Claeke, J.
This suit is brought to have an alleged contract declared binding upon the De Laval Separator Company, a corporation, and upon the Aktiebolaget Separator and the other defendants, stockholders of the said De Laval company. The plaintiff claims that he is entitled to five per cent, of the net ¡earnings of the De Laval company (in addition to any dividends .he may be entitled to as stockholder) as the same may accrue from time to time in excess of current and reasonable future .requirements, terminable only upon the death of the plaintiff, and prays that the defendants be enjoined from doing any act ,or taking any corporate or individual action which will interfere with his rights. The amended complaint alleges that prior to May, 1893, the Aktiebolaget Separator, having acquired all of [679]*679the stock of the De Laval company except 200 shares owned by the plaintiff and 200 shares on which the Aktiebolaget Separator and plaintiff held options, “ in or about the said month of May, 1893, agreed with the plaintiff that * * * if he would take and continue in charge of the affairs in the United States of said De Laval Separator Company and the Aktiebolaget Separator in its capacity as such stockholder thereof as- aforesaid, until the said De Laval Separator Company should be placed on a paying basis, and should be enabled, through its earnings, to pay its obligations, amounting to about $200,000, that the plaintiff should receive from said De Laval Separator Company, in addition to certain other and fixed compensation for services to be rendered, a substantial interest in all the future earnings of said De Laval Separator Company after the payment of the said obligations, and without regard to any services rendered or required thereafter, and that said De Laval Separator Company should enter into and carry out and 'perform such agreement.” It is further alleged that the plaintiff performed the agreement; that the said De Laval company paid off its obligations; that the Aktiebolaget Separator acquired the 200 shares of stock on which it held options; that in 1895 the “interest” which plaintiff was to receive under the agreement was “ fixed by the Aktiebolaget Separator and by the De Laval Separator Company through the Aktiebolaget Separator and the plaintiff as comprising the owners of all the stock thereof,” at five per cent, on all net earnings of the De Laval company, and it was agreed that the De Laval company should take corporate action; that on December 30, 1896, the De Laval company, at a meeting of its stockholders, duly caused a resolution in writing to be passed and spread upon its minutes, whereby by vote of the holders and owners of all the stock of said company it was provided that the board of directors should pay the plaintiff five per cent, of the net earnings, which resolution was confirmed by all the stockholders of the corporation; that up to the time of the commencement of this suit the agreement had been performed and plaintiff had received five per cent, of the net earnings of said company. The defendants have interposed separate demurrers, each on the ground that the amended complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. It is urged that the contract, as alléged, is without consideration, because founded on past services, and emphasis is placed upon the word “ there[680]*680after ” in the phrase “ without regard to any services rendered or required thereafter.” The contention is without force. “ Thereafter,” when read with the entire statement of the agreement, does not refer to the time when the agreement was entered into, but to such time as the company should be enabled to pay its obligations. Certain definite compensation was to be paid the plaintiff, and other compensation in the form of a substantial interest in all the future net earnings of the company, “ after the payment of the said obligations and without regard to any services rendered, or required thereafter.” The agreement is stated to have been made with a desire to retain and hold the services of the plaintiff, “having in mind and in view of the services already rendered by the plaintiff,” and “ their great value.” These statements are reasons given to show the desire on the part of the company to form a contract, but they are not alleged to be the consideration. The consideration is clearly stated to be the taking and continuing in charge of the affairs in the United "States of the company and the Aktiebolaget Separator, as a stockholder thereof, from 1893 until the company should be placed on a paying basis and enabled through its earnings to pay its obligations. Beers v. New York Life Ins. Co., 66 Hun, 75, is not controlling on this demurrer. In that case compensation was voted by a board of directors to their president for past services, for which he had already been fully paid, and he did not undertake any future service for the company, as is alleged in this complaint.
The further objection is raised that under the allegations of the amended complaint, the contract is not binding upon the De Laval company in its corporate capacity; that the agreement was not entered into by agents of the corporation or by authority of its board of directors, but simply by its stockholders, whereas all corporate contracts, before they can bind the corporate entity, must be made by its directors or authorized agent. In view of other allegations in the complaint it is unnecessary to determine whether or not, at the time of the 1893 agreement, the Aktiebolaget Separator was the .agent of the De Laval company or whether that agreement, or the subsequent action in 1895 defining the plaintiff’s interest, or the resolution of 1896, being acts of all the stockholders, bind the corporate entity. It is generally true that the stockholders are not the [681]*681agents of a corporation, but the principle is familiar that, if one with full knowledge of the facts ratifies the doings of another who has assumed to act in his name and behalf, he will be bound thereby as fully as if he had originally conferred authority upon him in the premises. This ratification may be by acts or conduct inconsistent with any other supposition than that he intended to adopt and own the act done in his name. Story Agency, §§ 239, 252. This rule applies equally to corporations. An implied contract may be deduced by inference from corporate acts without either a vote or deed or writing. 2 Kent’s Comm. 291; Morawetz Priv. Corps., § 618; Peterson v. Mayor, 17 N. Y. 449; Olcott v. Tioga R. R. Co., 27 id. 546. Services rendered! at the request of a corporation’s counsel or its chief engineer, or other person who had no authority to represent the corporation, but which services were accepted1 by the corporation, must be paid for by the corporation according to the terms agreed upon. Wilson v. Kings Co. El. R. R. Co., 114 N. Y. 487; Balet v. New York & N. J. Bridge Co., 40 App. Div. 245; Scott v. Middletown R. R. Co., 86 N. Y. 200. Contracts entered into by promoters or others assuming to represent a corporation before the corporate entity has come into being may subsequently be adopted by the corporation as its own by recognizing and treating such contracts as valid. Where, before incorporation, an inventor had assigned certain patent rights under an agreement, by the terms of which he was to receive royalties during the life of the patent, and it appeared that the corporation had subsequently acted on the contract, and for a time paid the royalties, the court held: “
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Claeke, J.
This suit is brought to have an alleged contract declared binding upon the De Laval Separator Company, a corporation, and upon the Aktiebolaget Separator and the other defendants, stockholders of the said De Laval company. The plaintiff claims that he is entitled to five per cent, of the net ¡earnings of the De Laval company (in addition to any dividends .he may be entitled to as stockholder) as the same may accrue from time to time in excess of current and reasonable future .requirements, terminable only upon the death of the plaintiff, and prays that the defendants be enjoined from doing any act ,or taking any corporate or individual action which will interfere with his rights. The amended complaint alleges that prior to May, 1893, the Aktiebolaget Separator, having acquired all of [679]*679the stock of the De Laval company except 200 shares owned by the plaintiff and 200 shares on which the Aktiebolaget Separator and plaintiff held options, “ in or about the said month of May, 1893, agreed with the plaintiff that * * * if he would take and continue in charge of the affairs in the United States of said De Laval Separator Company and the Aktiebolaget Separator in its capacity as such stockholder thereof as- aforesaid, until the said De Laval Separator Company should be placed on a paying basis, and should be enabled, through its earnings, to pay its obligations, amounting to about $200,000, that the plaintiff should receive from said De Laval Separator Company, in addition to certain other and fixed compensation for services to be rendered, a substantial interest in all the future earnings of said De Laval Separator Company after the payment of the said obligations, and without regard to any services rendered or required thereafter, and that said De Laval Separator Company should enter into and carry out and 'perform such agreement.” It is further alleged that the plaintiff performed the agreement; that the said De Laval company paid off its obligations; that the Aktiebolaget Separator acquired the 200 shares of stock on which it held options; that in 1895 the “interest” which plaintiff was to receive under the agreement was “ fixed by the Aktiebolaget Separator and by the De Laval Separator Company through the Aktiebolaget Separator and the plaintiff as comprising the owners of all the stock thereof,” at five per cent, on all net earnings of the De Laval company, and it was agreed that the De Laval company should take corporate action; that on December 30, 1896, the De Laval company, at a meeting of its stockholders, duly caused a resolution in writing to be passed and spread upon its minutes, whereby by vote of the holders and owners of all the stock of said company it was provided that the board of directors should pay the plaintiff five per cent, of the net earnings, which resolution was confirmed by all the stockholders of the corporation; that up to the time of the commencement of this suit the agreement had been performed and plaintiff had received five per cent, of the net earnings of said company. The defendants have interposed separate demurrers, each on the ground that the amended complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. It is urged that the contract, as alléged, is without consideration, because founded on past services, and emphasis is placed upon the word “ there[680]*680after ” in the phrase “ without regard to any services rendered or required thereafter.” The contention is without force. “ Thereafter,” when read with the entire statement of the agreement, does not refer to the time when the agreement was entered into, but to such time as the company should be enabled to pay its obligations. Certain definite compensation was to be paid the plaintiff, and other compensation in the form of a substantial interest in all the future net earnings of the company, “ after the payment of the said obligations and without regard to any services rendered, or required thereafter.” The agreement is stated to have been made with a desire to retain and hold the services of the plaintiff, “having in mind and in view of the services already rendered by the plaintiff,” and “ their great value.” These statements are reasons given to show the desire on the part of the company to form a contract, but they are not alleged to be the consideration. The consideration is clearly stated to be the taking and continuing in charge of the affairs in the United "States of the company and the Aktiebolaget Separator, as a stockholder thereof, from 1893 until the company should be placed on a paying basis and enabled through its earnings to pay its obligations. Beers v. New York Life Ins. Co., 66 Hun, 75, is not controlling on this demurrer. In that case compensation was voted by a board of directors to their president for past services, for which he had already been fully paid, and he did not undertake any future service for the company, as is alleged in this complaint.
The further objection is raised that under the allegations of the amended complaint, the contract is not binding upon the De Laval company in its corporate capacity; that the agreement was not entered into by agents of the corporation or by authority of its board of directors, but simply by its stockholders, whereas all corporate contracts, before they can bind the corporate entity, must be made by its directors or authorized agent. In view of other allegations in the complaint it is unnecessary to determine whether or not, at the time of the 1893 agreement, the Aktiebolaget Separator was the .agent of the De Laval company or whether that agreement, or the subsequent action in 1895 defining the plaintiff’s interest, or the resolution of 1896, being acts of all the stockholders, bind the corporate entity. It is generally true that the stockholders are not the [681]*681agents of a corporation, but the principle is familiar that, if one with full knowledge of the facts ratifies the doings of another who has assumed to act in his name and behalf, he will be bound thereby as fully as if he had originally conferred authority upon him in the premises. This ratification may be by acts or conduct inconsistent with any other supposition than that he intended to adopt and own the act done in his name. Story Agency, §§ 239, 252. This rule applies equally to corporations. An implied contract may be deduced by inference from corporate acts without either a vote or deed or writing. 2 Kent’s Comm. 291; Morawetz Priv. Corps., § 618; Peterson v. Mayor, 17 N. Y. 449; Olcott v. Tioga R. R. Co., 27 id. 546. Services rendered! at the request of a corporation’s counsel or its chief engineer, or other person who had no authority to represent the corporation, but which services were accepted1 by the corporation, must be paid for by the corporation according to the terms agreed upon. Wilson v. Kings Co. El. R. R. Co., 114 N. Y. 487; Balet v. New York & N. J. Bridge Co., 40 App. Div. 245; Scott v. Middletown R. R. Co., 86 N. Y. 200. Contracts entered into by promoters or others assuming to represent a corporation before the corporate entity has come into being may subsequently be adopted by the corporation as its own by recognizing and treating such contracts as valid. Where, before incorporation, an inventor had assigned certain patent rights under an agreement, by the terms of which he was to receive royalties during the life of the patent, and it appeared that the corporation had subsequently acted on the contract, and for a time paid the royalties, the court held: “ Even if not incorporated when the agreement was made, the company, by availing itself of the agreement, enjoying its benefits, and acting under and in part performing it, made it its' own as effectually as if it had formally and by resolution adopted and ratified its terms.” Bommer v. American Spiral Hinge Mfg. Co., 81 N. Y. 468. In Rogers v. New York & Texas Land Co., 134 N. Y. 197, the court says: “ The bondholders were the promoters of the land company., Being about to form a corporation for an authorized purpose, they made an agreement upon the subject in which they provided for the benefits to be conferred upon it and burdens to be assumed by it after its organization. While it could have refused, when it came into existence, to accept the one or to be bound by the other, it could .not accept the advantages and [682]*682then refuse to assume the obligations. By accepting title to the land it adopted and ratified the agreement entered into by all its stockholders, and thereby voluntarily made itself a party thereto and became bound thereby.” Anthony v. American Glucose Co., 146 N. Y. 407; Mesinger v. Mesinger Bicycle Saddle Co., 44 App. Div. 26; Oakes v. Cattaraugus W. Co., 143 N. Y. 430; Seymour v. Spring Forest C. Assn., 144 id. 333; Battelle v. Northwestern Cement Co., 37 Minn. 89; Whitney v Wyman, 101 U. S. 392. In the complaint before me it is alleged that the parties contracting agreed that the plaintiff was to “ continue in charge of the affairs in the United States of said De Laval Separator Company * * * that said De Laval Separator Company should enter into, carry out and perform such agreement.” It is further alleged that plaintiff, as agreed, took charge of the management and guidance of the affairs of the company until the 31st day of December, 1894 (and continuously thereafter), at which time the company had earned sufficient to pay off, and did pay off, its obligations, and was placed on a paying basis. Such transactions were only possible through the acquiescence of the directors of the corporation. Moreover, it is alleged that the resolution passed by all the stockholders in 1896 provides “ that the board of directors of the De Laval Separator Company should, from time to time during each year, estimate the amount of surplus cash on hand or the net earnings over and above the current and reasonable future requirements, and thereupon should declare cash dividends and pay this ^plaintiff * * * 5 per cent, of such surplus cash or net earnings.” And it is further alleged “ that up to the time of the commencement of this action the said agreement had been in all respects duly lived up to and performed, and plaintiff had been in receipt of the said percentage of net profits' of said company.” It therefore appears, from the allegations of the complaint^ that the De Laval company has not only, knowing the facts, received and accepted' the benefit of the plaintiff’s services rendered pursuant to the agreement entered into in its behalf by all its stockholders, but has, through its directors, partially paid to the plaintiff the compensation agreed upon by such stockholders. By thus accepting the benefits of the contract and paying therefor the compensation agreed upon, the De Laval corporation ratified the agreement entered into by all its stockholders, and thereby voluntarily ' made itself a party thereto and became bound' thereby.
[683]*683The defendants further contend that the contract is void because of the Statute of Frauds. Where the complaint states generally, as in this case, that an agreement or contract was made, the court on demurrer will presume it was a legal contract until the contrary appears. It is not necessary to specifically aver that the contract was in writing. Cozine v. Graham, 2 Paige, 177; Crane v. Powell, 139 N. Y. 379; Marston v. Swett, 66 id. 206; Stern v. Drinker, 2 E. D. Smith, 401; Livingston v. Smith, 14 How. Pr. 490.
The only remaining question is whether the amended complaint states facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against the Aktiebolaget Separator and the other defendants as well as against the De Laval company. As this is a suit in equity and the court has determined. that a cause of action is stated against one defendant, a good cause of action is stated against the other defendants also, if they are necessary parties for any purpose whatever to enable the court to give full and complete relief on any question involved in the litigation. Fowler v. Mutual Life Ins. Co., 28 Hun, 195; Turner v. Conant, 18 Abb. N. C. 160. It is unnecessary to consider whether or not a cause of action is stated against the defendants Eichard Bemstrom and the other natural persons in their capacity as directors, for the amended complaint alleges that they are also stockholders of record in the De Laval company. As stockholders, "they and the Aktiebolaget Separator are proper and necessary parties in this suit for the purpose of determining what disposition is to be made of the net earnings, which it is stated they claim should be immediately distributed to them as stockholders, and" out of which the plaintiff claims a sum must first be paid to him, pursuant to the contract alleged to have been originally entered into by the stockholders and subsequently ratified by the De Laval corporation. Demurrers overruled, "with costs, with leave to withdraw same and answer over upon payment of costs.
Demurrers overruled, with costs, with leave to withdraw same and answer over upon payment of costs.