Opinion by
Mr. Justice Moschzisker,
This is an appeal from a decree of the common pleas striking off an assessment and restraining the collection of a personal property tax.
The plaintiff is a- resident of Pittsburgh; in his return for the year 1916 he failed to include certain shares of the-preferred stock of the Crucible Steel Company of America, then owned by him. The concern in question is a New Jersey corporation, engaged in making steel and products thereof, the value of its total capital stock being approximately $75,000,000; of this amount, $14,000,000 is employed in Pennsylvania, and all except $29,000 exclusively in manufacturing. The company is licensed to do business in this State, and in 1916 it paid a capital stock tax on the before-mentioned $29,000, amounting to $169.17.
Plaintiff, claiming that, under section 1 of the Act of June 17,1913, P. L. 507, his shares were exempt, refused to designate them for taxation; nevertheless, the board [44]*44made an assessment against him in the sum of $1,153,-800, being the value of 12,820 shares at $90 each, with a penalty of fifty per cent, added, as provided by law, for failure to make the return, totaling, in all, $1,730,700. At the time this assessment was levied, the stock had a' market value of $110 per share; but, since fourteen-seventy-fifths of the capital of the company in question was employed in Pennsylvania, on which, ill was either liable to the payment of a state tax or exempt as a manufacturing corporation, the board assessed plaintiff’s holdings on only sixty-one-seventy-fifths of their value, which explains the rate of $90 per share. Thereupon a bill in equity was filed, praying that the entire assessment be declared illegal and void and the collection of a tax based thereon restrained; after hearing, the court below granted the desired relief, and defendants have appealed.
■ Section 1 of the Act of 1913 (P. L. 507, 508), supra, makes taxable for county purposes, at the rate of four mills on each dollar of the value thereof, inter alia, shares of stock in both domestic and foreign corporations, “except shares......in any......corporation......that may be liable to a tax on its shares or its capital stock for state purposes under the laws of this Commonwealth, or relieved from the payment of tax on its shares or capital stock for state purposes by the laws of the Commonwealth.”
The contention of appellants is that the exception just quoted was inserted in the statute for the sole purpose of preventing double taxation, and must be read accordingly; that, when the act is so construed, appellee’s shares are exempt thereunder from tax on “only such a proportionate part of their value as the capital stock of the corporation employed within the state and on which a capital stock tax is paid or which is relieved from taxation by reason of its being employed exclusively in manufacturing, bears to the total capital stock of the com-, pany. In other words, since only fourteen-seventy-fifths [45]*45of the capital stock of the company is employed in this state, then only fourteen-seventy-fifths of the value of the shares of such company is exempt undei the exception in section 1 of said act.”
The position taken T>y appellee is that, under the express terms of the exception contained in the Act of 1913, supra, his shares of stock are absolutely, exempt from taxation; and, in appellants’ printed argument, the latter admit that this construction may be warranted by the strict letter of the law, as written in the statute, but they contend (a) that, to construe the provision in question literally, would be “narrow and technical,” and leaves out of view what they allege to be its sole purpose, i. e., to avoid double taxation; (b) that, if read according to its letter, the provision would be void because violative of sections 1 and 2, article IX, of the Constitution of Pennsylvania, requiring uniformity of taxation upon the same class of subjects; and (c) that, if the provision be literally interpreted, then it relieves from taxation only shares of stock in corporations which are liable to the payment of a Pennsylvania state tax on their whole capital stock or whose entire capital stock is duly exempt from such a levy by the laws of the Commonwealth, citing Sturges v. Carter, 114 U. S. 511.
We shall discuss appellants’ several contentions under designations corresponding with those just used; but, before taking up their direct consideration, it seems best to state some relevant propositions, generally accepted as established, ‘which should prove helpful in reaching a correct solution of the problems now presented for determination.
The Pennsylvania tax levied directly against corporations on capital stock is, in effect, a tax on the property represented by the capital in question (Commonwealth v. Standard Oil Co., 101 Pa. 119, 145; Commonwealth v. N. Y., Pa. & O. R. R. Co., 188 Pa. 169, 189;: Commonwealth v. Curtis Publishing Co., 237 Pa. 333, 335); and, in making the assessment of such tax, assets outside of [46]*46the State cannot be considered (Commonwealth v. Westinghouse Air Brake Co., 251 Pa. 12, 14), for no property so situated can be taxed, either directly or indirectly, by the Commonwealth or any of its political subdivisions.
It is the public policy of the Commonwealth (Com. v. Westinghouse Co., 251 Pa. 12, 14), declared by statute (Acts of June 7, 1879, P. L. 112,113, sec. 6, 2d proviso; June 1, 1889, P. L. 420, 431, sec. 21; June 8,1891, P. L. 229, 238, sec. 5; June 8, 1893, P. L. 353, 355; June 7, 1911, P. L. 673, 675; July 22, 1913, P. L. 903, 905), to exempt from taxation corporate bodies, domestic and foreign, doing business in Pennsylvania, to the extent their capital is invested in manufacturing within this State; also, in order to make the exemption effective and avoid the semblance of an indirect tax, we relieve the shares of such manufacturing corporations from taxation in the hands of resident stockholders, the purpose of this policy being to build up and encourage these industries within our borders so as to gain substantial benefits therefrom.
The tax on stock of a foreign corporation, eo nomine, in the hands of resident shareholders, is not a tax on the property represented by the capital of the corporation, but is a personal levy against the shareholder in question, based on the value of his stock, without any intent to reach the property that gives the latter its value (McKeen v. Northampton Co., 49 Pa. 519; Whitesell v. Northampton Co., 49 Pa. 526; see also note to Com. v. Westinghouse Airbrake Co., 151 Pa. 276, 281), and this is the sole ground upon which such tax is sustainable.
(a) As a matter of fact, in all probability the foregoing reasons, principles and announced public policy influenced the draftsman of the Act of 1913, supra; and we must assume that they were in the minds of the lawmakers when the statute was passed. The legislature might have entirely abandoned the State policy of exemption, so far as the stockholders of foreign manufacturing companies are concerned, and authorized as[47]*47sessments upon resident owners of the shares of such corporations, had it seen fit to do so; but evidently the lawmakers, considering the indirect benefits to be derived, preferred to relinquish the revenue which might be obtained from such taxation. In adopting this course, the legislature no doubt appreciated that, in view of the sole theory upon which a tax on foreign corporate shares, eo nomine, is maintainable (i.
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Opinion by
Mr. Justice Moschzisker,
This is an appeal from a decree of the common pleas striking off an assessment and restraining the collection of a personal property tax.
The plaintiff is a- resident of Pittsburgh; in his return for the year 1916 he failed to include certain shares of the-preferred stock of the Crucible Steel Company of America, then owned by him. The concern in question is a New Jersey corporation, engaged in making steel and products thereof, the value of its total capital stock being approximately $75,000,000; of this amount, $14,000,000 is employed in Pennsylvania, and all except $29,000 exclusively in manufacturing. The company is licensed to do business in this State, and in 1916 it paid a capital stock tax on the before-mentioned $29,000, amounting to $169.17.
Plaintiff, claiming that, under section 1 of the Act of June 17,1913, P. L. 507, his shares were exempt, refused to designate them for taxation; nevertheless, the board [44]*44made an assessment against him in the sum of $1,153,-800, being the value of 12,820 shares at $90 each, with a penalty of fifty per cent, added, as provided by law, for failure to make the return, totaling, in all, $1,730,700. At the time this assessment was levied, the stock had a' market value of $110 per share; but, since fourteen-seventy-fifths of the capital of the company in question was employed in Pennsylvania, on which, ill was either liable to the payment of a state tax or exempt as a manufacturing corporation, the board assessed plaintiff’s holdings on only sixty-one-seventy-fifths of their value, which explains the rate of $90 per share. Thereupon a bill in equity was filed, praying that the entire assessment be declared illegal and void and the collection of a tax based thereon restrained; after hearing, the court below granted the desired relief, and defendants have appealed.
■ Section 1 of the Act of 1913 (P. L. 507, 508), supra, makes taxable for county purposes, at the rate of four mills on each dollar of the value thereof, inter alia, shares of stock in both domestic and foreign corporations, “except shares......in any......corporation......that may be liable to a tax on its shares or its capital stock for state purposes under the laws of this Commonwealth, or relieved from the payment of tax on its shares or capital stock for state purposes by the laws of the Commonwealth.”
The contention of appellants is that the exception just quoted was inserted in the statute for the sole purpose of preventing double taxation, and must be read accordingly; that, when the act is so construed, appellee’s shares are exempt thereunder from tax on “only such a proportionate part of their value as the capital stock of the corporation employed within the state and on which a capital stock tax is paid or which is relieved from taxation by reason of its being employed exclusively in manufacturing, bears to the total capital stock of the com-, pany. In other words, since only fourteen-seventy-fifths [45]*45of the capital stock of the company is employed in this state, then only fourteen-seventy-fifths of the value of the shares of such company is exempt undei the exception in section 1 of said act.”
The position taken T>y appellee is that, under the express terms of the exception contained in the Act of 1913, supra, his shares of stock are absolutely, exempt from taxation; and, in appellants’ printed argument, the latter admit that this construction may be warranted by the strict letter of the law, as written in the statute, but they contend (a) that, to construe the provision in question literally, would be “narrow and technical,” and leaves out of view what they allege to be its sole purpose, i. e., to avoid double taxation; (b) that, if read according to its letter, the provision would be void because violative of sections 1 and 2, article IX, of the Constitution of Pennsylvania, requiring uniformity of taxation upon the same class of subjects; and (c) that, if the provision be literally interpreted, then it relieves from taxation only shares of stock in corporations which are liable to the payment of a Pennsylvania state tax on their whole capital stock or whose entire capital stock is duly exempt from such a levy by the laws of the Commonwealth, citing Sturges v. Carter, 114 U. S. 511.
We shall discuss appellants’ several contentions under designations corresponding with those just used; but, before taking up their direct consideration, it seems best to state some relevant propositions, generally accepted as established, ‘which should prove helpful in reaching a correct solution of the problems now presented for determination.
The Pennsylvania tax levied directly against corporations on capital stock is, in effect, a tax on the property represented by the capital in question (Commonwealth v. Standard Oil Co., 101 Pa. 119, 145; Commonwealth v. N. Y., Pa. & O. R. R. Co., 188 Pa. 169, 189;: Commonwealth v. Curtis Publishing Co., 237 Pa. 333, 335); and, in making the assessment of such tax, assets outside of [46]*46the State cannot be considered (Commonwealth v. Westinghouse Air Brake Co., 251 Pa. 12, 14), for no property so situated can be taxed, either directly or indirectly, by the Commonwealth or any of its political subdivisions.
It is the public policy of the Commonwealth (Com. v. Westinghouse Co., 251 Pa. 12, 14), declared by statute (Acts of June 7, 1879, P. L. 112,113, sec. 6, 2d proviso; June 1, 1889, P. L. 420, 431, sec. 21; June 8,1891, P. L. 229, 238, sec. 5; June 8, 1893, P. L. 353, 355; June 7, 1911, P. L. 673, 675; July 22, 1913, P. L. 903, 905), to exempt from taxation corporate bodies, domestic and foreign, doing business in Pennsylvania, to the extent their capital is invested in manufacturing within this State; also, in order to make the exemption effective and avoid the semblance of an indirect tax, we relieve the shares of such manufacturing corporations from taxation in the hands of resident stockholders, the purpose of this policy being to build up and encourage these industries within our borders so as to gain substantial benefits therefrom.
The tax on stock of a foreign corporation, eo nomine, in the hands of resident shareholders, is not a tax on the property represented by the capital of the corporation, but is a personal levy against the shareholder in question, based on the value of his stock, without any intent to reach the property that gives the latter its value (McKeen v. Northampton Co., 49 Pa. 519; Whitesell v. Northampton Co., 49 Pa. 526; see also note to Com. v. Westinghouse Airbrake Co., 151 Pa. 276, 281), and this is the sole ground upon which such tax is sustainable.
(a) As a matter of fact, in all probability the foregoing reasons, principles and announced public policy influenced the draftsman of the Act of 1913, supra; and we must assume that they were in the minds of the lawmakers when the statute was passed. The legislature might have entirely abandoned the State policy of exemption, so far as the stockholders of foreign manufacturing companies are concerned, and authorized as[47]*47sessments upon resident owners of the shares of such corporations, had it seen fit to do so; but evidently the lawmakers, considering the indirect benefits to be derived, preferred to relinquish the revenue which might be obtained from such taxation. In adopting this course, the legislature no doubt appreciated that, in view of the sole theory upon which a tax on foreign corporate shares, eo nomine, is maintainable (i. e., that, for purposes of the tax, they, in themselves, are a distinct species of property), it could not in any instance attempt an intangible, theoretical division of such shares into two parts, one representing capital invested in manufacturing within our State and the other extra-territorial'assets, and forego the right to tax the first while authorizing an assessment on the second, without thereby admitting the levy on the latter to be an effort to reach property beyond the jurisdiction of the taxing power. In other words, an avowed attempt to assess a tax against only a fraction of each share of the stock ,of a foreign corporation possessed by a resident holder, upon the ground that such undivided portion gains its value from property outside of Pennsylvania, which, for that reason, cannot be taxed by this State or any of its subdivisions, would be utterly inconsistent with the only theory upon which a local assessment on such shares is sustainable, and would, in effect, convert the tax in question from one on shares of stock, eo nomine, to one upon corporate property. All of these good and sufficient reasons for writing the law as we find it, call for due consideration in construing the legislation now before us. Therefore, we cannot agree with appellants’ contention that a desire to avoid double taxation must be accepted as the sole explanation of the exemption clause here in question, nor can we read its language from that standpoint alone; on the contrary, as we have endeavored to show, when the statue was drawn the effective maintenance of an important public policy was involved, and this, no doubt, influenced the phraseology [48]*48now under discussion. The words of the act must be accepted as written, and, when so read, it is clear that the court below did not err in declaring the shares of stock in controversy wholly exempt from taxation.
The effect of the exemption in wholly relieving the stock of appellee'from taxation, is by no means unique or unprecedented in the operation of our tax system; as pointed out by counsel for appellee, shareholders of the Pennsylvania Railroad, for example, are relieved from individual taxation on the stock of that company, because the corporation itself pays a state tax on capital. In calculating this latter tax, however, only the assets of the railroad within our borders are considered, and the stockholders go entirely free of either a direct or indirect tax on the Very considerable valpe added to their shares by the extensive extra-territorial possessions of that corporation. In the cáse at bar, while the company involved is a foreign corporation whose Pennsylvania capital stock tax. is comparatively small, yet it has vast assets employed in manufacturing within our State, from which we gain enriching benefits, and this latter fact, for purposes of entitling stockholders to exemption, is treated’ in the statute under consideration as equivalent to the payment of a capital stock tax, hence, as in the example above cited, since there can be no tax of any character, either direct or indirect, on extraterritorial assets, the result is that plaintiff absolutely escapes taxation on his individual shares.
(b) The attack upon the constitutionality of the Act of 1913, supra, has no merit, since the fundamental validity of tax immunities such as those therein provided for is now beyond question: see opinion of McPherson, J., adopted per curiam in Com. v. Germania Brewing Co., 145 Pa. 83, where the parts of the Constitution here in question, and their bearing upon exemption provisions ■like those at bar, are ably discussed. As to the indirect classifying effect of these immunity provisions, the selection and classification of subjects for taxation are, gen[49]*49erally speaking, exclusively within the control of the legislature, the only restriction being that there must be no discrimination between members of the same class: Com. v. Del. Div. Canal Co., 123 Pa. 594; Com. v. Sharon Coal Co., 164 Pa. 304. For purposes of taxation upon shares in the hands of stockholders, the effect of the particular exemption clause now before us is to divide corporations into two distinct groups: (1) Those doing no business, making no official reports, and paying no capital stock tax in Pennsylvania, upon the stock of which resident shareholders must pay a tax; (2) Those which are bona fide engaged in business here, report to the auditor general, and are either liable to a state tax on capital stock or relieved therefrom by the laws of the Commonwealth, the stock of which is exempt in the hands of resident shareholders. When the underlying reasons are kept in mind, as we have endeavored to explain them, it cannot be held that this grouping is unwarranted, and, since there is no want of uniformity within the respective classes, the constitutional validity of the legislation is secure.
(c) As to appellants’ last contention: The language employed in the statutory provisions under consideration cannot justifiably be construed to mean that only the stock of corporations either liable to a tax on or exempt as to their entire capital, is to enjoy exemption in the hands of shareholders. The word “entire” does not appear in the act, and we see no warrant for placing it there. Sturges v. Carter, supra, cited by appellants, is not controlling; it involves the construction of an Ohio statute which is essentially different from the one under discussion.
Another aspect of the case may be noticed. Appellants argue that, under a literal reading, the words of the Act of 1913, supra, relieve from taxation, in the hands of the holders thereof, not only stock of corporations here engaged in manufacturing, but also the stock of any corporation that pays a capital stock tax to the State, no [50]*50matter how small; and appellants express the fear that, unless we put the construction upon the statute for which they contend, foreign corporations, for the benefit of their shareholders, may seek to take an undue or improper advantage of this situation. Why shareholders of foreign corporations liable to a capital stock tax in Pennsylvania, with no apparent regard to the amount of tax paid by their companies, should be put on a par with other shareholders who enjoy tax exemption because their corporations are engaged in manufacturing within our borders, is not so clear; but we deem it unnecessary to the determination of this case to discuss that point, for, while the corporation at bar pays a small capital stock tax, the strength of appellee’s position, and the fact which controls our decision, is that this particular concern comes bona fide within the manufacturing class. Moreover, if there is danger from the act as it now stands, that is for the legislature, not for us, to correct; but it may not be out of place to say that, under the ordinary rules of law, an effort to gain an undue advantage by connivance or fraud cán usually be frustrated. ' It is not contended, however, that any such effort confronts us in the present case.
One other matter calls for notice: In a case like the present, in order to secure judicial review, the usual and proper remedy is by an appeal from the board of revision to the common pleas, and, if desired, from that tribunal to the appropriate higher court (see Act of June 26, 1901, P. L. 601; Act of June 13, 1911, P. L. 892; sec. 5, Act of June 17,1913, P. L. 507; Van Nort’s App., 121 Pa. 118, 128; D., L. & W. R. R. v. Luzerne Co. Commissioners, 245 Pa. 515, 517; Philadelphia v. Phillips, 65 Pa. Superior Ct. 578, 582-4); but, since equity is not entirely without power to restrain the collection of a tax (D., L. & W. R. R. v. Commissioners, supra) and no question of jurisdiction or practice is raised by either party, we have determined the points of law here involved. It must be understood, however, that this de[51]*51cisión is not to be cited in the future as an authority on correct procedure.
The assignments of error are overruled, and the decree is affirmed at the cost of appellants.