By the Court,
Copeland, J.
It appears from the Bill of Exceptions, that to the charge of the Court to the jury upon one point, no exception was taken until after the jury had retired to consult upon their verdict, when the counsel for the plaintiff requested the Court to note an exception thereto. Our attention was also called to this question at the argument.
The more general, and we think the better practice is, that a party who complains of instructions given or withheld at the trial, should take his exceptions before the jury retire. For if the Judge is advised that one of the party excepts to his opinion, he has an opportunity of reconsidering it, or explaining it more fully to the jury. But under the provisions of our statute, and in the absence of any rule upon the subject, it is competent for a party to allege exceptions to the charge given to the jury, at any time before they shall have delivered their verdict. (R. S-, 1846, jp. 161, § 62.)
[91]*91The first assignment of error is, that the Court erred in declining to charge the jury as requested by the plaintiff’s counsel, “that if they were satisfied from the evidence, that. the defendants, or either of them, when they took their mortgage of March 23d, 1855, had such notice of the plaintiff’s mortgage, as was calculated to put them on inquiry as to its real nature, it was sufficient to charge them with notice of it, as an encumbrance.”
There is nothing materially objectionable in this request, as an abstract proposition, and if there was any testimony in the case upon which to base such a charge, its refusal was ground of error. So that whether such refusal was error or not, must depend exclusively upon the question, whether there was testimony from which the jury could have found that the defendants had such notice of the plaintiff’s mortgage. In regard to what degree of notice, or how particular, or definite ■it must be to put a party upon inquiry, there is some conflict in the authorities. But we apprehend that it will be found that such conflict is more ostensible than real, more in the use of terms employed, than in the degree of notice held to be requisite.
It was held in Tuttle vs. Jackson, 6 Wend. R., 226., that “ if the subsequent purchaser knows of the unregistered conveyance at the time of his purchase, he cannot' protect himself against that conveyance, and whatever is sufficient to make it his duty to inquire as» to the rights of others, is considered legal notice to him of those rights.” In that case Tuttle, the party who held the prior unregistered conveyance, was in the actual possession of the premises, and that is what was said to be sufficient to put a party upon mqwvry. And in Sanger vs. Eastwood, 19 Wend. R, 514; also in Gregory vs. Thomas, 20 Wend. R., 17, cases cited under this point by the counsel for the plaintiff j the subsequent mortgagee had express notice at the time of taking the subsequent mortgage, of the prior encumbrance. Wilde, J., in Pomeroy vs. Stevens, 11 Metc. [92]*92Rep., 246, says: “ It is not sufficient to prove facts that would put a party upon inquiry. He is not bound to inquire; but the party relying an an unregistered deed, against a subsequent purchaser, or attaching creditor, must prove that the latter had actual notice or knowledge of such deed.”' And again in Dey vs. Dunham, 2 John. Ch. Rep., 182, we find Chancellor Rent observing that he did not think “the Courts had gone the length of saying that notice that is to put a party upon inquiry, is sufficient to break in upon the policy and express provisions of the registry laws.” And in that case he held, that although the purchaser was expressly notified in writing by the grantor that the title to the land was in Hunham, as collateral security for the payment of certain notes, yet as the notice was not particular as to date, or sum, or time of payment, it was not sufficient. But the case was subsequently taken to the Court of Errors, where the decree of the Chancellor was reversed, the Court holding that the notice of prior encumbrance was sufficient; (Dey vs. Dunham, 15 John. R., 564.)
The rule is this, and we apprehend that this, with few exceptions, is all that the Courts have intended, when speaking of a notice that should put a party upon inquiry: that where a party, at the time of taking a subsequent conveyance or mortgage, receives direct and express notice that a certain other party holds a prior mortgage, or other lien upon the property included in such subsequent conveyance; or if such prior mortgagee or grantee is in the possession of the property conveyed; or if such prior mortgage or other conveyance has been recorded, it is sufficient to put such subsequent mortgagee or grantee upon inquiry as to the extent of the claim or lien of such prior mortgagee or grantee, and in that case he would take subject to such prior lien.
In this case no evidence was adduced at the trial, tending to show, or from which the jury could possibly legally have found, that the defendants, or either of them, had such notice [93]*93of the plaintiff’s prior mortgage, as will bring the case within the rule. There was no error, therefore, in the refusal of the Court below, to charge the jury as requested upon this point.
We shall have occasion to examine further this question of notice, in considering the third exception in the bill.
2. It is alleged that the Circuit Court erred in charging the jury, “ That there was not, on the giving of the mortgage by Keily to the plaintiff, such a delivery, and actual and continued change of possession of the goods mortgaged, as amounted to notice to the defendants of said mortgage to the plaintiff.”
The question involved in this portion of the charge, is undoubtedly as was contended by the counsel at the argu-' ment, a question of fact for the jury, and if there was any testimony at the trial tending to show the delivery, and the actual and continued change of possession, contemplated by the statute, it should have been submitted to the jury.
The change of possession contemplated is an open, visible, substantial change, and must be such as to give notice to the public that there has been a change in the ownership. (Judd et al. vs. Harris, 5 Vt. Rep., 234; Morris et al. vs. Hyde, 8 Vt. Rep., 352; Butler vs. Stoddard, 7 Paige, 166.)
In the latter case, the Court say there must be an actual and continued change of possession, as well as a nominal and constructive change ; and further, that a “ construction which would allow the vendor to remain in possession of the goods, and sell tjiem out as the agent of the purchaser or assignee, would render the statute for the prevention of frauds a mere nullity.” Was there, in this case, any testimony tending to show such a change of possession? Clearly not. The witness Bishop, who, prior to the giving of the mortgage to the plaintiff, had been the clerk of the mortgagor, Keily, swears that after the giving of said mortgage, he still continued in the store, as the agent off the plaintiff, in taking [94]*94care of and selling the mortgaged goods, but that there was no announcement of change in the business, and no change of books. Indeed, it does not appear that there was any change whatever, so far as outward acts of ownership and possession were concerned.
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By the Court,
Copeland, J.
It appears from the Bill of Exceptions, that to the charge of the Court to the jury upon one point, no exception was taken until after the jury had retired to consult upon their verdict, when the counsel for the plaintiff requested the Court to note an exception thereto. Our attention was also called to this question at the argument.
The more general, and we think the better practice is, that a party who complains of instructions given or withheld at the trial, should take his exceptions before the jury retire. For if the Judge is advised that one of the party excepts to his opinion, he has an opportunity of reconsidering it, or explaining it more fully to the jury. But under the provisions of our statute, and in the absence of any rule upon the subject, it is competent for a party to allege exceptions to the charge given to the jury, at any time before they shall have delivered their verdict. (R. S-, 1846, jp. 161, § 62.)
[91]*91The first assignment of error is, that the Court erred in declining to charge the jury as requested by the plaintiff’s counsel, “that if they were satisfied from the evidence, that. the defendants, or either of them, when they took their mortgage of March 23d, 1855, had such notice of the plaintiff’s mortgage, as was calculated to put them on inquiry as to its real nature, it was sufficient to charge them with notice of it, as an encumbrance.”
There is nothing materially objectionable in this request, as an abstract proposition, and if there was any testimony in the case upon which to base such a charge, its refusal was ground of error. So that whether such refusal was error or not, must depend exclusively upon the question, whether there was testimony from which the jury could have found that the defendants had such notice of the plaintiff’s mortgage. In regard to what degree of notice, or how particular, or definite ■it must be to put a party upon inquiry, there is some conflict in the authorities. But we apprehend that it will be found that such conflict is more ostensible than real, more in the use of terms employed, than in the degree of notice held to be requisite.
It was held in Tuttle vs. Jackson, 6 Wend. R., 226., that “ if the subsequent purchaser knows of the unregistered conveyance at the time of his purchase, he cannot' protect himself against that conveyance, and whatever is sufficient to make it his duty to inquire as» to the rights of others, is considered legal notice to him of those rights.” In that case Tuttle, the party who held the prior unregistered conveyance, was in the actual possession of the premises, and that is what was said to be sufficient to put a party upon mqwvry. And in Sanger vs. Eastwood, 19 Wend. R, 514; also in Gregory vs. Thomas, 20 Wend. R., 17, cases cited under this point by the counsel for the plaintiff j the subsequent mortgagee had express notice at the time of taking the subsequent mortgage, of the prior encumbrance. Wilde, J., in Pomeroy vs. Stevens, 11 Metc. [92]*92Rep., 246, says: “ It is not sufficient to prove facts that would put a party upon inquiry. He is not bound to inquire; but the party relying an an unregistered deed, against a subsequent purchaser, or attaching creditor, must prove that the latter had actual notice or knowledge of such deed.”' And again in Dey vs. Dunham, 2 John. Ch. Rep., 182, we find Chancellor Rent observing that he did not think “the Courts had gone the length of saying that notice that is to put a party upon inquiry, is sufficient to break in upon the policy and express provisions of the registry laws.” And in that case he held, that although the purchaser was expressly notified in writing by the grantor that the title to the land was in Hunham, as collateral security for the payment of certain notes, yet as the notice was not particular as to date, or sum, or time of payment, it was not sufficient. But the case was subsequently taken to the Court of Errors, where the decree of the Chancellor was reversed, the Court holding that the notice of prior encumbrance was sufficient; (Dey vs. Dunham, 15 John. R., 564.)
The rule is this, and we apprehend that this, with few exceptions, is all that the Courts have intended, when speaking of a notice that should put a party upon inquiry: that where a party, at the time of taking a subsequent conveyance or mortgage, receives direct and express notice that a certain other party holds a prior mortgage, or other lien upon the property included in such subsequent conveyance; or if such prior mortgagee or grantee is in the possession of the property conveyed; or if such prior mortgage or other conveyance has been recorded, it is sufficient to put such subsequent mortgagee or grantee upon inquiry as to the extent of the claim or lien of such prior mortgagee or grantee, and in that case he would take subject to such prior lien.
In this case no evidence was adduced at the trial, tending to show, or from which the jury could possibly legally have found, that the defendants, or either of them, had such notice [93]*93of the plaintiff’s prior mortgage, as will bring the case within the rule. There was no error, therefore, in the refusal of the Court below, to charge the jury as requested upon this point.
We shall have occasion to examine further this question of notice, in considering the third exception in the bill.
2. It is alleged that the Circuit Court erred in charging the jury, “ That there was not, on the giving of the mortgage by Keily to the plaintiff, such a delivery, and actual and continued change of possession of the goods mortgaged, as amounted to notice to the defendants of said mortgage to the plaintiff.”
The question involved in this portion of the charge, is undoubtedly as was contended by the counsel at the argu-' ment, a question of fact for the jury, and if there was any testimony at the trial tending to show the delivery, and the actual and continued change of possession, contemplated by the statute, it should have been submitted to the jury.
The change of possession contemplated is an open, visible, substantial change, and must be such as to give notice to the public that there has been a change in the ownership. (Judd et al. vs. Harris, 5 Vt. Rep., 234; Morris et al. vs. Hyde, 8 Vt. Rep., 352; Butler vs. Stoddard, 7 Paige, 166.)
In the latter case, the Court say there must be an actual and continued change of possession, as well as a nominal and constructive change ; and further, that a “ construction which would allow the vendor to remain in possession of the goods, and sell tjiem out as the agent of the purchaser or assignee, would render the statute for the prevention of frauds a mere nullity.” Was there, in this case, any testimony tending to show such a change of possession? Clearly not. The witness Bishop, who, prior to the giving of the mortgage to the plaintiff, had been the clerk of the mortgagor, Keily, swears that after the giving of said mortgage, he still continued in the store, as the agent off the plaintiff, in taking [94]*94care of and selling the mortgaged goods, but that there was no announcement of change in the business, and no change of books. Indeed, it does not appear that there was any change whatever, so far as outward acts of ownership and possession were concerned. It was, therefore, not only competent for the Court, but its duty, to give the instruction complained of, and direct the inquiry of the jury to the only point which, under the evidence in the case, they had occasion to consider. This leads us to that portion of the charge of the Court, constituting the third and remaining ground of error. It was this : “ That the jury, in order to find for the plaintiff, must be satisfied that the defendants, when they took their mortgage of March 23d, had clear and distinct notice of the plaintiff’s mortgage; such notice as would make it bad faith in them to insist on their mortgage in preference to it.” Here again we find no error in the charge-The decisions upon this point leave us in no doubt. In addition to the authorities cited under the first point, some of which are equally decisive of this, we find Lord Hard-wick, in an early case, holding that the notice must be “ clear and. undoubted that “ suspicion of notice, though a strong suspicion, is not sufficient to justify the Court in breaking in upon the Act of Parliament.” (Hive vs. Dodd, 2 Atk. Rep., 275.)
It will be found that a like certainty and clearness of notice, has been held requisite in subsequent English cases. (Jolland vs. Sturbridge, 3 Ves., 478; Wyatt vs. Barnwell, 19 Ib., 438.)
The Master of the Rolls, Sir William Grant, in the latter case, remarks that “ it has been much doubted whether Courts ought ever to have suffered the question of notice to be agitated, as against a party who had duly registered his conveyance ; but they have said, we cannot permit fraud to prevail; and it shall only be in cases where notice is so clearly proved, as to make it fraudulent in the purchaser to [95]*95take and register a conveyance, in prejudice of the known title of another, that we will suffer the registered deed to be affected.”
The American authorities, as we' have already seen, are equally explicit. The second purchaser, or subsequent mortgagee, must have certain notioe of the prior conveyance, and such notice is per se, evidence of malafides. (Jackson vs. Bayott, 10 J. R., 457; Jackson vs. Van Valkenburg, 8 Cow., 260; Rogers el al. vs. Wiley, 14 Ill., 66; Sanger vs. Eastwood, supra.)
As has has been well remarked, it is a matter of great doubt, whether the express and positive provisions of the registry acts ought ever to have been broken in upon. But since they have been, the rule requiring that the subsequent purchaser or mortgagee should have clear and positive notice of the prior encumbrance, in order to affect him, should in nowise be relaxed.
Judgment affirmed.
Present, Copeland, Bacon, Wing, Pratt, Green and Martin, J. J.
Douglass, J., did not participate, having decided the cause in the Court below.