BaRdtseN, T.
The only question argued in the briefs is whether two or more causes of action have been improperly united in the complaint. The theory of defendants is that one cause of action is stated against the owners of the water power at the outlet of Fowler Lake for unlawfully decreasing the customary level of the lake, another against the Oconomo-woc Waterways Company for obstructing the accustomed flow of the river, and still another against the Schraudenbach heirs for unlawfully withholding water in Okauchee Lake. At first glance this theory seems somewhat convincing; but when the situation is carefully analyzed, and the primary and ultimate purpose of the litigation considered, the fallacy of the claim becomes apparent. The single purpose of the plaintiffs, as clearly outlined in the complaint, is to maintain the water in Fowler Lake at its accustomed level. The defendants Brown and Peacock interfere with plaintiffs’ right to have it so maintained by suffering the water to run over their waste channel and through their mill wheels to an extent that materially decreases the lake level. At times, and inferably at the same time this is going on, the Schraudenbach heirs withhold the natural flow of the Oeonomowoc river in Okau-chee Lake, thus diminishing the water supply of Fowler Lake. The waterways company also obstructs' the flow of the river, so as to further reduce the lake level. Although acting independently, their concurrent acts result in injury to plaintiffs’ property. It is perfectly apparent from the complaint as a whole that the acts complained of as against the last-named defendants unite with and concur with the acts of Brown and Peacock, and together produce the result claimed. It is true. [366]*366that tbe complaint says tliat tbe waterways company “has participated more or less in assisting to lower tbe waters of said Fowler Lake,” and that tbe Scbraudenbacb beirs “have at'times” completely stopped tbe flow of water in tbe river. These allegations are not as definite as they might bave been in showing tbe concurrence of tbe acts complained of. It is alleged, however, that Brown and Peacock are tbe owners of and are operating, and bave for a long time past been operating, flouring mills at tbe outlet mentioned. Tbe inference fairly arises that such operation is continuous, so that tbe concurrence of tbe acts of the other defendants with those of Brown and Peacock reasonably appears. We then bave tbe one primary right of tbe plaintiffs to bave tbe water of Fowler Lake remain at its accustomed level. We bave tbe corresponding duty of tbe defendants not to interfere with such right. We bave also a wrongful violation of the plaintiffs’ right by tbe defendants Brown and Peacock in unnecessarily drawing off tbe water, and the concurrent acts of tbe other defendants in withholding tbe natural and accustomed flow of water into tbe lake. Thus we find a single, complete cause of action, in which all of tbe defendants are interested, although acting independently and without concert.
It must bé distinctly borne in mind that this is not an action to recover damages against tbe defendants. It is rather an action to restrain tbe commission of acts which result in a nuisance and consequent injury to plaintiffs’ property. In a legal action to recover damages, as in Lull v. Fox & Wys. Imp. Co. 19 Wis. 100, tbe several defendants could not be joined, because each defendant could only be held responsible for tbe injury done by him. In such case tbe injury done by one defendant may be slight, and by tbe other great. Tbe law only requires each to respond to the extent that be is guilty. It may seem somewhat anomalous that, under a Code, any distinction should exist between legal and equitable actions. That such distinction does exist is recognized in almost every Code [367]*367state. It is a distinction inherent'in-the very nature of things, and must be recognized so long as both legal and equitable remedies are permitted. A man has both legal and equitable rights. In the vindication of Ms legal rights he can only call upon the individual or individuals who have invaded such rights for reparation. In the enforcement of his equitable rights he has the power, and it is his duty, to call in every person necessary to a complete determination or settlement of the questions involved. Such is the statute. Sec. 2603, Stats. 1898. In treating this question, Mr. Justice LyoN, in Bonesleel v. Bonesteel, 28 Wis. 215, wrote as follows:
“There are certain essential and inherent distinctions between actions at law and in equity, to abolish which is beyond the power of legislative enactment. The legislature may abolish the old forms of actions, and has done so; but the essential principles of equitable actions and equitable relief, as distinguished from legal actions and remedies, are as vital now, and as clearly marked and defined, as before the enactment of the Oode. They are indestructible elements in our system of jurisprudence, and the courts are constantly required to recognize and apply them.”
The courts of New York announced the same doctrine early in the history of the Code. Reubens v. Joel, 13 N. Y. 488; Goulet v. Asseler, 22 N. Y. 225; Gould v. Cayuga Co. Nat. Bank, 86 N. Y. 15-83. So pronounced and well-preserved is this distinction that this court sustained a demurrer to a complaint in an equitable action, notwithstanding it contained allegations which, if standing by themselves, would constitute an action at law. Denner v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 57 Wis. 218, 15 N. W. 158. The essential difference between legal and equitable actions has given rise to much discussion, and many diverse holdings may be found in the books when the question of multifariousness has been considered. That eminent writer, Joseph Story, treats the subject us follows:
“The conclusion to which a close survey of all of the authorities will conduct us seems to be that there is not any positive, [368]*368inflexible rule as to what, in the sense of courts of equity, constitutes multifariousness, which is fatal to the suit on' demurrer. These courts have always exercised a sound discretion in determining whether the subject-matters of the suit are properly joined, or not, and whether the parties, plaintiffs or defendants, are also properly joined or not. And it is not very easy, a priori, to say exactly what is or what ought to be the true line regulating the course of pleading on this point.” [Story, Eq. PL § 539.]
See Barnes v. Racine, 4 Wis. 454; Younkin v. Milwaukee L., H. & T. Co. 112 Wis. 15, 87 N. W. 861. The reports are bristling with precedents of varying degrees of strictness, and it is a matter of no inconsiderable difficulty to discover a right of way through them.
One of the leading principles of equity is that, when a decision is made upon any particular subject-matter, the rights of all persons whose interests are immediately connected with that decision and affected by it shall be provided for as far as they reasonably may be. In the application of this rule it was held that “a complaint does not improperly unite several causes of action which relates to matters of the same nature, all connected with each other, and in which all the defendants are more or less interested or concerned, though their rights in respect to the general subject of the action may be different, and some may be directly interested only in a part of the general claim.” Blake v. Van
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BaRdtseN, T.
The only question argued in the briefs is whether two or more causes of action have been improperly united in the complaint. The theory of defendants is that one cause of action is stated against the owners of the water power at the outlet of Fowler Lake for unlawfully decreasing the customary level of the lake, another against the Oconomo-woc Waterways Company for obstructing the accustomed flow of the river, and still another against the Schraudenbach heirs for unlawfully withholding water in Okauchee Lake. At first glance this theory seems somewhat convincing; but when the situation is carefully analyzed, and the primary and ultimate purpose of the litigation considered, the fallacy of the claim becomes apparent. The single purpose of the plaintiffs, as clearly outlined in the complaint, is to maintain the water in Fowler Lake at its accustomed level. The defendants Brown and Peacock interfere with plaintiffs’ right to have it so maintained by suffering the water to run over their waste channel and through their mill wheels to an extent that materially decreases the lake level. At times, and inferably at the same time this is going on, the Schraudenbach heirs withhold the natural flow of the Oeonomowoc river in Okau-chee Lake, thus diminishing the water supply of Fowler Lake. The waterways company also obstructs' the flow of the river, so as to further reduce the lake level. Although acting independently, their concurrent acts result in injury to plaintiffs’ property. It is perfectly apparent from the complaint as a whole that the acts complained of as against the last-named defendants unite with and concur with the acts of Brown and Peacock, and together produce the result claimed. It is true. [366]*366that tbe complaint says tliat tbe waterways company “has participated more or less in assisting to lower tbe waters of said Fowler Lake,” and that tbe Scbraudenbacb beirs “have at'times” completely stopped tbe flow of water in tbe river. These allegations are not as definite as they might bave been in showing tbe concurrence of tbe acts complained of. It is alleged, however, that Brown and Peacock are tbe owners of and are operating, and bave for a long time past been operating, flouring mills at tbe outlet mentioned. Tbe inference fairly arises that such operation is continuous, so that tbe concurrence of tbe acts of the other defendants with those of Brown and Peacock reasonably appears. We then bave tbe one primary right of tbe plaintiffs to bave tbe water of Fowler Lake remain at its accustomed level. We bave tbe corresponding duty of tbe defendants not to interfere with such right. We bave also a wrongful violation of the plaintiffs’ right by tbe defendants Brown and Peacock in unnecessarily drawing off tbe water, and the concurrent acts of tbe other defendants in withholding tbe natural and accustomed flow of water into tbe lake. Thus we find a single, complete cause of action, in which all of tbe defendants are interested, although acting independently and without concert.
It must bé distinctly borne in mind that this is not an action to recover damages against tbe defendants. It is rather an action to restrain tbe commission of acts which result in a nuisance and consequent injury to plaintiffs’ property. In a legal action to recover damages, as in Lull v. Fox & Wys. Imp. Co. 19 Wis. 100, tbe several defendants could not be joined, because each defendant could only be held responsible for tbe injury done by him. In such case tbe injury done by one defendant may be slight, and by tbe other great. Tbe law only requires each to respond to the extent that be is guilty. It may seem somewhat anomalous that, under a Code, any distinction should exist between legal and equitable actions. That such distinction does exist is recognized in almost every Code [367]*367state. It is a distinction inherent'in-the very nature of things, and must be recognized so long as both legal and equitable remedies are permitted. A man has both legal and equitable rights. In the vindication of Ms legal rights he can only call upon the individual or individuals who have invaded such rights for reparation. In the enforcement of his equitable rights he has the power, and it is his duty, to call in every person necessary to a complete determination or settlement of the questions involved. Such is the statute. Sec. 2603, Stats. 1898. In treating this question, Mr. Justice LyoN, in Bonesleel v. Bonesteel, 28 Wis. 215, wrote as follows:
“There are certain essential and inherent distinctions between actions at law and in equity, to abolish which is beyond the power of legislative enactment. The legislature may abolish the old forms of actions, and has done so; but the essential principles of equitable actions and equitable relief, as distinguished from legal actions and remedies, are as vital now, and as clearly marked and defined, as before the enactment of the Oode. They are indestructible elements in our system of jurisprudence, and the courts are constantly required to recognize and apply them.”
The courts of New York announced the same doctrine early in the history of the Code. Reubens v. Joel, 13 N. Y. 488; Goulet v. Asseler, 22 N. Y. 225; Gould v. Cayuga Co. Nat. Bank, 86 N. Y. 15-83. So pronounced and well-preserved is this distinction that this court sustained a demurrer to a complaint in an equitable action, notwithstanding it contained allegations which, if standing by themselves, would constitute an action at law. Denner v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co. 57 Wis. 218, 15 N. W. 158. The essential difference between legal and equitable actions has given rise to much discussion, and many diverse holdings may be found in the books when the question of multifariousness has been considered. That eminent writer, Joseph Story, treats the subject us follows:
“The conclusion to which a close survey of all of the authorities will conduct us seems to be that there is not any positive, [368]*368inflexible rule as to what, in the sense of courts of equity, constitutes multifariousness, which is fatal to the suit on' demurrer. These courts have always exercised a sound discretion in determining whether the subject-matters of the suit are properly joined, or not, and whether the parties, plaintiffs or defendants, are also properly joined or not. And it is not very easy, a priori, to say exactly what is or what ought to be the true line regulating the course of pleading on this point.” [Story, Eq. PL § 539.]
See Barnes v. Racine, 4 Wis. 454; Younkin v. Milwaukee L., H. & T. Co. 112 Wis. 15, 87 N. W. 861. The reports are bristling with precedents of varying degrees of strictness, and it is a matter of no inconsiderable difficulty to discover a right of way through them.
One of the leading principles of equity is that, when a decision is made upon any particular subject-matter, the rights of all persons whose interests are immediately connected with that decision and affected by it shall be provided for as far as they reasonably may be. In the application of this rule it was held that “a complaint does not improperly unite several causes of action which relates to matters of the same nature, all connected with each other, and in which all the defendants are more or less interested or concerned, though their rights in respect to the general subject of the action may be different, and some may be directly interested only in a part of the general claim.” Blake v. Van Tilborg, 21 Wis. 672; Douglas Co. v. Walbridge, 38 Wis. 179; Ellis v. N. P. R. Co. 77 Wis. 114, 45 N. W. 811; Grady v. Maloso, 92 Wis. 666, 66 N. W. 808. In Ellis v. N. P. R. Co., the action was to quiet title. The railroad company claimed all the land, and the other defendants separate parcels from different sources. The claim was that the complaint was multifarious because the causes of action were separate and independent as against the several defendants. The rule above stated was appealed to, and the complaint sustained, because the primary object was to quiet the title to the property, and all persons interested in that con[369]*369troversy were proper parties, to tbe end that their interests might be determined by one. judgment. In Grand Rapids W. P. Co. v. Bensley, 75 Wis. 399, 44 N. W. 640, the complaint was held not multifarious. It was urged that plaintiffs were not united in interest, and that relief was sought because of injury to the land of one of the plaintiffs; but the court held that the primary subject of the action was a perpetual injunction against diverting the water, and that no damages were claimed to the freehold of the plaintiffs whose property had been entered upon. In Putnam v. Sweet, 2 Pin. 302, it was ruled that, where two separate and distinct parties are acting in the accomplishment of a measure injurious to others who have rights in the matter, though they may be acting separately and without concert to carry their plan into effect, all the parties so acting may be joined in a bill by the aggrieved party as defendants, and an objection by demurrer on account of such alleged misjoinder will not be sustained. Younkin v. Milwaukee L., H. & T. Co. 112 Wis. 15, 87 N. W. 861, quotes with approval the rule, stated in 2 Wood, Nuis. § 791, that “where several persons are injured by a common nuisance, although varying in degree, but having a common effect, they may join in a bill for an injunction, but there can be no recovery of damages.” In that case the demurrer to the cause of action for damages was sustained, while the right to an injunction was upheld.
The supreme court of California carried the rule beyond limits in Hillman v. Newington, 57 Cal. 56. The plaintiff was entitled to the use of 400 inches of water flowing in a creek. The defendants severally diverted the water from the stream and materially diminished the flow. They did not act jointly or in concert, yet the court held they were proper parties defendant, and that damages might be recovered, and the cause of action therefor be joined with one to restrain the continuance of the diversion. The case was criticised and 'the [370]*370rule of tbe Younhin Qase followed in Miller v. Highland Ditch Co. 87 Cal. 430, 25 Pac. 550. Tbe court beld that several tortfeasors, not acting in concert or by unity of design, are not liable to a joint action for damages, but that tbe suit might be maintained to restrain them from diverting water onto plaintiff’s land, although in so doing they acted independently and without common design. See People v. Gold Pun D. & M. Co. 66 Cal. 138, 4 Pac. 1152; Geurkink v. Petaluma, 112 Cal. 306, 44 Pac. 570. In Blaisdell v. Stephens, 14 Nev. 17, the plaintiffs brought an action to recover damages from defendants for wrongfully flowing waste water upon their premises and for an injunction. The defendants were acting each for himself in producing the injury to plaintiffs. The court denied the right to recover damages in such action, but sustained the right to an injunction.
In Thorpe v. Brumfitt, 8 Ch. App. 650, it was held that the acts of several persons may together constitute a nuisance, although acting independently of each other, which the court will restrain, though the damage occasioned by the acts of any one, if taken alone, would be inappreciable. Blair v. Deakin, 57 Law T. (N. S.) 522, follows the case last mentioned, and emphasizes the fact that it was no answer for a defendant to say that he was acting separately and independently of the others, and that the share he contributed to the nuisanee was infinitesimal and unappreciable.
Cases might he multiplied sustaining the same doctrine, all going to show that the fact that the parties were acting without concert was no defense, if their acts contributed in some appreciable degree to produce the conditions sought to be repressed.
Counsel for appellants say with much confidence that the case of Lull v. Fox & Wis. Imp. Co. 19 Wis. 100, is decisive -of this case. We do not so regard it. Suppose the plaintiff in that ease, instead of bringing his suit to recover damages for the overflow of his land against the owners in severalty of [371]*371the two dams, had brought his suit in equity to restrain a further overflow, is there any question but that he might have made both dam owners defendants ? In that case the primary subject of his action would have been a prevention of the wrong which the conjoint acts of the defendants produced; ■one, perhaps, contributing in a greater or less degree than the other. Could one defendant be held to say that, but for the other’s dam, there would be no overflow ? Most certainly not. No more could he be heard to say that he was acting by himself, and that his act alone did not produce the injury. In the case at bar, how futile would be the suit against Brown and Peacock, if the other defendants might obstruct or withhold the water from the lake at pleasure. The plaintiffs were entitled to the natural flow of the river. The defendants Brown and Peacoch were entitled to the natural flow, provided they •did not unreasonably lower the artificial level of the lake. The other defendants had no right to obstruct or withhold such flow. The relations of the parties, so far as the ultimate purpose of the action is concerned, are so interdependent and ■closely connected that one action can best determine their rights, and one judgment protect their interests.
By the Court. — Order affirmed.