NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL
FIRST CIRCUIT
NO. 2023 CA 0413
DR. JOHN K. SMART M.D. AND MR. MARK CHRISTOPHER SAUCIER
VERSUS
BRYCE AMOND
Judgment Rendered. FEB 0 8 2024
Appealed from the 21st Judicial District Court In and for the Parish of Tangipahoa State of Louisiana Case No. 2021- 0002476, Division C
The Honorable Erika W. Sledge, Judge Presiding
Russell C. Monroe Counsel for Plaintiffs/ Appellants Ponchatoula, Louisiana Dr. John K. Smart, M.D. and Mark Christopher Saucier
Patrick G. Coudrain Counsel for Defend ant/Appellee Andre G. Coudrain Bryce Amond Hammond, Louisiana
BEFORE: THERIOT, HESTER, AND MILLER, JJ. THERIOT, J.
Dr. John K. Smart, M.D., and Mark Christopher Saucier appeal the 21"
Judicial District Court' s December 5, 2022 judgment granting Bryce Amond' s
motion for summary judgment and denying Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier' s motion
for summary judgment. For the following reasons, we affirm in part and reverse in
part.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Appellants, Dr. John K. Smart, M.D., and Mark Christopher Saucier, reside
in Ponchatoula, Louisiana, on immovable property owned by Dr. Smart. Appellee,
Bryce Amond, owns and resides on property south of Dr. Smart' s property. The
instant appeal relates to Mr. Amond' s usage of a driveway that crosses over Mr.
Smart' s land to reach his own home.
The two properties at issue were once a single tract of land, consisting of
approximately 12. 6 acres, purchased by Errol and Virginia Bordelon in 1995. The
Bordelons subsequently partitioned the single tract of land into the two tracts at
issue, which are made up of approximately 11. 5 acres and 1. 1 acres respectively.
Mr. Smart currently owns the 1. 1 - acre tract of land (" the Smart property"), while
Mr. Amond owns the 11. 5 -acre tract (" the Amond property"). Both properties
were sold on several occasions prior to Dr. Smart and Mr. Amond acquiring
ownership of their respective tracts. Dr. Smart purchased the Smart property on
September 25, 2020. Mr. Amond and his wife, Brandi Amond, acquired the
Amond property on November 20, 2020.
On August 27, 2021, Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier filed a " Petition for
Restraining] Order, Declaratory Judgment, and Damages," naming Mr. Amond as
defendant. Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier alleged that Mr. Amond had repeatedly
trespassed on Dr. Smart' s driveway, which runs down the west side of the Smart
property, in order to reach his own property. They further alleged that the
2 driveway is private and that Mr. Amond' s alleged trespasses had interfered with
their use and enjoyment of the property.'
Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier sought a declaratory judgment stating, in
pertinent part, that the property is owned by Dr. Smart, who has use of the
driveway; Mr. Amond has no right to enter the driveway; and Dr. Smart has full
right to establish any fences to prevent Mr. Amond' s use of the driveway. Dr.
Smart and Mr. Saucier further sought a temporary restraining order and a
preliminary injunction prohibiting Mr. Amond and his agents, assigns, and invitees
from using the driveway.
On October 6, 2021, Mr. Amond filed an answer wherein he opposed the
issuance of a preliminary injunction as it relates to his use of the driveway. He
alleged that the driveway at issue is the only driveway that has been used to reach
his home over its 120+ year lifespan.
On October 12, 2021, the Bordelons transferred a small strip of land just off
of Wadesboro Road to Mr. Amond. As a result of this transfer, the driveway first
passes over this strip of land, now owned by Mr. Amond, and then passes over the
Smart property.
On October 20, 2021, the trial court signed a stipulated judgment wherein
the parties agreed that Mr. Amond and his agents, assigns, and invitees would not
enter Dr. Smart' s property or harass Dr. Smart or Mr. Saucier.2
Pertinently, on August 26, 2022, Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier filed a motion
for summary judgment relating to Mr. Amond' s use of the driveway.' They argued
Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier specifically allege that Mr. Amond and his agents, assigns, and invitees have disturbed the property by: ( 1) trespassing on the driveway at issue and on Dr. Smart' s property; ( 2) intentionally throwing fireworks at Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier in an effort to injure, threaten, harass, assault, and intimidate them; ( 3) shouting loud derogatory epithets at Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier; ( 4) stalking and harassing Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier on the property; and ( 5) creating a nuisance by regularly playing music so loud that the sound cannot be ignored and having gatherings in which underaged individuals allegedly drink alcohol provided by Mr. Amond.
z In the stipulation, " harassment" was defined to include using the driveway at an unreasonable rate of speed, to watch Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier, or as a recreational track for bicycles, motorcycles, and other vehicles. The stipulation further defined " harassment" to include Mr. Amond playing or making any unreasonably loud music or noise.
3 that Mr. Amond is not landlocked and can create his own driveway west of Dr.
Smart' s driveway. They also denied that Mr. Amond had acquired a predial
servitude over the driveway via acquisitive prescription.
On October 14, 2022, Mr. Amond filed a motion for summary judgment,
arguing that he enjoys a predial servitude of passage by reference over the
driveway by title and by acquisitive prescription.
A hearing on the parties' cross motions for summary judgment occurred on
October 31, 2022. On December 5, 2022, the trial court signed a judgment
granting Mr. Amond' s motion for summary judgment and denying Dr. Smart and
Mr. Saucier' s motion for summary judgment. The trial court specifically found
that Mr. Amond enjoys a predial servitude of passage, in title, over the driveway
where it crosses over Dr. Smart' s property. The trial court further found that Mr.
Amond enjoys a predial servitude of passage over the driveway, where it crosses
over Dr. Smart' s property, by law of acquisitive prescription of ten years of good
faith uninterrupted use and possession with just title by Mr. Amond' s ancestor -in -
title as of the year 2015.
This appeal by Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier followed.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier assign the following as error:
1) The trial court committed reversible error in declaring that Amond had a predial servitude in title to the driveway that crosses over Dr. Smart' s property, depicted as being within the broken parallel dashed lines in that plat of survey dated March 6, 2001, by Roy C. Edwards, Jr., recorded with, and specifically referenced within the property' s legal description in that Act of Cash Sale recorded at COB 921 Page 691, as File No. 587344 of the Record Vol. 2 of Tangipaboa Parish.
2) The trial court committed reversible error in declaring that Amond' s predecessor in title acquired a predial servitude by law of
I Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier further sought summary judgment declaring that the repeated playing of " painfully loud" music is a nuisance and prohibiting Mr. Amond and his agents, assigns, and invitees from contacting and harassing Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier or entering any property owned by Dr_ Smart. The trial court noted at the hearing that it would not be proper to render a summary judgment on certain allegations made without evidence being presented. The trial court ultimately denied Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier' s motion for summary judgment in its entirety.
M acquisitive prescription of ten years good faith uninterrupted use and possession with just title, in 2015.
3) The trial court committed legal error in failing to declare, in response to Appellants' motion for partial summary judgment, that Amond had no predial servitude of passage or other right to use the driveway on the Smart property through title, or through prescription.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment procedure is favored and " is designed to secure the just,
speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action .... and shall be construed to
accomplish these ends." La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)( 2). In reviewing the trial court' s
decision on a motion for summary judgment, this court applies a de novo standard
of review using the same criteria applied by the trial courts to determine whether
summary judgment is appropriate. Bass v. Disa Glob. Sols., Inc., 2019- 1145 ( La.
App. 1 Cir. 6/ 12120), 305 So. 3d 903, 906, writ denied, 2020- 01025 ( La. 11/ 4120),
303 So. 3d 651.
After an opportunity for adequate discovery, a motion for summary
judgment shall be granted if the motion, memorandum, and supporting documents
show that there is no genuine issue as to material fact and that the mover is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law. La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)(3). The only documents
that may be filed in support of or in opposition to the motion are pleadings,
memoranda, affidavits, depositions, answers to interrogatories, certified medical
records, written stipulations, and admissions.' La. C. C. P. art. 966( A)(4); Bass, 305
So. 3d at 906. The mover bears the burden of proving that he is entitled to
summary judgment. However, if the mover will not bear the burden of proof at
trial on the subject matter of the motion, he need only demonstrate the absence. of
factual support for one or more essential elements of his opponent' s claim, action,
or defense. La. C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 1). If the moving party points out that there is
4 We note that the motions for summary judgment at issue in this appeal were filed and decided under La. C. C. P. art. 966 prior to its amendment by 2023 La. Acts No. 317, § 1, and 2023 La. Acts No. 368, § 1, which became effective on August 1, 2023,
5 an absence of factual support for one or more elements essential to the adverse
party' s claim, action, or defense, then the nonmoving party must produce factual
support sufficient to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact or
that the mover is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. La. C. C. P. art.
966( D)( 1); Bass, 305 So. 3d at 906.
In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the trial court' s role is not to
evaluate the weight of the evidence or to determine the truth of the matter, but
instead to determine whether there is a genuine issue of triable fact. A " genuine"
issue is a triable issue, which means that an issue is genuine if reasonable persons
could disagree; if on the state of the evidence, reasonable persons could reach only
one conclusion, there is no need for a trial on that issue. A fact is " material" when
its existence or nonexistence may be essential to plaintiff' s cause of action under
the applicable theory of recovery. Bass, 305 So. 3d at 906- 07.
DISCUSSION
Assignment of Error #1
In their first assignment of error, Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier argue that the
trial court committed reversible error in declaring that Mr. Amond has a predial
servitude in title to the driveway that crosses over Dr. Smart' s property.
A predial servitude is a charge on a servient estate for the benefit of a
dominant estate. The two estates must belong to different owners. There must be
a benefit to the dominant estate. There is no predial servitude if the charge
imposed cannot be reasonably expected to benefit the dominant estate. La. C. C.
arts. 646 and 647. The owner of the servient estate is not required to do anything.
His obligation is to abstain from doing something on his estate or to permit
something to be done on it. La. C. C. art. 651; Templeton v. darreau, 2018- 0240
La. App. 1 Cir. 9124118), 259 So. 3d 356, 360.
M Predial servitudes may be established by an owner on his estate or acquired
for its benefit. La. C. C. art. 697. The use and extent of such servitudes are
regulated by the title by which they are created, and, in the absence of such
regulation, by the rules set forth in La. C. C. arts. 698 through 774. See La. C. C.
art. 697. A right of passage is an example of a predial servitude. See La. C. C. art.
699. The servitude of passage is the right for the benefit of the dominant estate
whereby persons, animals, or vehicles are permitted to pass through the servient
estate. Unless the title provides otherwise, the extent of the right and the mode of
its exercise shall be suitable for the kind of traffic necessary for the reasonable use
of the dominant estate. La. C. C. art. 705. The establishment of a predial servitude
by title is an alienation of a part of the property to which the laws governing
alienation of immovables apply. La. C. C. art. 708. Predial servitudes are
established by all acts by which immovables may be transferred. La. C. C. art. 722.
Doubt as to the existence, extent, or manner of exercise of a predial servitude shall
be resolved in favor of the servient estate. La. C. C. art. 730; Brehm v. Amacker,
2019- 1452 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 9121120), 314 So. 3d 58, 62- 63, writ denied, 2020-
01224 ( La. 1126121), 309 So. 3d 343.
A servitude of passage is created when one subdivides property by plat of
survey that designates a right-of-way or servitude of passage and thereafter sells
one or more tracts of land by reference to said survey, regardless of whether or not
the instrument in question specifically describes or makes reference to the
servitude. Brehm, 314 So. 3d at 63. Where an act of sale is silent as to an
easement, but the survey plat referred to in the property description, which was
attached to a previous act of sale that was recorded in the conveyance records,
indicated that there was an easement, a servitude is created. Brehm, 314 So. 3d at
63; Templeton, 259 So. 3d at 362.
7 Relevant History of the Amond Property
Per the exhibits attached to Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier' s motion for
summary judgment and Mr. Amond' s opposition to that motion, the relevant
ownership history of the Amond property is as follows. The Bordelons purchased
the single, 12. 6 -acre tract of land in 1995. They subsequently partitioned the
property into an 11. 5 -acre tract ( the Amond property) and a 1. 1 acre tract ( the
Smart property).
On July 5, 2001, the Bordelons sold the Amond property to Glenda Howell.
The act of cash sale specifically provides that "[ t] his transfer is subject to such
prior servitudes, reservations and lease of record in the office of the Clerk and
Recorder for the Parish of TANGIPAHOA, State of Louisiana." The act of cash
sale' s property description refers to a survey conducted by Roy C. Edwards, Jr. on
March 6, 2001 (" the first Edwards map"). The act of cash sale and the first
Edwards map were recorded in the conveyance records of Tangipahoa Parish on
July 6, 2001.
On November 1, 2005, Ms. Howell sold the Amond property to Troy
Koehlar. The November 1, 2005 act of sale included a clause stating that the act of
sale is accepted subject to "[ a] ny and all restrictions, conditions, servitudes, and
encroachments that may be contained in the chain of title and/or plan of
subdivision." The property description in the act of sale also refers to the first
Edwards map.
In the affidavit of Mr. Koehlar, which is attached to Mr. Amond' s opposition
to Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier' s motion for summary judgment, Mr. Kochlar stated
that he believed that he had acquired a predial servitude of passage over the then -
gravel driveway connecting the Amond property to Wadesboro Road. He further
stated that he used the driveway without physical or legal interruption during his
entire term of ownership of the property. Additionally, Mr. Koehlar attested that
9 he and Lori Rayborn, a prior owner of the Smart property, shared the costs to have
the entire driveway paved in asphalt in 2005.
On April 17, 2009, Mr. Koehlar entered into a boundary agreement with a
neighbor who owns the property directly east of the Smart property and north of
the Amond property. The boundary agreement referenced a more recent survey,
performed by Daniel McCabe and dated January 13, 2009 (" the McCabe survey")
Mr. Koehlar and that neighbor agreed to adjust a boundary between their
respective properties. This agreement did not relate to the driveway at issue, nor
did it purport to establish or extinguish a servitude. The boundary agreement and
the McCabe survey were both recorded in the conveyance records of Tangipahoa
Parish.
On August 9, 2019, Mr. Koehlar entered into a bond for deed contract with
Mr. Amond and his wife relating to the Amond property. The bond for deed
contract was mutually cancelled after the parties executed a cash sale of the
property on November 20, 2 02 0.
Relevant History of the Smart Prosy
As established by the above -referenced exhibits, the Bordelons sold the
Smart property to Ted Rayborn, Jr. and Lori Rayborn on September 21, 2002. The
act of cash sale provides that the purchase is "[ s] ubject to all restrictions and
servitudes of record." The act of sale, which is recorded in the conveyance records
of Tangipahoa Parish, also refers to a second map created by Roy C. Edwards, Jr.
the second Edwards map"). The second Edwards map shows a servitude of
passage, but does not expressly indicate where that servitude ends. The second
Edwards map is recorded in the mortgage records of Tangipahoa Parish.
On July 29, 2020, Mr. Rayborn donated his interest in the Smart property to
his former wife, Ms. Rayborn. Ms. Rayborn became the owner of the entire 1. 1 -
it acre tract as a result. The property description contained within the donation
references the second Edwards map.
On September 25, 2020, Ms. Rayborn sold the 1. 1 - acre tract of land to Dr.
Smart. The act of cash sale further states that it is being made subject to " any and all applicable ... servitudes [ or] rights of way ... which may appear in the chain
of title ... or elsewhere in the public records of Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana[.]"
The act of cash sale' s property description refers to the second Edwards map. Predial Servitude by Title
The parties present different interpretations of the first Edwards map, which
was referenced in and recorded in the conveyance records with the act of sale
between the Bordelons and Ms. Howell.
Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier argue that the first Edwards map fails to delineate
the western and southern boundaries of the servitude. They argue that doubt exists
relative to the extent and location of the servitude as a result and that said doubt
must be resolved in favor of the servient estate pursuant to La. C. C. art. 730. They
further argue that the servitude indicated in the first Edwards map ends at the
northern boundary of Dr. Smart' s property, which would mean that Mr. Amond
has no right to access any part of the driveway that crosses through Dr. Smart' s
property.
Mr. Amond argues that the first Edwards map clearly identifies a roadway,
indicated by dashed lines, crossing over the Smart property and connecting the
Amond property to Wadesboro road. He further asserts that the only explanation
for the dashed lines outside of the bounds of his property in the first Edwards map
is the intent to create a predial servitude of passage over the driveway for the
benefit of the owner of the 11. 5 acre tract.
Following our review of the first Edwards map, we conclude that the map
depicts a servitude of passage through the Smart property. The dashed lines, which
10 are labeled " 20' Servitude of Passage," clearly begin at Wadesboro Road and end
at the northern border of the Amond property. Therefore, although the act of sale
between the Bordelons and Ms. Howell does not describe the servitude, the survey
plat referred to in the property description and attached to the act of sale and
recorded in the conveyance records created a servitude.' See Brehm, 314 So. 3d at
63.
Considering the foregoing, we find that the trial court properly denied Dr.
Smart and Mr. Saucier' s August 26, 2022 motion for summary judgment. Because
we agree with the trial court' s finding that a predial servitude by title exists, we
find that the issues raised by Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier' s second and third
assignments of error are moot.6
Although we affirm the trial court' s denial of Dr. Smart' s motion for
summary judgment due to the existence of a predial servitude by title, we cannot
affirm the trial court' s judgment insofar as it grants Mr. Amond' s motion for
summary judgment. Dr. Smart and Mr. Saucier attached a number of exhibits to
their August 26, 2022 motion for summary judgment, including acts of sale to
establish the chain of title. Mr. Amond attached several affidavits to his opposition
to their motion for summary judgment, but failed to attach any exhibits to his own
motion for summary judgment. Instead, Mr. Amond refers to exhibits elsewhere in
the record.
Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 966, which governs motions for
summary judgment, was recently amended by 2023 La. Acts. No. 317, § 1,
effective August 1, 2023. This court has determined that the 2023 amendments to
5 We further note that the Bordelons first sold the tract that became the Amond property several months before selling the tract that became the Smart property. Had the Bordelons not created a servitude via the first Edwards map, they would have had no access to Wadesboro Road, Further, Errol and Virginia Bordelon each signed affidavits attesting that the driveway at issue was intended to remain as the sole driveway and means of access to the Amond property.
b An issue is moot when a judgment or decree on that issue has been " deprived of practical significance" or " made abstract or purely academic." See City of Hammond v_ Par. of Tangipahoa, 2447- 4574 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 3/ 26148), 985 So.2d 171, 178.
11 La. C. C. P. art. 966, which expanded the exclusive list of documents that are
considered competent evidence in support of or in opposition to a motion for
summary judgment and changed the duties of parties in supporting and opposing
motions for summary judgment, are substantive and therefore cannot be applied
retroactively. See Ricketson v. McKenzie, 2023- 0314, p. 7- 9 ( La. App. 1 Cir.
1014123), So. 3d ; see also La. C. C. art. 6 (" In the absence of contrary
legislative expression, substantive laws apply prospectively only. Procedural and
interpretive laws apply both prospectively and retroactively, unless there is a
legislative expression to the contrary."). Accordingly, we must apply the version
of La. C. C. P. art. 966 in effect at the time of October 31, 2022 hearing on the
parties' motions for summary judgment to the matter before us. See Ricketson,
2023- 0314 at p. 10, So. 3d at
Prior to the 2023 amendments, the trial court could only consider those
documents filed in support of or in opposition to the motion for summary
judgment.' La. C. C. P. art. 966( D)( 2). The mover' s supporting documents must
prove the essential facts necessary to carry the mover' s burden. Troncoso v. Point
Carr Homeowners Assn, 2022- 0530 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 1/ 10123), 360 So. 3d 901,
914- 15. Contrary to the requirements of the applicable version of La. C. C.P. art.
966( D)( 2), Mr. Amond failed to file any evidence or documentation in support of
the claims asserted in his motion for summary judgment. Because he failed to
present sufficient evidence to establish that there were no genuine issues of
material fact and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, he did not
sustain his own burden of proof. See James as Co -Trustees of Addison Family
Trust v. Strobel, 2019-0787, p. 10 ( La. App. 1 Cir. 6124/ 20), 2020 WL 3446635, at
3- 4. Moreover, to the extent that Mr. Amond refers to other exhibits appearing in
the record, we note that the applicable version of La. C. C. P. art. 966 only allows
7 Following the 2023 amendments, La. C.C.P. art. 966( D(2) now allows the court to consider documents filed or referenced in support of or in opposition to the motion for summary judgment.
12 documents filed in support of or in opposition to the motion for summary judgment
to be considered by the trial court on a motion for summary judgment. See
Troncoso, 360 So.3d at 915; see also James, 2020 WL 3446635, at * 3- 4.
Accordingly, we are constrained to reverse the trial court' s December 5,
2022 judgment insofar as it grants Mr. Amond' s motion for summary judgment.
Our ruling in this matter does not prevent Mr. Amond from filing another motion
for summary judgment, with appropriate documentary support in accordance with
the applicable version of La. C. C. art. 966. See Troncoso, 360 So. 3d at 915.
DECREE
For the above and foregoing reasons, we affirm the 21st Judicial District
Court' s December 5, 2022 judgment insofar as it denies Dr. John K. Smart, M.D.,
and Mark Christopher Saucier' s motion for summary judgment. We reverse the
December 5, 2022 judgment insofar as it grants Bryce Amond' s motion for
summary judgment. Costs of this appeal are to be split equally, with half assessed
to Appellants, Dr. John K. Smart, M.D., and Mark Christopher Saucier, and half
assessed to Appellee, Bryce Amond.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART.