administrative Code, Act of April 9, 1929, P.L. 177, as amended, Act of June 29, 1937, P.L. 2436. That section provided that the Commissioner establish rules and regulations for the filing and hearing of charges against members of the state police.
There
we noted the existence of the power of the Commissioner under common law to remove any employee within the department at his pleasure either for cause or without cause.
“Under the common law, therefore, they are subject, like all other Commonwealth employes, to removal at the pleasure of the appointing power, either for cause or without cause, unless there is legislative provision to the contrary.” Id. at 588-89, 43 A.2d at 895. (Footnote omitted) We held that the language of 711 would not be considered as a legislative attempt to confer tenure upon state police employees and that the Commissioner had an option to either exercise his common law right or to employ the procedures set forth in the regulations promulgated pursuant to 711. This decision is significant in our present inquiry in that it establishes that at the time of the most recent amendment of 711 the Commissioner still possessed his unfettered power to discharge at his pleasure.
It is therefore apparent that the subsequent amendment, rather than being an unlawful delegation as charged, is in fact, a restriction by the legislature of a previously absolute common law power.
In the current version of 711 the legislature has established standards for the Commissioner. In this context he was required to make rules and regulations to
govern the conduct of all personnel, supply any member who is accused of violating those proscriptions with a detailed written statement of the charges against him, and to appoint a court-martial board consisting of three commissioned officers. As we explained in
Chartiers Valley Joint Schools v. Allegheny County Board of School Directors,
418 Pa. 520, 211 A.2d 487 (1965), it is generally agreed that the nondelegation principle does not require that all details of administration be precisely or separately enumerated in the statute. The legislature can delegate power when it establishes general standards according to which that power must be exercised.
Chartiers Valley Jt. Schs. v. Allegheny Co. Bd. of School Directors, supra; Pennsylvania Water & Power Resources Board v. Green Spring Co.,
894 Pa. 1, 145 A.2d 178 (1958);
Belovsky v. Redevelopment Authority,
357 Pa. 329, 54 A.2d 277 (1947).
More importantly, the doctrine of legislative delegation sought to be invoked by appellant is here inapplicable because this section did not represent a grant of power by the legislature but rather a limitation upon the Commissioner’s common law power.
Finally, we turn to appellant’s last contention that Section 711 of the Administrative Code as implemented by State Police Field Regulation 3.03-E creates an unconstitutional commingling of functions in the Commissioner. We agree.
Under 711 of the Administrative Code, supra, the Commissioner is vested with the obligation to determine the guilt or innocence of the accused employee and to determine the sanction to be imposed.
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OPINION
NIX, Justice.
Appellant, Joseph Dussia, a Lieutenant Colonel of the Pennsylvania State Police presently under suspension, instituted an action in equity in the Commonwealth Court seeking permanent injunctive relief from his pending court-martial. The action was instituted against James D. Barger, the Commissioner of the Pennsylvania State Police Department, and the individual members of the Court-Martial Board. The court-martial proceeding had been instituted by the Commissioner for the purpose of
considering certain improprieties allegedly committed by Dussia in the performance of his duties. In the event the charges are established the Board would have the option to recommend to the Commissioner that Dussia be discharged or demoted in rank. In the event of his exoneration the Board would be empowered to recommend reinstatement with back pay.
The Commonwealth Court sitting en banc denied appellant’s request for injunctive relief and this appeal followed.
A number of assignments of error have been raised and will be treated ad seriatim. Appellant first asserts that his constitutional right to a fair hearing will be denied if the court-martial proceedings are permitted to continue because of the Commissioner’s bias against him. The testimony pertaining to this point focused upon the content of a telephone conversation between the Commissioner and appellant. Although appellant’s version of the conversation would tend to indicate that the Commissioner was biased against him, the Commonwealth Court found the Commissioner’s representations to the contrary more credible. The court below concluded that Barger’s statements were “only an effort to apprise the appellant that there was evidence against him and to suggest that resignation should be considered.” They found that the record failed to establish that Barger had, in fact, formed an opinion as to appellant’s guilt or innocence and, therefore, could objectively perform his function. While the record presents a close question as to whose version is correct we believe the findings of fact made by the Commonwealth Court are supported by adequate evidence and, thus, will not be disturbed on appeal.
Snow v. Corsica Construction Company,
459
Pa. 528, 329 A.2d 887 (1974);
Berkowitz v. Mayflower,
455 Pa. 531, 317 A.2d 584 (1974);
Anthony v. Perose,
455 Pa. 233, 312 A.2d 360(1973);
Yuhas v. Schmidt,
434 Pa. 447, 258 A.2d 616 (1969);
Hankin v. Goodman,
432 Pa. 98, 246 A.2d 658 (1968).
Appellant next asserts that Section 711
of the Administrative Code is an unconstitutional delegation of
power by the legislature because it fails to provide any legislative standards to guide the Commissioner in the performance of the duties provided for therein. We do not agree.
In
Ruch v. Wilhelm,
352 Pa. 586, 43 A.2d 894 (1945) this Court was called upon to consider an earlier version of Section 711 of the Administrative Code, Act of April 9, 1929, P.L. 177, as amended, Act of June 29, 1937, P.L. 2436. That section provided that the Commissioner establish rules and regulations for the filing and hearing of charges against members of the state police.
There
we noted the existence of the power of the Commissioner under common law to remove any employee within the department at his pleasure either for cause or without cause.
“Under the common law, therefore, they are subject, like all other Commonwealth employes, to removal at the pleasure of the appointing power, either for cause or without cause, unless there is legislative provision to the contrary.” Id. at 588-89, 43 A.2d at 895. (Footnote omitted) We held that the language of 711 would not be considered as a legislative attempt to confer tenure upon state police employees and that the Commissioner had an option to either exercise his common law right or to employ the procedures set forth in the regulations promulgated pursuant to 711. This decision is significant in our present inquiry in that it establishes that at the time of the most recent amendment of 711 the Commissioner still possessed his unfettered power to discharge at his pleasure.
It is therefore apparent that the subsequent amendment, rather than being an unlawful delegation as charged, is in fact, a restriction by the legislature of a previously absolute common law power.
In the current version of 711 the legislature has established standards for the Commissioner. In this context he was required to make rules and regulations to
govern the conduct of all personnel, supply any member who is accused of violating those proscriptions with a detailed written statement of the charges against him, and to appoint a court-martial board consisting of three commissioned officers. As we explained in
Chartiers Valley Joint Schools v. Allegheny County Board of School Directors,
418 Pa. 520, 211 A.2d 487 (1965), it is generally agreed that the nondelegation principle does not require that all details of administration be precisely or separately enumerated in the statute. The legislature can delegate power when it establishes general standards according to which that power must be exercised.
Chartiers Valley Jt. Schs. v. Allegheny Co. Bd. of School Directors, supra; Pennsylvania Water & Power Resources Board v. Green Spring Co.,
894 Pa. 1, 145 A.2d 178 (1958);
Belovsky v. Redevelopment Authority,
357 Pa. 329, 54 A.2d 277 (1947).
More importantly, the doctrine of legislative delegation sought to be invoked by appellant is here inapplicable because this section did not represent a grant of power by the legislature but rather a limitation upon the Commissioner’s common law power.
Finally, we turn to appellant’s last contention that Section 711 of the Administrative Code as implemented by State Police Field Regulation 3.03-E creates an unconstitutional commingling of functions in the Commissioner. We agree.
Under 711 of the Administrative Code, supra, the Commissioner is vested with the obligation to determine the guilt or innocence of the accused employee and to determine the sanction to be imposed. The recommenda
tions of the board are only that. The ultimate judicial determination as to guilt or innocence is exclusively within the discretion of the Commissioner. Even accepting the view of the Commonwealth Court that the Commissioner is bound by the record of the court-martial board, he is still the ultimate arbiter in each case.
In addition to this judicial function State Police Field Regulation 3.03-E vests the Commissioner with the responsibility of determining when a disciplinary board is to be convened. State Police Field Regulation 3.03-E provides in pertinent part:
“1. A Disciplinary Board comprised of three Area Commanders shall be appointed by the Commissioner to review recommendations for Court-Martial. The senior officer shall act as chairman.
“2. The Board shall convene q,t the direction of the Commissioner
and shall be responsible to him for conducting an objective review of all cases that he may refer to it.
“3. No Area Commander shall sit as a member of a Board reviewing the case of an individual serving under his Area Command.
“4.
The Board shall function in an advisory capacity only.
“5. The Board shall prepare a report for the Commissioner which presents a summary of the essential facts and recommended action to be taken.
“6. When an unanimous decision cannot be reached, separate reports shall be prepared.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Although the disciplinary board reviews the facts to determine whether or not they justify the initiation of court-martial proceedings, here again, their decision is only advisory and the Commissioner must make the ultimate decision as to whether a court-martial board should be appointed. The convocation of the disciplinary board
pursuant to paragraph 2 of Regulation 3.03-E or the initiation of criminal proceedings is a classic prosecutorial function.
The American Bar Association Standards For Criminal Justice: The Prosecution and the Defense Function
provide:
3.4 Decision to charge.
(a) The decision to institute criminal proceedings should be initially and primarily the responsibility of the prosecutor.
(b) The prosecutor should establish standards and procedures for evaluating complaints to determine whether criminal proceedings should be instituted.
(c) Where the law permits a citizen to complain directly to a judicial officer or the grand jury, the citizen complainant should be required to present his complaint for prior approval to the prosecutor and the prosecutor’s action or recommendation thereon should be communicated to the judicial officer or grand jury.
ABA Standards For Criminal Justice: The Prosecution and the Defense Function, 3.4, approved draft (1971). Thus, as appellant contends, § 711 and Regulation 3.03-E create an unconstitutional commingling of judicial and prosecutorial functions in the Commissioner.
In
Wong Yang Sung v. McGrath,
339 U.S. 33, 70 S.Ct. 445, 94 L.Ed. 616 (1950) the Court considered the question of whether administrative hearings in deportation proceedings had to conform with the requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act of June 11, 1946, 60 Stat. 237, 5 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. In the deportation proceedings before the Court, investigators decided cases which were similar to those which they investigated and prosecuted. The United States Supreme Court condemned this proceeding even though the investigators were not sitting in judgment in cases where they actually participated in the prosecution. The Court set forth an extensive analysis of the legislative history and purposes be
hind the Administrative Procedure Act. It cited the report of the President’s Committee on Administrative Management 36-37 (1937):
“The discretionary work of the administrator is merged with that of the judge. Pressures and influences properly enough directed toward officers responsible for formulating and administering policy constitute an unwholesome atmosphere in which to adjudicate private rights. But the mixed duties of the commissions render escape from these subversive influences impossible.
“Furthermore, the same men are obliged to serve both as prosecutor and as judges. This not only undermines judicial fairness; it weakens public confidence in that fairness.” 339 U.S. at 42, 70 S.Ct. at 450.
The Court also noted the report of the Attorney General’s Committee on Administrative Procedure:
“These types of commingling of functions of investigation or advocacy with the function of deciding are thus plainly undesirable.” 339 U.S. at 44, 70 S.Ct. at 451.
In holding that deportation proceedings must conform to the requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act, the Court explained one of the principal administrative evils the Act sought to cure:
More fundamental, however, was the purpose to curtail and change the practice of embodying in one person or agency the duties of prosecutor and judge. 339 U.S. at 41, 70 S.Ct. at 450.
The Court added:
A genuinely impartial hearing, conducted with critical detachment, is psychologically improbable if not impossible, when the presiding officer has at once the responsibility of appraising the strength of the case and
of seeking to make it as strong as possible. 339 U.S. at 44,70 S.Ct. at 451.
In
In re Murchison,
349 U.S. 133, 75 S.Ct. 623, 99 L. Ed. 942 (1955), the Court considered a Michigan law which authorized any judge of its courts of record to act as a so called “one man grand jury.” After indicting a defendant in his role as a one man grand jury the judge might then appear as the defendant’s trial judge. In striking down the statute as a violation of the defendant’s right to due process the Court explained:
“A fair trial in a fair tribunal is a basic requirement of due process. Fairness of course requires an absence of actual bias in the trial of cases. But our system of law has always endeavored to prevent even the probability of unfairness. To this end no man can be a judge in his own case and no man is permitted to try cases where he has an interest in the outcome. . This Court has said . . . that ‘Every procedure which would offer a possible temptation to the average man as a judge . . . not to hold the balance nice, clear, and true between the State and the accused, denies the latter due process of law.’
Tumey v. Ohio,
273 U.S. 510, 532, 47 S.Ct. 437, 71 L.Ed. 749.” 349 U.S. at 136, 75 S.Ct. at 625.
In
Schlesinger Appeal,
404 Pa. 584, 172 A.2d 835 (1961), we invalidated on constitutional grounds procedures of the Committee on Offenses of the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County which combined prosecutorial and j udicial functions. There we noted:
The functions of prosecutor, judge and jury were combined in one body, namely, the Committee on Offenses, which lodged and prosecuted and, through its Subcommittee of three of its own members, adjudicated the charge of unprofessional conduct whereon the Court of Common Pleas, without any hearing of wit
nesses, ultimately entered the order disbarring the appellant.
404 Pa. at 597,172 A.2d at 840.
After citing the language quoted above from
In re Murchison, supra,
we added:
“Moreover, a predilection to favor one side over the other is not required in order to vitiate a judicial proceeding as being violative of due process. Merely, “a possible temptation to the average man as a judge . not to hold the balance nice, clear, and true” is sufficient. Such “a possible temptation” was implicit in the proceeding before the prosecutor’s own Subcommittee which resulted in appellant’s disbarment.”
404 Pa. at 598,172 A.2d at 841.
More recently, in
Gardner v. Repasky,
434 Pa. 126, 252 A.2d 704 (1969), we reaffirmed our holding in
Schlesinger Appeal, supra,
noting that, “[a] man cannot sit as judge when he is a member of a board which has brought the accusations.” 434 Pa. at 130, 252 A.2d at 706.
While in the instant case the Commissioner did not in fact have the responsibility of the entire prosecutorial role, we do not believe that this fact alone is sufficient basis for distinguishing the instant case from the authorities cited
Supra.
The decision to institute a prosecution is such a fundamental prosecutorial function that it alone justifies concluding a dual capacity where the individual also is charged with the responsibility of making the ultimate determination of guilt or innocence. Moreover, it is a decision which requires a judgment as to the weight of the evidence against the accused, a judgment which is incompatible with the judicial function of providing an impartial forum for resolution of the issues presented.
We therefore conclude that 711 as implemented by State Police Field Regulation 3.03-E creates an impermissible commingling of functions which is constitutionally prohibited.
In view of our finding that 711 of the Administrative Code is not in itself inherently deficient and that the constitutional objection occurs only as a result of its implementation by Regulation 3.03-E it is not necessary to invalidate this section of the statute. We do, however, determine that Regulation 3.03-E is invalid and that this proceeding which has transpired pursuant to it is necessarily void. For this reason we must grant appellant’s request for injunctive relief. Further since the Commissioner is statutorily mandated to make the ultimate decision of guilt or innocence in proceedings against State Police personnel we believe that it is necessary that the injunction be permanent in nature. The reason for this conclusion is that since the Commissioner has now exercised the offensive prosecutorial function any subsequent judicial decision by him with reference to these charges would be tainted.
Order of the Commonwealth Court reversed. Permanent injunction granted.
Each party to pay own costs.
JONES, C. J., and POMEROY, J., concur in the result.