Mr. Justice Bailey
delivered the opinion of the court:
This- was an action in the nature of a quo warranto, in which relators contended that respondents were wrongfully usurping the offices of aldermen from the fifth ward of Idaho Spring’s, a city of the second class, and to which offices relators contended they were entitled.
In the court below relators were given the right to open and close, and this is assigned as error.
We have heretofore held in quo warranto proceedings that the burden is upon the respondent to prove his right to the office by a preponderance of the testimony. — People v. Owers, 29 Colo. 535; People ex rel. v. Stratton, 33 Colo. 464.
In neither of these -eases was the action brought upon the relation of one who- claimed that he was [130]*130entitled to an office and was being unlawfully deprived of it by tbe respondent.
In People v. Owers, it was contended tbat defendant had lost bis right to tbe office by reason of bis non-residence, and in the1 Stratton case' it was contended tbat there was no office to be filled, because the town of Atwood.was not legally incorporated.
However, respondents were not injured by tbe action of tbe court in imposing upon the relators tbe burden of showing tbat they were entitled to the offices before requiring respondents to show by what warrant they assumed to bold them, and it is not necessary for us to determine what tbe true rule is as to tbe burden of tbe proof in such cases.
Respondents contend tbat relators were estopped from contesting tbe right of respondents to bold the offices. It appears tbat relators were nominated by certain citizens, of their ward and tbat they - accepted the nomination, after which tbe city officials concluded tbat the proper practice was. for tbe electors of tbe entire city to vote for tbe candidates for aldermen from each ward. Relators knew of this decision and took no steps to prevent tbe election from being’ so conducted, but suffered their name's to be voted for by tbe electors throughout tbe city. After tbe election they protested to tbe city council, which was- the canvassing board, against tbe vote of the entire city being canvassed in’ determining tbe result of tbe election of aldermen, and protested against tbe issuance'of certificates of election to respondents.
This affords but slight ground upon which to base an estoppel. In any event, no acts, of relators could compel us to determine tbat respondents were rightfully entitled to exercise the functions of aider-men if, under the law, they were not elected. — People [131]*131v. Cornforth, 34 Colo. 107; People ex rel. v. Londoner, 13 Colo. 303.
This brings ns to a consideration of the real matter in controversy, viz: Are the aldermen in cities of the second class to be elected by the voters of the ward- which they represent, or by the voters of the entire city?
The statute of 1897, Mills-’ Ann. Stats., 4504, which, so far as the election of aldermen was concerned, was the law until 1901, and, so far as it is.material to this controversy, is as follows: ‘ ‘ The .qualified electors of each ward in cities of the second class, shall, annually, on the first Tuesday in April, elect, by a. plurality of votes, one alderman, who shall, at the time, be a resident of the ward, and á qualified elector therein; his term of service shall be two- years.-”'
In 1901 the following was- enacted: “Sec. 1. The qualified electors of all cities of the second class shall, on the first Tuesday in April of the year 1901, and every two years thereafter, elect a mayor, city treasurer, city clerk, city attorney, city marshal (marshall), police magistrate, city engineer, city street supervisor, and two aldermen from each of the several wards of such cities, who shall hold their respective officers (offices) for the term of two years, and until their successors are duly elected and qualified. * * *
Section two provides-: “That all acts and parts-of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed.” —Session Laws 1901, 384-385.
Was the provision of the old law, providing for the election of aldermen by the electors of the ward, absolutely repealed, or was the section simply modified so as to change the time of the. holding of the election?
The question is not free from difficulty. The law of 1901 was not carefully worded.
[132]*132To determine the intention of the legislature, it • is necessary to consider the conditions which demanded the enactment of the law and its consequent purpose. — State ex rel. v. Kelly (Kans.), 81 Pac. 450; Sedgwick on Constr. of Statutory and Constitutional Law, page 202, et seg_.; First Blackstone, 61; Potter’s Dwarris on Statutes and Constitutions, p'. 144, rule 7. .
Acting well within the doctrine above stated, this, court has said :
“The rule is that ‘effect shall be given to the intention, whenever such intention can be indubitably ascertained by permitted legal means.’ Another statement of the rule is ‘ so to construe statutes as to meet the mischief, to advance the remedy, and not to violate fundamental principles.’ Dwar. St. 181, 184 and note. Yattel says: ‘That must be the truest exposition of the law which best harmonizes with its design, its objects, and its general structure.’ Among other well established rules of construction are these:' That statutes are to be construed with reference to the objects to> be accomplished by them, and with reference to the circumstances existing at the time of their passage; and the necessity for their enactment. Where a statute would operate unjustly or absurd consequences would result from a literal -interpretation of the terms and words used, the in- • tentiOn of the framers, if it can fairly be gathered from the whole act, will prevail.” — Murray v. Hobson, 10 Colo. 73.
The court of appeals has said: “It is always true that a thing- apparently within the letter of an act is not within the statute, unless it be otherwise within the apparent and evident intention of the legislation. * * * The occasion and necessity of the law, and the mischief to be remedied and the object in view are always -to be taken into account in [133]*133determining the intention.” — Mouat Lumber Co. v. Gilpin, 4 C. A. 537.
And again it is said: “In the interpretation of a statute, it is a fundamental rule and an indispensible requisite to first inquire what object was sought to be accomplished by it. The intent of the statute is the law, and general words may be restrained to it, and those of narrower import may be expanded to embrace it to effectuate that intent.” — Arapahoe County v. Hall, 9 C. A. 541.
With this in mind, let us consider for a moment the condition of the law at the time of the passage of < this act. Previous to 1901, an election was held in November of the odd numbered years for county officials; in November of the even numbered years, for state officials; in cities of the second class in April of each year elections were held for the purpose of .electing city officials; and in May of each year, elections were held in school districts for district officials. The people were in constant travail over politics.
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Mr. Justice Bailey
delivered the opinion of the court:
This- was an action in the nature of a quo warranto, in which relators contended that respondents were wrongfully usurping the offices of aldermen from the fifth ward of Idaho Spring’s, a city of the second class, and to which offices relators contended they were entitled.
In the court below relators were given the right to open and close, and this is assigned as error.
We have heretofore held in quo warranto proceedings that the burden is upon the respondent to prove his right to the office by a preponderance of the testimony. — People v. Owers, 29 Colo. 535; People ex rel. v. Stratton, 33 Colo. 464.
In neither of these -eases was the action brought upon the relation of one who- claimed that he was [130]*130entitled to an office and was being unlawfully deprived of it by tbe respondent.
In People v. Owers, it was contended tbat defendant had lost bis right to tbe office by reason of bis non-residence, and in the1 Stratton case' it was contended tbat there was no office to be filled, because the town of Atwood.was not legally incorporated.
However, respondents were not injured by tbe action of tbe court in imposing upon the relators tbe burden of showing tbat they were entitled to the offices before requiring respondents to show by what warrant they assumed to bold them, and it is not necessary for us to determine what tbe true rule is as to tbe burden of tbe proof in such cases.
Respondents contend tbat relators were estopped from contesting tbe right of respondents to bold the offices. It appears tbat relators were nominated by certain citizens, of their ward and tbat they - accepted the nomination, after which tbe city officials concluded tbat the proper practice was. for tbe electors of tbe entire city to vote for tbe candidates for aldermen from each ward. Relators knew of this decision and took no steps to prevent tbe election from being’ so conducted, but suffered their name's to be voted for by tbe electors throughout tbe city. After tbe election they protested to tbe city council, which was- the canvassing board, against tbe vote of the entire city being canvassed in’ determining tbe result of tbe election of aldermen, and protested against tbe issuance'of certificates of election to respondents.
This affords but slight ground upon which to base an estoppel. In any event, no acts, of relators could compel us to determine tbat respondents were rightfully entitled to exercise the functions of aider-men if, under the law, they were not elected. — People [131]*131v. Cornforth, 34 Colo. 107; People ex rel. v. Londoner, 13 Colo. 303.
This brings ns to a consideration of the real matter in controversy, viz: Are the aldermen in cities of the second class to be elected by the voters of the ward- which they represent, or by the voters of the entire city?
The statute of 1897, Mills-’ Ann. Stats., 4504, which, so far as the election of aldermen was concerned, was the law until 1901, and, so far as it is.material to this controversy, is as follows: ‘ ‘ The .qualified electors of each ward in cities of the second class, shall, annually, on the first Tuesday in April, elect, by a. plurality of votes, one alderman, who shall, at the time, be a resident of the ward, and á qualified elector therein; his term of service shall be two- years.-”'
In 1901 the following was- enacted: “Sec. 1. The qualified electors of all cities of the second class shall, on the first Tuesday in April of the year 1901, and every two years thereafter, elect a mayor, city treasurer, city clerk, city attorney, city marshal (marshall), police magistrate, city engineer, city street supervisor, and two aldermen from each of the several wards of such cities, who shall hold their respective officers (offices) for the term of two years, and until their successors are duly elected and qualified. * * *
Section two provides-: “That all acts and parts-of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed.” —Session Laws 1901, 384-385.
Was the provision of the old law, providing for the election of aldermen by the electors of the ward, absolutely repealed, or was the section simply modified so as to change the time of the. holding of the election?
The question is not free from difficulty. The law of 1901 was not carefully worded.
[132]*132To determine the intention of the legislature, it • is necessary to consider the conditions which demanded the enactment of the law and its consequent purpose. — State ex rel. v. Kelly (Kans.), 81 Pac. 450; Sedgwick on Constr. of Statutory and Constitutional Law, page 202, et seg_.; First Blackstone, 61; Potter’s Dwarris on Statutes and Constitutions, p'. 144, rule 7. .
Acting well within the doctrine above stated, this, court has said :
“The rule is that ‘effect shall be given to the intention, whenever such intention can be indubitably ascertained by permitted legal means.’ Another statement of the rule is ‘ so to construe statutes as to meet the mischief, to advance the remedy, and not to violate fundamental principles.’ Dwar. St. 181, 184 and note. Yattel says: ‘That must be the truest exposition of the law which best harmonizes with its design, its objects, and its general structure.’ Among other well established rules of construction are these:' That statutes are to be construed with reference to the objects to> be accomplished by them, and with reference to the circumstances existing at the time of their passage; and the necessity for their enactment. Where a statute would operate unjustly or absurd consequences would result from a literal -interpretation of the terms and words used, the in- • tentiOn of the framers, if it can fairly be gathered from the whole act, will prevail.” — Murray v. Hobson, 10 Colo. 73.
The court of appeals has said: “It is always true that a thing- apparently within the letter of an act is not within the statute, unless it be otherwise within the apparent and evident intention of the legislation. * * * The occasion and necessity of the law, and the mischief to be remedied and the object in view are always -to be taken into account in [133]*133determining the intention.” — Mouat Lumber Co. v. Gilpin, 4 C. A. 537.
And again it is said: “In the interpretation of a statute, it is a fundamental rule and an indispensible requisite to first inquire what object was sought to be accomplished by it. The intent of the statute is the law, and general words may be restrained to it, and those of narrower import may be expanded to embrace it to effectuate that intent.” — Arapahoe County v. Hall, 9 C. A. 541.
With this in mind, let us consider for a moment the condition of the law at the time of the passage of < this act. Previous to 1901, an election was held in November of the odd numbered years for county officials; in November of the even numbered years, for state officials; in cities of the second class in April of each year elections were held for the purpose of .electing city officials; and in May of each year, elections were held in school districts for district officials. The people were in constant travail over politics. They scarcely recovered from the after pains of one election, before they were in the throes of another. To meet this condition, the same session of the legislature which passed this act providing- for the biennial city elections submitted to the people for their ratification constitutional amendments providing for the biennial election -of state and county officers.
It is therefore apparent that the law of 1901 was enacted for a special purpose, and that purpose was to provide for biennial elections in cities of the second class.
It is an established rule that all acts in pari materia are to be taken together as if they were one law, and they are directed to be compared in the consideration of statutes, because they are considered as framed upon one system and having one object [134]*134in view. — Potter’s Dwarris on Statutes and Constitutions, 189; Sedgwick on Statutory and Constitutional Law, 209.
Mr. Justice Belford in People ex rel. v. Hallett, 1 Colo. 358, said: “Another well established and fundamental rule of construction is, that all acts and provisions of the law, in pari materia, are to- be taken and considered together. It follows, therefore, that, in construing the act under examination, we must look to the object and purpose of the legislature as gathered from, the light of surrounding circumstances, and as. illustrated and explained by previous legislation. ’ ’
•In Commonwealth v. Griffin, 105 Mass. 185, it appeared that the punishment prescribed by the old • law for keeping a place deemed a common nuisance was by fine, not exceeding one thousand dollars, “or” imprisonment in jail not exceeding one year. The new law gave jurisdiction of such offenses to police courts and concurrently with the superior court, and provided that whenever a police court should exercise final jurisdiction therein, the punishment should be limited to a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars “and” imprisonment not exceeding one year in the jail or house of correction. And the court held, in speaking of the new law: ‘ ‘ Taken by itself it would seem to authorize both fine and imprisonment, the language being conjunctive: But taken in connection with the prior statutes, it is a limiting and restrictive statute, and its intention appears to be to prescribe the- limit of the fine as well as the imprisonment, and not to authorize an increased penalty by inflicting both. ’ ’
So, the former statute was deemed as modified and not repealed, and that, too, at the expense of the plain reading of the later act.
[135]*135Repeals by implication are not looked upon with favor. — Rathvon et al. v. White, 16 Colo. 41; Denver v. Hart, 10 C. A. 452.
It is doubtful whether the clause of the act of 1901 repealing all inconsistent acts or parts of such acts adds any force to- the repealing properties of the other provisions of the- law. — District of Columbia v. Sisters of Visitation, 15 App. Cases D. C. 308; The Hickory Tree Road, 43 Pa. St. 139.
Under the rules of construction, if a former act or part of an act is inconsistent with the provisions of a later one, the former must give way, under the repealing clause, it is only such acts- or parts of acts as are inconsistent with the later that are repealed. If the provisions of the two statutes, can be so- construed as to stand together, that construction must be given them, and the former is not repealed because they are consistent, and the repealing clause only purports to- repeal the inconsistent parts of the act; if they cannot be so construed as to- stand together, they are- inconsistent, and the former must fall because of the inconsistency, and its overthrow is not rendered more forcible, or complete by reason of the repealing clause-. The repealing clause does not make that consistent which is inconsistent, nor render that inconsistent which is consistent. It is contended:
“That the act of 1901 bears within itself in at least two places internal evidence- that the legislature intended the absolute repeal of all portions of section 4504 which had not been repealed by previous enactment. ’ ’
This cannot be- true, because the later act does not determine the qualifications required of alder1 men.
If the contention of plaintiffs in error is correct, one not a citizen or an elector or a resident of the [136]*136ward or of the city might be elected as alderman, or all of the aldermen of the city might reside in one ward. The entire section cannot have been repealed.
It is also, contended that the words: ‘ ‘ The qualified electors of all cities of the second class shall * * * elect a mayor * * * and two aldermen from each of the several wards” must be given a literal interpretation, notwithstanding the provisions of the former law, for the reason that the words; are plain and unambiguous, and that there is no room for construction.
Sec. 4504 of Mills’ Annotated Statutes contains a similar provision, which is equally plain and unambiguous, namely: ‘ ‘ The qualified electors, of each ward * * * shall annually * * * elect * * * one alderman * * * Such electors shall also- elect * * * one city 'treasurer. ’ ’
Can it be said that because the act provided that the electors of each ward should elect a city treasurer, that that treasurer should not be elected by the electors of the entire city, or that there should be one city treasurer for each ward?
The language pertaining to the election of treasurer is equally plain and unambiguous as the language of the law of 1901 relating to the election of aldermen, yet there would be no difficulty in saying that this language, no matter how plain and unambiguous, should be construed as providing for the election of the city treasurer by the electors of the entire city.
It is further contended that: “If the legislature, intending to change the system of electing aldermen in cities of the second class, had devoted itself to devising a formula for the purpose, it could not have found terms more precise, certain and clear -.than those actually employed.”
[137]*137The answer to this is, that the same legislature, in providing for the election of county commissioners, did find words “more precise, certain and clear” than those used in the act now before ns. It said: “One commissioner shall be elected from each of such districts by the voters of the whole county.” It is fair to presume that if the legislature which made use of the above expression had desired to make such a radical change in the manner of electing ' aldermen, they would have said “and two aldermen from each ward, who shall be elected by the voters of the whole city” and thus put the matter beyond question and leave ‘ ‘ nO' room for construction. ’ ’ The fact that it did not do so goes far in demonstrating that it did not intend to dó so.
The general purpose of the act being to provide for the holding of biennial instead of annual elections, it should not be so construed as to give it a wider scope and deprive the people of the several wards of the rig'ht to choose their own aldermen, unless such construction is unavoidable, and such construction is not only unavoidable, but appears to be contrary to the legislative intent.
The judgment will therefore be affirmed.
- Affirmed.
Chiee Justice Gabbert and Mr. Justice Goddard concur.