Nash, J,:
The action is upon a policy of insurance to recover the value of a barn covered by the policy issued to the plaintiff Draper, destroyed by fire.
The by-laws of the association, which are to be read as conditions of the policy, provide: ■ '
“ Sec, 7, Where fire is used in any building upon the premises within one hundred feet.of any insured building, for the purpose of making sugar,.or stripping tobacco, or curing hops, or drying apples; this association will not be liable for any loss resulting from such fire.- INor will this association be liable-for anyjoss resulting from any open fire, built by the insured, with his knowledge or consent, within fifty feet from any insured building.”
“Sec. 10. * * '* 1 In case of loss by fire or lightning, the loser shall give notice to -the secretary and director of the subordinate grange, -and said director shall notify the directors of two adjoining granges within five days, whereupon the said directors shall proceed to examine the loss or damage, and .to adjust the same. In case the parties cannot agree, then said directors shall notify the president, who shall call the board of directors together.to adjust the same, and their decision shall be final.
The assured, in violation of section 7, built, a bonfire within forty feet of the insured building, a spark from which was carried to the roof of the barn, causing the loss.
' Three of the defendant’s board of directors went to the place of the fire for the purpose of adjusting the loss. -They found that the fire was set within fifty feet of the barn, and told Draper that they could not adjust the IosSj but would make out proofs of loss so it could be presented to the board of directors'. Proofs of loss were made and verified by Draper, and by liim sent by mail to Welling, the secretary of the defendant. Thereafter a meeting of the board [809]*809of directors was called and Potter, one of the directors, wrote to the plaintiff Draper informing him of the date of the meeting and stating that the directors desired him to be present. Draper went forty miles to Oswego, the place of the meeting, paying his fare both ways, attended the meeting, was examined as to the loss and told- that he could be excused. No formal action in relation to the adjustment of the loss by the board of directors appears to have been taken. Nothing further was done, and this action to recover the loss was commenced. '
The plaintiffs claim a waiver of what is termed a forfeiture by reason of the violation of the fifty-foot clause of the policy.
The court charged the jury that a waiver exists-when there is an intention to waive unexpressed, but clearly to be inferred from the circumstances, of where there is no such intention in fact, but the conduct of the insurer has misled the insured into acting upon a reasonable belief that the company has waived some provision of the policy. “ You cannot find waiver in this case solely from the transactions which occurred on April 28, when the three directors and adjusters of the defendant went to the plaintiff’s property and had an interview with the.plaintiff at that place. ' You cannot doit because the evidence clearly shows uncontradictedly that at that time the adjusters said in substance that because of the failure of the plaintiffs to comply with the conditions of the policy they were not able to make an adjustment, and the matter would have to be brought before the board of directors. *. * * You cannot find waiver solely arising from the fact that the proofs of loss were taken by the company and were retained by it. If there is a waiver here it must be based upon the transactions connected with the plaintiff’s visit to Oswego early in August, the letter to the plaintiff, liis going to Oswego, his appearance there before the board of directors, and his examination as to the details of his loss by them.”
W e think the fact that Draper complied with the request to attend the meeting of the board, that he was put to expense in complying with such request, and was examined in respect to his loss, did not amount to . a waiver by the board of the condition of the policy that had been broken.
- It is said that the dii ectors knew of the fact that the condition had been broken; that the failure to notify the plaintiff that the condi[810]*810tion of the policy would be insisted upon induced the plaintiff to go to Oswego and submit to an examination ; that but for the belief that the company intended to waive the forfeiture the plaintiff would not have gone to Oswego and would have been saved the expense of the journey and the presentation of himself before the board.
It cannot be said that by the mere request to attend the meeting the plaintiff was induced to believe that it was the intention of the board to waive the condition of the policy. The director's could not take any action as adjusters except at a meeting of the board. They could not be regarded as intending to do that which they had no power to do until they met together as a board and acting as such. They could not make any decision or take any action looking to a waiver of the condition of the policy or as adjusters until they had met together as a board of directors,
Under the by-law of the association which provides that where the loss is not or cannot be adjusted-by the directors, the board of directors shall be called together to adjust the same, and that their decision shall be final, the directors cannot take any action until • they have met together as a board of directors. Until organized as a board the directors could neither adjust the loss or waive the condition of the by-law which had been violated. - The condition of the policy by which it is provided that the association shall not be liable for any loss resulting from a fire built within fifty feet of the insured building cannot, therefore, be held to have been waived.
There is the further question whether the condition of the policy is the subject óf an implied waiver under the rule that, if after knowledge of the forfeiture, the company recognized the continued validity of the policy or does acts based thereon, or requires the assured by virtue thereof to do some act or incur some trouble and ' expense, the forfeiture as a matter of law^ is waived. (Titus v, Glens Falls Ins. Co., 81 N. Y. 410.) In that case the policy con, t-ained a provision that it should be void if foreclosure proceedings should- be commenced against the insured property, which provision was alleged to have been violated. It was held that effect should be given, to the clause creating the forfeiture; but that the forfeiture caused by the -foreclosure proceedings was waived by the defendant," After the fire, and after the defendant .had notice of [811]*811the proceedings, it required the insured to appear before a person appointed by it for that purpose to be examined under a clause in the policy, and he was there subjected to a rigorous inquisitorial examination. ' The court said: “ It had the right to make such examination only by virtue of the policy. When it required him to be examined, it exercised a right given to it by the policy. It then recognized the validity of the policy, and subjected the insured to trouble and expense, after it knew of the forfeiture now alleged, and it cannot now, therefore, assert its invalidity on account of such forfeiture.”
The opinion further states: “
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Nash, J,:
The action is upon a policy of insurance to recover the value of a barn covered by the policy issued to the plaintiff Draper, destroyed by fire.
The by-laws of the association, which are to be read as conditions of the policy, provide: ■ '
“ Sec, 7, Where fire is used in any building upon the premises within one hundred feet.of any insured building, for the purpose of making sugar,.or stripping tobacco, or curing hops, or drying apples; this association will not be liable for any loss resulting from such fire.- INor will this association be liable-for anyjoss resulting from any open fire, built by the insured, with his knowledge or consent, within fifty feet from any insured building.”
“Sec. 10. * * '* 1 In case of loss by fire or lightning, the loser shall give notice to -the secretary and director of the subordinate grange, -and said director shall notify the directors of two adjoining granges within five days, whereupon the said directors shall proceed to examine the loss or damage, and .to adjust the same. In case the parties cannot agree, then said directors shall notify the president, who shall call the board of directors together.to adjust the same, and their decision shall be final.
The assured, in violation of section 7, built, a bonfire within forty feet of the insured building, a spark from which was carried to the roof of the barn, causing the loss.
' Three of the defendant’s board of directors went to the place of the fire for the purpose of adjusting the loss. -They found that the fire was set within fifty feet of the barn, and told Draper that they could not adjust the IosSj but would make out proofs of loss so it could be presented to the board of directors'. Proofs of loss were made and verified by Draper, and by liim sent by mail to Welling, the secretary of the defendant. Thereafter a meeting of the board [809]*809of directors was called and Potter, one of the directors, wrote to the plaintiff Draper informing him of the date of the meeting and stating that the directors desired him to be present. Draper went forty miles to Oswego, the place of the meeting, paying his fare both ways, attended the meeting, was examined as to the loss and told- that he could be excused. No formal action in relation to the adjustment of the loss by the board of directors appears to have been taken. Nothing further was done, and this action to recover the loss was commenced. '
The plaintiffs claim a waiver of what is termed a forfeiture by reason of the violation of the fifty-foot clause of the policy.
The court charged the jury that a waiver exists-when there is an intention to waive unexpressed, but clearly to be inferred from the circumstances, of where there is no such intention in fact, but the conduct of the insurer has misled the insured into acting upon a reasonable belief that the company has waived some provision of the policy. “ You cannot find waiver in this case solely from the transactions which occurred on April 28, when the three directors and adjusters of the defendant went to the plaintiff’s property and had an interview with the.plaintiff at that place. ' You cannot doit because the evidence clearly shows uncontradictedly that at that time the adjusters said in substance that because of the failure of the plaintiffs to comply with the conditions of the policy they were not able to make an adjustment, and the matter would have to be brought before the board of directors. *. * * You cannot find waiver solely arising from the fact that the proofs of loss were taken by the company and were retained by it. If there is a waiver here it must be based upon the transactions connected with the plaintiff’s visit to Oswego early in August, the letter to the plaintiff, liis going to Oswego, his appearance there before the board of directors, and his examination as to the details of his loss by them.”
W e think the fact that Draper complied with the request to attend the meeting of the board, that he was put to expense in complying with such request, and was examined in respect to his loss, did not amount to . a waiver by the board of the condition of the policy that had been broken.
- It is said that the dii ectors knew of the fact that the condition had been broken; that the failure to notify the plaintiff that the condi[810]*810tion of the policy would be insisted upon induced the plaintiff to go to Oswego and submit to an examination ; that but for the belief that the company intended to waive the forfeiture the plaintiff would not have gone to Oswego and would have been saved the expense of the journey and the presentation of himself before the board.
It cannot be said that by the mere request to attend the meeting the plaintiff was induced to believe that it was the intention of the board to waive the condition of the policy. The director's could not take any action as adjusters except at a meeting of the board. They could not be regarded as intending to do that which they had no power to do until they met together as a board and acting as such. They could not make any decision or take any action looking to a waiver of the condition of the policy or as adjusters until they had met together as a board of directors,
Under the by-law of the association which provides that where the loss is not or cannot be adjusted-by the directors, the board of directors shall be called together to adjust the same, and that their decision shall be final, the directors cannot take any action until • they have met together as a board of directors. Until organized as a board the directors could neither adjust the loss or waive the condition of the by-law which had been violated. - The condition of the policy by which it is provided that the association shall not be liable for any loss resulting from a fire built within fifty feet of the insured building cannot, therefore, be held to have been waived.
There is the further question whether the condition of the policy is the subject óf an implied waiver under the rule that, if after knowledge of the forfeiture, the company recognized the continued validity of the policy or does acts based thereon, or requires the assured by virtue thereof to do some act or incur some trouble and ' expense, the forfeiture as a matter of law^ is waived. (Titus v, Glens Falls Ins. Co., 81 N. Y. 410.) In that case the policy con, t-ained a provision that it should be void if foreclosure proceedings should- be commenced against the insured property, which provision was alleged to have been violated. It was held that effect should be given, to the clause creating the forfeiture; but that the forfeiture caused by the -foreclosure proceedings was waived by the defendant," After the fire, and after the defendant .had notice of [811]*811the proceedings, it required the insured to appear before a person appointed by it for that purpose to be examined under a clause in the policy, and he was there subjected to a rigorous inquisitorial examination. ' The court said: “ It had the right to make such examination only by virtue of the policy. When it required him to be examined, it exercised a right given to it by the policy. It then recognized the validity of the policy, and subjected the insured to trouble and expense, after it knew of the forfeiture now alleged, and it cannot now, therefore, assert its invalidity on account of such forfeiture.”
The opinion further states: “ When there has been a breach of a condition contained in an insurance policy, the insurance company may or may not take advantage of such breach and claim a forfeiture. It may, consulting its own interests, choose to waive the forfeiture, and this it may do by express language to that effect, or by acts from which an intention to waive may be inferred, or from which a waiver follows as a legal result. A waiver cannot be inferred from its mere silence. It is not obliged to do or say anythirig to make the forfeiture effectual. It may wait until claim is-made under the policy, and then, in denial thereof or in defense of a suit commenced therefor, allege the forfeiture. But it may be asserted broadly that if, in any negotiations or transactions with the insured, after knowledge of the forfeiture, it recognizes the continued validity of the policy, or does acts based thereon, or requires the insured by virtue thereof to do,some act or incur some trouble or expense, the forfeiture is, as matter of law, waived.”
In Benninghoff v. Agricultural Ins. Co. (93 N. Y. 495), Ruger, Ch. J„, delivering the opinion of the court, said : “ It is claimed that subsequent to the issue of the policy such transfers of the title to the property insured had been made by the owners, without the consent of the defendant, that certain clauses in the policy had been -violated, and by reason thereof it had become forfeited and "avoided. It may be premised that the transfer of the title of property insured under a policy prohibiting such transfer does not operate ipso facto to annul and destroy the policy, but simply confers upon the defendant the right to have it declared void by raising that question at the proper time if it should eventually elect so to do.”
In these and other cases cited in support of the claim of a waiver [812]*812on the part of the defendant, the conditions of the policy held to have been waived were in the nature of an increase of the risk, for which the insurance company might or'might not avail itself of the right to declare the policy void.' Here the condition is not that if the. fire is set within fifty feet of any insured building it shall render the policy upon the building void, but that the association will not be liable for any loss resulting from such fire. A fife set within fifty feet of a building might or might not increase the risk, according to the circumstances under which the .fire is built and cared for. But a fire set within the prohibited distance resulting in the loss of the building, has the effect of destroying the contract, and ends 'ipso facto all liability therein. The policy has no more force or effect than if it had by its terms expired. The board of directors are,,by the provisions' of its constitution, the- authorized agents of the association. While they have the same power to waive defects or ratify invalid policies as officers in a stock insurance company (Pratt v. D. H. M. F. Ins. Co.,130 N. Y. 206), their powers are limited by the by-laws of the association. A -policy which has expired, or as to,which all liability of the association thereon under the by-laws has ceased, or become extinct, is at an end, and not a defective or invalid policy, the provisions of wdiich can be ratified or which may be waived. ' , :
The judgment and order should be reversed and- a new trial granted, with costs to the appellant to abide the event, upon questions of law only.,
All concurred. .
Judgment and order reversed and new trial ordered, with, costs to the appellant to abide event, upon questions of law only, the facts having been examined and no error found therein.