Downing v. . Marshall

37 N.Y. 380

Opinion

Our attention is specially directed to the exceptions touching the extra allowances of costs and counsel fees in this case.

When the case was first in the Supreme Court, there were allowed, in addition to taxable costs: to the plaintiffs or their attorneys, $500; to James E. Marshall, $250; Benjamin Marshall and others, $250; the Bible society, $250; the Missionary society, $250; the Tract society, $250; the Marshall infirmary $250; to the attorney and guardian ad litem of infants, who put in an answer submitting their rights to the court, $250 — in all, $2,250.

These sums were allowed by the judgment now under review, and additions made thus: to the attorneys of the executors, $2,500; to the attorneys of the Marshalls, $2,000; to the attorney of the Marshall infirmary, $1,500; to the attorney of the Bible society, $1,500; to the attorney for the Missionary society, $1,000; to the attorney of the Tract society, $1,000 — in all, $12,250.

The taxed costs of all the parties, including those in this court, amount to $2,849.93, making, in all, aside from the costs in this court upon the present appeal, $15,099.92.

The trustees are ordered to pay these sums out of the estate, one-half from the realty, and the other from the personalty.

By the common law costs were not awardable. They were, however, recoverable, in many actions at law, as early as the thirteenth century. (2 Coke's Inst. 112; Statute of Marleborough, chap. 6, id. p. 288; Statute of Gloucester, whereof Coke says: "Before this statute, at the common law, no man recovered any costs of suit, either in plea, real, personal or mixed;" 6 Vin. Ab. 321, Costs.)

By a statute of the 17 Richard II, chap. 6, it was enacted that "forasmuch as people can be compelled to come before the King's Council, or in chancery, by writs granted upon untrue suggestions, that the chancellor, for the time being, personally, after that such suggestions being duly found and proved untrue, shall have power to ordain and allow damages, according to his discretion, to him which is so troubled unduly, as often is said." (Beames on Ch. Costs, 4; 4 Inst., 82, where Coke says: "This is the first Parliament that I find touching the matter." He is treating of the Court of Chancery.) It is understood by Beames, supra (and see 2 Bl. Com. 451, and Coke, supra), that the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery touching costs originated in this statute. It was construed as authorizing the award of "damages" (construed as including costs) to either party, and in any amount, according to the discretion of the court, and thesedamages were awarded sometimes as a remuneration to the successful party, and sometimes as a punishment to the unsuccessful party. In one case, for scandal in bill, the gross sum of £ 100 was directed to be paid, and in another the like sum, for scandal in an answer. (Vin. Ab., Costs in Chancery, v. 6, p. 364, 365.)

The practice of punishing a party, by ordering the payment of a gross sum, or exemplary costs, was discontinued at an early day, from the intrinsic difficulties of conviction (Beames on Eq. Costs, 164); and the court, after a time, regulated the amount of costs, and for what services they should be allowed, by general orders, and thus established a fee bill of costs between party and party, which is adhered to except in special cases, when the court will order the costs to be taxed as between solicitor and client.

I am not aware that Parliament interfered with the discretionary power of the court over costs, except, perhaps, to a very limited extent. By a statute (4 Anne, chap. 16, § 23) it was enacted, "that, upon the plaintiff dismissing his own bill, or the defendant dismissing the same for want of prosecution, the plaintiff in such suit shall pay to the defendant or defendants, his or their full costs, to be taxed by a master." This statute, it was held, did not apply to a dismissal at the hearing; and it was usual for the plaintiff to set down his cause for hearing on bill and answer, and, on being dismissed, he would only be liable for forty shillings costs, according to an old rule of the court; and to obviate this the rule, by a general order, was altered by Lord HARDWICK, in 1748, by which it is declared that "this court may and is at liberty to direct and order such dismission to be either with forty shillings costs, or with costs to be taxed by a master, or without costs, as the court upon the substance and merits of the case shall think fit." (Beames on Eq. Costs, 86.) Thus it is seen that Lord HARDWICK did not regard that statute as imperative, but maintained the discretionary power of the court as to awarding costs. We shall hereafter find this part of the statute of Anne, in our statutes, and I may as well notice it here, as I am about to look into our legislation briefly. It is found in the act passed April 7, 1801, to reduce certain laws concerning costs into one statute, and I think all the provisions of the act relate to actions at law, except section sixteen, which is taken from the statute of Anne. (Sts. H. and R., v. 1, 532, § 16.) This is carried into the Revised Laws of 1813 (v. 1, p. 346, § 16), in an act concerning costs, having no other relation to costs in chancery, and thence, with a modification, into the Revised Statutes (v. 2, p. 613). April 8, 1801, an act was passed entitled "An act regulating the fees of the several officers and ministers of justice within this State," by which it was enacted, "that no officer or other person shall exact, demand or ask, or be allowed, any greater or other fee or reward, from or in respect of any service hereafter to be done, or payment, than such as is hereinafter specified, that is to say." This act contained fee bills for solicitors and counselors, and all other officers in the Court of Chancery. The enactment in the Revised Laws of 1813 is in the same words; and I am not aware that they underwent any modification, prior to the Revised Statutes of 1830. By the latter statutes the chapter relating to costs is divided into four titles. The first specified the cases in which costs may be awarded, and the first section contained the provision from the statute of Anne, above mentioned, with the qualifications not before found in our statutes, "except in those cases where, according to the practice of the court, costs would not be awarded against such complainant, upon a decree rendered on hearing the cause." Thus either recognizing the construction put upon the provisions in the statute of Anne, by Lord HARDWICK, or abrogating the imperative character of the provision, as found in our previous acts. The next section expressly declares that the costs of all suits and proceedings in equity shall be paid by such party as the court shall direct. And the revisers in their notes say that this is "now declaratory of existing law" (2 R.S. 613, §§ 81, 82, and reviser's notes). On turning to title three of this chapter, "Of the fees of certain officers," it will be seen that the language of the acts of 1801 and 1813 (supra), is changed. It is declared that "for the following services," etc., etc., "the following fees shall be allowed." Then follow the fee bills, etc., in all the courts of record. There is no prohibitory language here, and it is, undoubtedly, generally imperative; and I do not suppose that the court would have the power to deprive attorneys and counselors, in actions at law, of their taxable costs, according to the fee bill in the statute. I speak of costs against the party made liable by statute to pay. But as the provisions in the previous title had preserved to the Court of Chancery its ancient discretionary power as to the party who shall pay costs, the general language in the title cannot be construed as imperative upon the Court of Chancery to award costs.

We may now proceed to the Code. By section 303, "All statutes establishing or regulating the costs and fees of attorneys, solicitors and counselors in civil actions are repealed. But there may be allowed to the prevailing party, upon the judgment, certain sums by way of indemnity, for his expenses in the action, which allowances, in this act are termed costs." Then follow provisions declaring when costs shall be allowed, of course embracing the previous actions at law, and then, by section 306, it is declared that, "In other actions, costs shall be allowed or not, in the discretion of the court." This includes actions previously known as suits in equity, and thus the discretionarypower of the old Court of Chancery, derived from an act of Richard II, whether costs shall or shall not be awarded, and if awarded, which party shall pay for them, is fully preserved. By the next section (307), it is declared: "When allowed, costs shall be as follows." This takes away the discretion as to the amount, and there had been no such discretion in this State before this act became a law, as the amount had been regulated by the fee bill. Then comes the code fee bill. By section 308 it is provided that, "in addition to these allowances, there shall be allowed to the plaintiff, upon the recovery of a judgment by him, in any action for the partition of real property, or for the foreclosure of a mortgage, or in an action in which a warrant of attachment had been issued, or for an adjudication upon a will or other instrument in writing, and in proceedings to compel the determination of claims to real property, certain percentages, which in this case would have amounted to sixty dollars to the plaintiffs, and to them only. See, in connection, the next section (309), which also contains another independent provision, by which in difficult and extraordinary cases, when a trial had been had, in an action for the partition of real estate, and in other actions not mentioned in section 308, "the court may, in its discretion, make a further allowance, to any party not exceeding five per cent upon the amount of the recovery, or claim, or subject-matter involved."

This includes all the costs (law costs) provided for in sections 304 and 305, and not specified in section 308, in which costs are allowed, of course, and, in such cases, will be restricted to the party entitled to costs, as the allowance is afurther allowance. As, however, by section 306, "in other actions, costs may be allowed or not, in the discretion of the court," and as such costs, when allowed, are by the next section specified, all this class of costs, not mentioned in section 308, are included in the provision just referred to, in section 306; and I suppose that the further allowance may be made, in such cases, to any party to whom costs have been allowed, in the discretion of the court, under section 306. In the present case, therefore, if the action is not one of those specified in section 308, and is one of those in which, under section 306, the court may allow costs or not, in its discretion, and if such discretion justified the allowance of costs to both parties, it will follow that the court had the power to make a further allowance of costs to any party to whom it allowed the fee bill costs, the allowance being limited only by the five per cent of the amount of the "subject-matter involved." (§ 309.)

If the case is embraced by section 308, then none of the parties are entitled to this further allowance under section 309, but the plaintiffs are entitled, absolutely, to the percentage named, which in this case will amount to sixty dollars and no more.

In my opinion this case is specified in section 308, and thus the discretionary power, under section 309, to make a further allowance, is not applicable to the case. It is an action for "an adjudication upon a will." It was commenced to obtain the construction of the will and directions how to proceed under the will. The difficulties were created by the will. It may, perhaps, be said that if there had been no difficulty created by the will, still it was a proper case for the executors to come into court for instructions. If this is conceded, what subject-matters would be involved, requiring instruction or directions? I can conceive of none extrinsic the will, except as to the property that should be resorted to out of which to make up the deficiency to pay debts. The question whether certain machinery in the factory buildings should be taken to make up the deficiency, or resort should be had to the specific legacies, may perhaps be said to be a question outside of the will, though I doubt this, for upon construing the will, making such machinery real estate or not, the question vanishes. But concede that aside from any intrinsic difficulty in the will, it was a fair and doubtful question whether this machinery, or the specific legacies, should be resorted to for the purpose of paying debts, the whole amount of the subject-matter involved was this deficiency, say $13,000 (though I think there was no such deficiency), five per cent upon which would be $650; and, though the Code says the court may in its discretion make a further allowance to any party not exceeding five per cent upon the amount of the recovery or claim or subject-matter involved, in my opinion this statutory discretion is so limited, that no more than five per cent in all can be allowed. It is not open to the construction, that in a case where thirty different parties are litigating their claims to a fund or some subject-matter, the court may award costs, and then further costs to twenty of the parties, to the amount of the whole claim or subject-matter, and charge them upon such claims or subject-matter, and thus use up the entire property in further allowances, though nine-tenths of it may have belonged to the other ten. It may be said that the court would make no such allowances, and this is probably so, but in my opinion the legislature has not given to any of our courts such powers, discretionary or otherwise.

In this case, notwithstanding these suggestions, I think we should hold that the case is one of those specified in section 308, "an action for an adjudication upon a will."

It is certainly clear to my mind, that the allowances made in this case are not warranted by any statute, now or ever in force in this State, and it is not so claimed by counsel. The position of counsel is, that, "irrespective of the provisions of any statute, it was the practice of the Court of Chancery, and is the rule of this court, in cases of this nature, to order the executors to pay such costs and counsel fees out of the estate, as a necessary expense incurred by them in its administration." I shall hereafter notice the cases cited in support of this position. In the mean time I will further add, and endeavor to prove, that it is equally clear that the Court of Chancery has no inherent jurisdiction to ordain and award costs, independent of statutory authority. The books speak of costs between party and party, and of costs to be taxed as between solicitor and client. The Court of Chancery, in England, in exercising its discretion with regard to costs, from time to time, laid down general rules applicable to certain kinds of suits, as distinguished from others, and by these rules all subsequent cases, coming within them, were governed. Under a decree, awarding costs generally, these rules were resorted to as establishing the items and amount of such costs, and such costs are the costs between party and party. These rules were general, and often, indeed generally, fell short of affording to the successful party a full indemnity.

In certain cases these general rules were departed from, and an attempt made to approximate more nearly to an indemnity, and items were allowed, other than those specified by the general orders, such as the solicitor, etc., would have a right to obtain of his client, and such are said to be costs between solicitor and client. To authorize the taxation of the bill as between solicitor and client, requires a special direction in the order or decree of the court, and it was rarely intended, even in such a case, to afford a full indemnity. (Beames on Eq. Costs, Introduction, and p. 11.)

The practice of ordering the costs to be taxed, as between solicitor and client, is fully authorized in England under the act of Richard II, giving discretionary power to award "damages" (costs), without any restriction as to the amount to be paid by one party to another. But, in the absence of such authority, no such power exists. When the statutes contain the fee bill, there can be no discretion as to the amount of the items specified. The court has no power to make the costs larger or smaller, when they are fixed by the statute, or to add items for services not specified in the statute. Hence, in speaking of costs to be paid by one party to another, there is no such thing as costs taxed as between solicitor and client. This is so under the Code, for it declares, that, "when allowed, costs shall be as follows," and the services, and the compensation for such services are there specified. (§ 307.) I am not speaking now of the statutory power to make further allowances, which is a new power given by the Code. The client may agree with his attorney, solicitor or counsel upon the compensation to be paid. (§ 303.) But this has no reference to costs in the cause.

There are some cases in this State, in which costs have been directed to be taxed as between solicitor and client, and they will be noticed hereafter in another connection.

As we have seen, the allowances in this case as costs beyond the taxable costs, cannot be sustained upon any statute, or any notion of power in the court to allow extra costs, or costs of any kind independent of statutory authority. Is there any other general principle of law upon which they or any of them can be sustained, in whole or in part? I think there is. The principle to which I refer is, that persons acting in autre droit, as executors, administrators, trustees, guardians, receivers, etc., are, upon a faithful execution of their trusts, to be indemnified out of the trust property, for all expenses necessarily incurred in the faithful performance of their duties. (2 Wil. on Ex. 1137; Stewart v. Hoare, 2 Brown Ch. 663; Fearns v. Young, 10 Ves. 184;Attorney-General v. City of London, 1 id. 243; Lewin on Trusts and Trustees [Phil. ed. 1858], 557; Beames on Eq. Costs, 13 et seq., 157 et seq. 214 et seq.; Tiff. and Bullard on Trusts, 697 et seq.)

It is a general rule, that a trustee shall have no allowance for his trouble and loss of time, and one of the reasons given is, that, on these pretenses, if admitted, the trust estate might be loaded and rendered of little value, besides the great difficulty there would be in settling and adjusting the quantum of such allowances, especially as one man's time may be more valuable than that of another. (Lewin on Trusts, and cases there cited.) Though a trustee is allowed nothing for his trouble, he is allowed every thing for his expenses out of pocket. (Lewin on Trusts, 557.) Lord ELDON, in Worrall v. Harford (8 Ves. 8), says: that "it is in the nature of the office of a trustee, whether expressed in the instrument or not, that the trust property shall re-imburse him all the charges and expenses incurred in the execution of the trust." A trustee will be entitled to be re-imbursed his necessary traveling expenses; fees properly paid to counsel; and when called to account by thecestui que trust, he will be allowed his necessary costs in former suits, in case they have not been occasioned by his own negligence, and will not be concluded by the previous taxation as between party and party. (Lewin on Trusts, 557 et seq., and cases cited.) In short, the trustee, though allowed nothing for his trouble, is allowed every thing for necessary expenses in executing the trust. His duties relate to the property and interests of others, and he is to be indemnified for necessary expenses in protecting such trust property, and has an equitable lien upon it for such expenses. This principle is entirely independent of any statutes relating to costs. When the trustee is a party to a suit, concerning the trust property, there are taxable costs, and sometimes he is required to pay them to the other party to the action, they being taxed as between party and party, and they may, in a proper case, be chargeable upon the trust fund; or, if costs are awarded to him, to be paid by the other party, to be taxed as between party and party, he may have allowances of expenses in addition, chargeable upon the fund; or the English Court of Chancery may award costs to be paid by the adverse party as between solicitor and client, thus relieving the trust fund, wholly, or partially, from any allowances to the trustee out of the trust fund. But, as we have seen, there can be no such thing, in this State, as a taxation of costs as between solicitor and client, to be paid by one party to the other; as here the taxable costs are fixed and limited by statute, to which, in certain cases, further allowances may be added. Not so in the English Chancery. There, they are only regulated by general orders, adopted from time to time, which may be, and are in special cases, departed from. Hence, too, in England, the expenses of trustees in a suit are often spoken of as costs, and with propriety, under their law, giving full discretion as to the amount of "damages" (costs), to be awarded, and who shall pay; though, in the English cases, the expenses and charges to which a trustee may be entitled outside of the ordinary fee bill, are designated as allowances, and are usually adjusted in the suit in which they occur, and are charged upon the trust fund in court, unless the adverse party is required to pay upon taxation as between solicitor and client, and which latter may not include all that the trustees may be entitled to. Thus, in Fearns v. Young, Lord ELDON said: "When costs of a trustee are directed to be taxed, that means as between party and party, not in the larger way. But when a trustee, in the fair execution of his trust, has expended money, reasonably and properly taking opinions, and procuring directions that are necessary for the due execution of the trust, he is entitled, not only to his costs, but also to his charges and expenses, under the head of just allowances;" and see, alsoStewart v. Hearn (2 Brown Ch. 663); Camp v. Baker (18 Ves. 285), charges of a sale, under the head of just allowances, not of costs; Potts v. Leighton (15 Ves. 276), the case of a receiver, and the difference between him and an executor as to special allowances.

The costs of legatees and cestui que trust may be, and are, in proper cases, ordered to be paid out of the fund involved in the litigation. But this means the ordinary taxable costs as between party and party, and I have found no case where such costs have been taxed as between client and solicitor, or where any special or extra allowance has been ordered.

In Fearns v. Young (supra), the chancellor, speaking of "just allowances," remarks: "With regard to an infant, this requires great consideration, as the infant himself cannot incurcharges and expenses; if they cannot be claimed under just allowances, and the next friend is to be at the whole expense of the infant, beyond his costs, persons will deliberate before they accept that office."

Chancellor WALWORTH says, in Union Insurance Company v. VanRensselaer (4 Paige, 87): "If an extra allowance is made to guardians ad litem of the infants, it must be paid out of their share in the surplus, as nothing but the taxable costs can be charged upon that portion of the fund which belongs to other parties. And it must be a very special case, to justify the court in allowing extra counsel fees against an infant in any event." Though in England the court has power, under the statute of Richard, to award damages according to discretion, and could therefore award a full indemnity to any party, and, in a proper case, make it chargeable upon the trust fund in court, so firmly settled is the practice, that no other allowance is made to any of the parties, beyond the ordinary fee bill, except to trustees, executors, and others acting in a fiduciary capacity.

I find no case, in this State, where extra costs and allowances have ever been given, independent of statute, to any party to the suit, unless he belonged to the class of persons entitled upon general principles to an indemnity. No case is cited by counsel, and I can find none, and if there is any such case that has escaped attention, it cannot be sound law. Nor is there any case in which costs to be paid by one party to another have been taxed as between client and party.

Counsel cites Morrell v. Dickey (1 Johns. Ch. 153). In this case the widow and infant son of the testator filed the bill against the defendant, as administrator, for money in the hands of the latter. Though the decree was for the plaintiffs, the chancellor said the defendant was not in default, and ought to receive costs out of the fund, and that this was the course of the court in such cases, and it was decreed that his costs be paid out of the widow's share. Rogers v. Ross (4 Johns. Ch. 608) is to the same effect, the chancellor repeating the general rule, that executors or other trustees who have acted fairly, or who have resisted a claim in good faith, merely by way of submission, shall have their costs out of the fund.

In Grover v. Wakeman (11 Wend. 226), another case cited, the bill was to set aside a voluntary assignment, and the Court for the Correction of Errors ordered the costs for all the parties to be paid out of the funds in the hands of the assignees. There were no allowances in these cases. The costs were those given by statute between party and party.

In Irving v. De Kay (9 Paige, 533), another case cited, the bill was filed by the executor to obtain a construction of the will, and the chancellor says: "The costs of all parties thus far ought to be borne by the estate, as the difficulties arising from the will itself have produced the litigation. And the costs of the executors must be taxed as between solicitor and client, so as to cover their reasonable counsel fees, which they have been obliged to pay in discharge of their trust, to be settled andallowed by the vice-chancellor upon taxation;" — citing Lewin on Trusts, 456, where the rule is stated that, if there be a fund under the control of the court, but not otherwise, the trustee or executor will have his costs as between solicitor and client. The chancellor here makes the proper distinction. The heirs and next of kin were parties defendant, and the decree gives them taxable costs according to the fee bill, and no more. But, to the executors, it makes an additional allowance to cover reasonable counsel fees, which they had been obliged to pay in the discharge of their trusts. This allowance was not authorized by any statute giving costs, but it was allowed under the general principle of indemnity to trustees and executors, etc. The chancellor speaks of them as costs, and there was no great impropriety in doing so, as they were an expense or damage incurred by the executors, and they are very generally so designated in the English cases. The explanation, however, immediately follows, and shows that, "as to counsel fees," they were not the costs given by statute, but such as were, in that case, allowed. This case is an authority in point for the positions I have been maintaining.

Smith v. Smith (4 Paige, 271), is another case cited. It shows that a legatee plaintiff may have costs under some circumstances out of the estate. But these are the statutory costs.

It will be proper, in this connection, to say, that the English law, that trustees are allowed nothing for their trouble or services, has been, in a class of cases, changed in this State, by statute. It required a statute to change the law. The act of 1817 (chap. 251) made it lawful for the Court of Chancery, in the settlement of the accounts of guardians, executors and administrators, to make a reasonable allowance for their services, over and above their expenses; and when the rate of allowance was settled by the court, it was to be followed in all subsequent cases of settlement of such accounts. This statute came first under consideration upon an application for allowance to the committee of a lunatic; and Chancellor KENT decided that the case was within the equity of the statute, and he granted certain allowances, and in October, 1817, by a general rule, established such allowance as to guardians, executors and administrators. (In re Roberts, a lunatic, 3 Johns. Ch. 43.) This is the origin of allowances to trustees, in this State, for services. The principle was carried into the Revised Statutes, as to executors, administrators and guardians, and the amount of allowance fixed. (2 R.S. p. 98; p. 153, § 51.) In Meacham v.Sternes (9 Paige, 298), Chancellor WALWORTH extended the statute to assignees for the benefit of creditors.

Apply the law, as here ascertained, to this case, and it follows that the award of allowances to the plaintiffs, other than taxable costs, for their necessary expenses in the execution of their duties as executors or trustees, or both, was authorized by law, unless the Code, by providing for additional allowances, has restricted the power of the court in a case brought into the court "for an adjudication of a will." I do not think that it was intended to interfere with the common law principle of indemnity to a faithful trustee or executor. The language is affirmative, and the percentage must be allowed to the plaintiffs, if costs are allowed.

The only question remaining as to this item of $2,500 is, whether it is reasonable. If the court had a discretion as to the amount, it was, of necessity, a legal discretion. The court could only allow a sum paid or incurred by the plaintiffs for the services of counsel, as necessary expenses in the execution of the trusts assumed by them. Its amount must be reasonable, or the trustees would, had they paid it, have been guilty of a breach of trust, and could not have such payment allowed as against the legatees or cestuis que trust. It is not like the discretion of allowing or disallowing statutory costs. I have no doubt thejudgment is reviewable in regard to these extra allowances.

I am not satisfied with the amounts allowed. I think them unreasonable. When the case was first in the Supreme Court, $500 was allowed, and upon the second trial this sum and $2,500 in addition were allowed as counsel fees, reaching $3,000 allowances beyond the taxable costs. The trial, aside from the arguments of counsel, could have occupied but little time, as but little evidence, other than documentary, was given. It may be conceded that numerous difficult and interesting questions have arisen upon the will, and that the case was one eminently proper for a construction of the will on account of all interested, and it may be stated that the counsel for the plaintiffs have been most faithful in the discharge of their duties, and that they have brought to the consideration of the case great learning and ability. But, in my opinion, the plaintiffs, as executors and trustees, would not have been justified in paying $3,000 counsel fees in this action to obtain the construction, etc., of the will. I think the sum should be reduced to $2,000.

Four of the defendants were infants, and appeared and put in, by their guardian, the general answers, and submitted their several and respective interests to the protection of the court. The judgment awards to the guardian ad litem $250 in addition to his taxable costs. All the sums allowed are directed to be paid by the executors and trustees, half out of the realty or its funds, and the other half out of the personalty. According toThe Union Insurance Company v. Van Rensselaer (supra), if any extra allowances are to be made to the guardian of the infants, they must come out of the shares of the infants. But no allowance in this case should have been made beyond the taxable costs. It does not appear that the guardian ad litem was at any expense, or incurred any liability, or performed any services in the case, except putting in the general answers, nor was it necessary that he should. The rights of the infants were submitted to the protection of the court, and they were the same as those of the adult defendants, who have been represented all through the case by counsel.

All the other extra allowances are illegal, and cannot be sustained. The court could only allow such costs as are specified in the statute, and the judgment as to all the allowances or extra costs, so called, except to the plaintiffs, must be reversed, and the amount to the plaintiffs must be reduced to $2,000.

Judgment accordingly.