Driver Solutions, LLC v. Michael Downey, Paul Mitchell, and Joseph McAfee

2019 Ark. 296

• Court: Supreme Court of Arkansas
• Decided: October 24, 2019
• Status: Published

Opinion

Cite as 2019 Ark. 296 SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS No. CV-18-799

Opinion Delivered: October 24, 2019

DRIVER SOLUTIONS, LLC APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI APPELLANT COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT [NO. 60-CV-17-3242] V. HONORABLE MACKIE M. PIERCE, MICHAEL DOWNEY, PAUL JUDGE MITCHELL, AND JOSEPH MCAFEE APPELLEES AFFIRMED.

JOSEPHINE LINKER HART, Associate Justice

Driver Solutions, LLC, appeals the June 5, 2018 class-certification order and the

June 27, 2018 supplemental order of the Pulaski County Circuit Court. Our jurisdiction

is proper pursuant to Ark. R. App. P. –Civil 2(a)(9). We affirm.

I. Background

Driver Solutions, LLC (Driver Solutions) filed separate lawsuits in North Little

Rock District Court against Michael Downey, Paul Mitchell, and Joseph McAfee (counter-

plaintiffs). In each case, Driver Solutions sought to recover “unpaid principal balance

for . . . Tuition Charge(s)[.]” Mitchell and McAfee initially defaulted, but the district court

later set aside both default judgments for improper service. Downey timely answered. Downey, Mitchell, and McAfee all filed class-action counterclaims. The cases were

transferred to the Pulaski County Circuit Court and consolidated.

The general substance of the allegations contained in the class-action counterclaim

is as follows. Driver Solutions is in the business of providing education and placement

services to individuals who wish to work in the commercial truck-driving industry. Driver

Solutions and C-1 Truck Driver Training, LLC (C-1), are both owned by Driver Holding,

LLC. Counter-plaintiffs allege that Driver Solutions attracts potential students from

around the country to the C-1 facility in North Little Rock, Arkansas by advertising

“company-paid training” and good-paying driver jobs (“up to $50,000 per year”) with large

carriers, such as P.A.M. Transport.

Once students arrive at C-1 for training, they are presented with what counter-

plaintiffs characterize as a “one-sided, unconscionable adhesion contract.” The contract in

the record provides that students who complete the training will owe Driver Solutions

$5,995. The contract contains a provision allowing for the total cost of the program to be

reduced. If after completion of the program participants then go work for the designated

carrier for an entire year, during which $45 will be deducted from the participant’s

paycheck each week and placed in an “Employee Savings Account,” the participant will

receive a $4,000 credit toward the cost of the program and remain liable for $1,995. The

contract contains no indication as to what the designated carrier’s compensation package

for the participant will be. If participants fail to go work for the designated carrier for an

entire year, the full $5,995 becomes due and payable to Driver Solutions on demand.

2 The counterclaim alleges that after completing the program, participants find that

their earning potential with the designated carrier is nowhere near what had been

represented when they signed the enrollment agreements with Driver Solutions.

Participants rarely, if ever, earn $50,000 in a year of working for the designated carrier—far

less, according to the counter-plaintiffs. However, if participants leave the designated

carrier to work somewhere else, they become liable for $5,995, due and payable on

demand. In this way, counter-plaintiffs allege that the contract functions as a “sword of

Damocles,” tying program participants to a low-wage job.

The counterclaim further alleges that Driver Solutions has filed at least 433 lawsuits

in North Little Rock District Court, and that Driver Solutions has failed to obtain proper

service in every single one of those lawsuits, including 143 cases in which Driver Solutions

already obtained default judgments. Additionally, the counterclaim alleges that Driver

Solutions is operating its driver-education program without ever obtaining the applicable

licenses statutorily required to do so, while also violating numerous regulations established

by the State Board of Private Career Education.

Based upon these allegations, the counterclaim sets forth ten claims for relief. The

first five are Arkansas Deceptive Trade Practices Act (ADTPA) claims: Count I – ADTPA

(False and Misleading Statements); Count II – ADTPA (Violating Statutes and Regulations

Pertaining to Private Career Education); Count III – ADTPA (Unenforceable Penalty);

Count IV – ADTPA (Usury); and Count V – ADTPA (Totality of Conduct). Count VI

3 seeks a declaratory judgment. The last four are common law claims: Count VII – Usury;

Count VIII – Fraud; Count IX – Promissory Estoppel; Count X – Unjust Enrichment.

After consolidation, the counter-plaintiffs moved for class certification. Following a

hearing, the circuit court entered an order granting class certification on June 5, 2018.

The order certified the following class:

All individuals who attended C-1 Truck Driving School in North Little Rock between January 19, 2009, and the present, through Driver Solutions’ “company-paid training” and did not complete one year of employment with the carrier.

Driver Solutions requested findings of fact and conclusions of law, and the circuit court

entered a supplemental order on June 27, 2018. The supplemental order explained that

the phrase “company-paid training” refers to “Driver Solutions’ program or programs that

Counterclaimants and others enrolled in whereby those individuals did not pay tuition

ahead of time and signed an agreement whereby they would not pay tuition (or would only

pay a portion of the tuition through payroll deductions) if they worked for an assigned

motor carrier for one year.” Driver Solutions filed its notice of appeal on July 3, 2018.

II. Law

Questions of class certification are reviewed for abuse of discretion. Baptist Health v.

Haynes, 367 Ark. 382, 384, 240 S.W.3d 576, 578 (2006).

Rule 23 of the Arkansas Rules of Civil Procedure governs class actions and

certification. The test for class certification under Rule 23 has six elements: (1)

4 numerosity; (2) commonality; (3) typicality; (4) adequacy; (5) predominance; and (6)

superiority. Lenders Title Co. v. Chandler, 353 Ark. 339, 344, 107 S.W.3d 157, 159 (2003).

Rule 23 “does not require that all questions of law or fact be common, but rather

the standard is that there need be only a single issue common to all members of the class.”

Ark. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs v. Okeke, 2015 Ark. 275, at 7, 466 S.W.3d 399, 403–04 (citing

Ark. R. Civ. P. 23). “When deciding whether common questions predominate over other

questions affecting only individual members, this court does not merely compare the

number of individual claims versus common claims. Rather, this court decides if the

preliminary, overarching issues common to all class members ‘predominate over’ the

individual issues.” Okeke, 2015 Ark. 275, at 9. A representative’s “claim is typical if it arises

from the same event or practice or course of conduct that gives rise to the claims of other

class members, and if [the representative’s] claims are based on the same legal theory.”

Mega Life & Health Ins. Co. v. Jacola, 330 Ark. 261, 274–75, 954 S.W.2d 898, 903–04

(1997), rev’d on other grounds by, Industr. Welding Supplies of Hattiesburg, LLC v. Pinson, 2017

Ark. 315, 530 S.W.3d 854. Superiority is satisfied where “class certification is the more

efficient way of handling the case, and it is fair to both sides.” Okeke, 2015 Ark. 275, at 11.

Additionally, a class must be “ascertainable”; its members must be determinable by

objective criteria. Van Buren Sch. Dist. v. Jones, 365 Ark. 610, 615, 232 S.W.3d 444, 449

(2006).

III. Analysis

5 Driver Solutions contends that the certified class fails to satisfy the requirements of

commonality, predominance, typicality, superiority, and ascertainability. The underlying

basis for Driver Solution’s arguments is that each class member’s claim will turn upon the

individual class member’s own subjective interpretations of the advertisements and

enrollment agreements, making them inappropriate for consideration on a class-wide basis.

However, Driver Solutions’ contention is overbroad. There is no dispute that each

class member manifested assent by signing the agreement, nor is there any indication that

the terms of the signed agreements vary from class member to class member in any material

way. Many of the counter-plaintiffs’ allegations, relating to both their ADTPA and

common law claims, will be resolved with little more than a review of the four corners of

the enrollment agreements, and without any assessment of the means by which Driver

Solutions procured its students. If the terms of the agreement are in fact illegal, tortious,

usurious, unconscionable, or otherwise actionable on their face, that would be true

regardless of the circumstances by which a class member came to sign the agreement and

would apply to all class members. Therefore, any question determinable on the face of the

agreements is appropriate for consideration on a class-wide basis and meets the

requirements of Rule 23.

The class vehicle is appropriate to address even a single question or issue where the

requirements for certification are otherwise satisfied, and there is at least one such

question or issue in this case: whether Driver Solutions was a “school” for purposes of

Ark. Code Ann. § 6-51-602(11) (Repl. 2013) when the parties entered into these

6 enrollment agreements. Those entities fitting the definition of a “school” for purposes of

Ark. Code Ann. § 6-51-602(11) are required to obtain licenses from the State Department

of Higher Education before operating or soliciting the enrollment of students. Ark. Code

Ann. § 6-51-505(a). Contracts, promissory notes, or other evidence of indebtedness

between students or prospective students and unlicensed “schools” are null and void, and

students have the right to recover moneys paid for enrollment in an unlicensed school.

Ark. Code Ann. § 6-51-613. Driver Solutions admitted in its answer that it has not

obtained a license from the Department of Higher Education but denied that it fits the

definition of a “school” for purposes of Ark. Code Ann. § 6-51-602(11). Under these

circumstances, the question of whether Driver Solutions fits the definition of a “school” is

appropriate for consideration on a class-wide basis.

This issue will be common to the claims asserted by each class member, and there is

no indication that the assessment of this question will vary from class member to class

member in any meaningful way. Commonality is satisfied. Moreover, this issue will be

central to the claims of each class member, and its resolution alone can determine whether

liability attaches to Driver Solutions for moneys that would be recoverable on the

enrollment agreements. Predominance is satisfied. The named counter-plaintiffs’ claims

arise from the same “event or practice or course of conduct” that would give rise to the

claims of the other class members, and the named counter-plaintiffs’ claims are based upon

the same legal theories. Typicality is satisfied. Additionally, it would be far more efficient

to address this issue in one lawsuit on a class-wide basis than to address the same issue time

7 and time again in numerous separate lawsuits. There is no legitimate indication that

utilizing the class mechanism for these purposes will be unfair to either party. Superiority

is satisfied.

Furthermore, the proposed class is ascertainable; its members can be determined by

objective criteria. If someone both (1) enrolled in a Driver Solutions program fitting the

order’s definition of “company-paid training” during the class period, and then (2) did not

complete one year of work with the designated carrier, that person is included in the class.

As a separate point on appeal, Driver Solutions argues in its brief that the circuit

court’s certification of the class should be reversed in light of the passage of Act 986 by the

Arkansas General Assembly in 2017. Act 986, which took effect July 30, 2017, changed

the law to prohibit litigants from pursuing an ADTPA claim through a class action. The

trial court found that Act 986, which does not contain an emergency clause, was only

intended to apply prospectively. The counter-plaintiffs filed their lawsuit on June 15,

2017, well before Act 986’s effective date, but Driver Solutions contends on appeal that

Act 986 should nonetheless be given retroactive effect because it only impacts one’s a

procedural rights (the ability to litigate an ADTPA claim through a class action), as

opposed to impacting a substantive right. Counter-plaintiffs’ response is that if Act 986 is

truly procedural in nature, then the Act violates the separation of powers and is therefore

unconstitutional. The Arkansas Constitution provides that “[t]he Supreme Court shall

prescribe the rules of pleading, practice and procedure for all courts[.]” Ark. Const.

amend. 80, § 3.

8 We decline to address the merits of this question. This is an interlocutory appeal,

and our jurisdiction is limited to the purpose for which the interlocutory appeal is allowed.

Driver Solutions is appealing pursuant to Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure –Civil 2(a)(9),

which allows interlocutory review of “[a]n order granting or denying a motion to certify a

case as a class action in accordance with Rule 23 of the Arkansas Rules of Civil

Procedure[.]” Driver Solutions argues that we should address the impact of Act 986 at this

juncture instead of later in the case, but that would go considerably beyond an assessment

of whether the circuit court abused its discretion in finding that Rule 23’s factors were

satisfied; this court would have to assess the constitutionality of Act 986, which does not

contain a severability clause, in its entirety.

Driver Solutions did contend at oral argument that this court could consider the

impact of Act 986 in its analysis of Rule 23’s superiority factor. To the extent we have

jurisdiction to address this argument, we decline to adopt it. The superiority analysis is

simply about efficiency, Okeke, 2015 Ark. 275 at 14, and the General Assembly’s expressed

sentiment as to whether ADTPA class actions are generally appropriate is irrelevant to that

inquiry.

IV. Conclusion

The circuit court’s determination that each requirement for class certification was

satisfied in this case was not an abuse of discretion. The passage of Act 986 does not alter

this conclusion.

Affirmed.

9 WOMACK, J., concurs in part and dissents in part without written opinion.

Conner & Winters, LLP, by: Robert L. Jones III, and Kerri E. Kobbeman, for appellant.

Holleman & Associates, P.A., by: John Holleman and Timothy A. Steadman, for

appellees.