Doyle v. Bethlehem Steel Corp.

504 F.2d 911, 1975 A.M.C. 588, 1974 U.S. App. LEXIS 5727
CourtCourt of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
DecidedDecember 9, 1974
DocketNo. 74-2450
StatusPublished
Cited by25 cases

This text of 504 F.2d 911 (Doyle v. Bethlehem Steel Corp.) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Doyle v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 504 F.2d 911, 1975 A.M.C. 588, 1974 U.S. App. LEXIS 5727 (5th Cir. 1974).

Opinion

RONEY, Circuit Judge:

Alvin G. Doyle, a shipyard worker employed by Bethlehem Steel Corporation, was injured while working aboard the USNS Yukon, a tanker owned by the United States of America. The USNS Yukon was operated by the Military Sea Transportation Service of the Department of the Navy, through a cost plus, fixed-fee arrangement with Mathiasen’s Tanker Industries, Inc., whereby Mathi-asen’s was engaged to manage and conduct the business of the Government with respect to the operation of certain Navy tankers. Doyle filed a complaint against the United States and Mathi-asen’s for damages for personal injuries under theories of general maritime negligence and unseaworthiness. Mathi-asen’s filed a motion for .summary judgment alleging that under the Public Vessels Act, 46 U.S.C.A. §§ 781-790, and the Suits in Admiralty Act, 46 U.S.C.A. §§ 741-752, Doyle’s exclusive remedy was against the United States. The district court granted the motion and dismissed Doyle’s claim against Mathi-asen’s. Doyle appeals pursuant to 28 U. S.C.A. § 1292(a) (3). We affirm.

Doyle cites no authority and makes no argument that casts doubt upon the statutory language which bars admiralty claims against the United States’ agents operating United States’ vessels. Although the Suits in Admiralty Act at 46 U.S.C.A. § 741 exempts vessels owned by the United States from in rem actions, section 742 provides that a libel in personam may be brought against the United States in cases where an admiralty proceeding could be maintained were the vessel privately owned or operated. Section 745 then provides that such remedy is exclusive of any action against the agent or employee of the United States whose act or omission gave rise to the claim.

. where a remedy is provided by this chapter it shall hereafter be exclusive of any other action by reason of the same subject matter against the agent or employee of the United States . . . whose act or omission gave rise to the claim.

46 U.S.C.A. § 745.

To circumvent this clear statutory bar to the suit against Mathiasen’s, Doyle makes two contentions, one legal and one factual. First, Doyle contends that the Suits in Admiralty Act and the Public Vessels Act, as it incorporates the provisions of the Suits in Admiralty Act, were enacted as wartime measures to protect third persons managing or operating vessels in a time of crisis and that, in a time of peace, the statutes should not be construed to bar an injured party’s cause of action against a tortfeasor. Second, Doyle asserts that an issue of material fact exists as to whether Mathiasen’s actually was an “agent” of the United States under the provisions of the statutes in question.

Doyle’s contention that the exclusivity provision of the Suits in Admiralty Act should be judicially repealed in times of peace is unconvincing. The same argument was rejected by the Second Circuit in Carter v. American Export Isbrandtsen Lines, Inc., 411 F.2d 1185 (2d Cir. 1969). The facts of the Carter case are quite similar to those of the case at bar. In Carter, a seaman aboard the SS Exton, a vessel owned by the United States and operated by American Export Isbrandtsen Lines, Inc. under a standard form General Agency Agreement, filed suit against American Export for injuries he sustained on board ship in Saigon, South Viet Nam. The District Court for the Southern District of New York granted American Export’s motion for summary judgment, in which American Export relied upon the exclusivity clause of the Suits in Admiralty Act. In affirming the summary judgment, the appellate court stated:

Carter admits that to prevail in his attempt to sue the general agent rath[913]*913er than the government he must persuade us to depart from our prior decision in Hanlon v. Waterman Steamship Corp., 265 F.2d 206 (2d Cir. 1959). He argues that Hanlon and Cosmopolitan Shipping Co. v. McAllister, 337 U.S. 783, 69 S.Ct. 1317, 93 L.Ed.2d 1692 (1949) also in point, were based on wartime measures and statutes no longer applicable to the present situation. We remain unconvinced. We are satisfied, as other courts have been, that the rule remains effective. See Petition of the United States, 367 F.2d 505 (3d Cir. 1966); Smith v. United States, 346 F.2d 449 (4th Cir. 1965).

411 F.2d at 1186.

The Fourth Circuit has likewise upheld the statute. In Smith v. United States, 346 F.2d 449 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 878, 86 S.Ct. 163, 15 L.Ed.2d 119 (1965), the Court held that seamen injured on board a vessel owned by the United States but operated under a contract of management by an. agent of the Government were precluded by the Suits in Admiralty Act from suing the agent. Noting that Congress in 1950 amended the Suits in Admiralty Act, originally passed in 1920, the Court explained the purpose behind the amendment.

The intent of the 1950 amendment to the Suits in Admiralty Act, promulgating the proviso excluding the agent from suability, was not to keep alive the liability of a private person, firm or corporation having charge of a Government ship. It was just to the contrary. It was the adoption by Congress of the exclusivity principle enunciated in Cosmopolitan Shipping Co. v. McAllister, supra, 337 U.S. 783, 69 S.Ct. 1317 [93 L.Ed. 1692]. Another purpose was to designate unequivocally the one to whom a claim for loss caused by the Government’s ship should be directed. The legislative history avows this intent and object of the Act. Sen.Rep. No.1782, 81st Cong. 2d Sess. (1950); 1950 U.S.Code Cong.Service, p. 4209.

346 F.2d at 453-454.

Since 1950 the wording of the Suits in Admiralty Act, specifically 46 U.S.C.A. § 745, has remained unchanged by Congressional amendment. The 24 years which have ensued since the date of the amendment have seen both armed conflict and peace. The language of the statute, the same now as then, does not limit the exclusivity provision of the Act to times of war and we cannot amend by judicial decree what Congress itself has chosen not to amend for almost a quarter of a century. Doyle’s exclusive remedy for the injuries which he sustained while working on the USNS Yukon is against the United States, and he cannot assert a claim if Mathiasen’s was the agent of the United States in operation of the vessel.

Doyle asserts there is an issue of material fact as to whether Mathiasen’s was the “agent” of the United States in the operation of the USNS Yukon. He argues that the contract between Mathiasen’s and the United States, annexed as an exhibit to the motion for summary judgment, does not specifically mention the USNS Yukon by name.

Under Rule 56, F.R.Civ.P., summary judgment is not to be granted if there is a genuine issue of material fact. A question of fact is not at issue, however, when reasonable men could not differ on the existence of that fact. Orozco v.

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Bluebook (online)
504 F.2d 911, 1975 A.M.C. 588, 1974 U.S. App. LEXIS 5727, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/doyle-v-bethlehem-steel-corp-ca5-1974.