Downes-Covington v. Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department

Opinion

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA

3 LANCE DOWNES-COVINGTON, ) 4 SOLDADERA SANCHEZ, ROBERT ) O'BRIEN, EMILY DRISCOLL, ALISON ) Case No.: 2:20-cv-01790-GMN-DJA 5 KENADY, TENISHA MARTIN, GABRIELA ) MOLINA ) AMENDED ORDER1 6 ) 7 Plaintiffs, ) vs. ) 8 ) LAS VEGAS METROPOLITAN POLICE ) 9 DEPARTMENT, JOSEPH LOMBARDO, ) 10 KURT MCKENZIE, TABATHA DICKSON ) ) 11 Defendants. ) ) 12

13 Pending before the Court are Plaintiffs’ Lance Downes-Covington, Soldadera Sanchez, 14 Robert O’Brien, Emily Driscoll, Alison Kenady, Tenisha Martin, and Gabriela Molina 15 (collectively, “Plaintiffs’”) Motion for Temporary Restraining Order, (ECF No. 15), and 16 Motion for Preliminary Injunction, (ECF No. 16). Defendants Las Vegas Metropolitan Police 17 Department, Joseph Lombardo, Kurt McKenzie, and Tabatha Dickson (collectively, 18 “Defendants”) filed Responses, (ECF Nos. 25–26), and Plaintiffs filed Replies, (ECF No. 30– 19 31). 20 Also pending before the Court are Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to File Excess Pages, 21 (ECF No. 14), and Defendants’ Motion for Leave to File Excess Pages, (ECF No. 23). 22 For the reasons discussed below, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs’ Motion for Temporary 23 Restraining Order and Motion for Preliminary Injunction, GRANTS nunc pro tunc Plaintiffs’ 24

25 1 The only change from the previous Order, (ECF No. 32), is a correction of the ECF Nos. for Plaintiffs’ Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and Motion for Preliminary Injunction in the below conclusion. 1 Motion for Leave to File Excess Pages, and GRANTS nunc pro tunc Defendants’ Motion for 2 Leave to File Excess Pages. 3 I. BACKGROUND 4 This case arises from injuries Plaintiffs allegedly sustained from Defendants’ crowd 5 control tactics at a series of protests following the death of George Floyd in May 2020. 6 Protesting police brutality and systemic racism, many people have organized not only in Las 7 Vegas but in cities all around the United States. See Black Lives Matter Seattle-King Cty. v. 8 City of Seattle, Seattle Police Dep’t, 466 F. Supp. 3d 1206, 1211 (W.D. Wash. 2020) 9 (acknowledging that “nationwide outrage and protest has ensued” since George Floyd’s death). 10 In Las Vegas specifically, a total of 77 protests took place between May 29, 2020 and July 31, 11 2020. (Metro’s After-Action Report (“Report”) at 6, Ex. A to Defs.’ Resp., ECF No. 25-1). 12 The parties agree that the majority of attendees at these protests have been peaceful. (Defs.’ 13 Resp. 10:2–3, ECF No. 25). However, on some occasions, protestors have grown violent, 14 throwing rocks, bottles, and fireworks at officers. (Id. 10:5–6). 15 Plaintiffs allege that Defendants used violent crowd control tactics and threats of force 16 against Plaintiffs, other protestors, and legal observers at various protests, but specifically those 17 on May 30, 2020; June 1, 2020; June 13, 2020; and July 4, 2020. (Pls.’ Mots. TRO and Prelim. 18 Inj. (“Motions”) 10:10–12, ECF No. 15). The alleged unlawful tactics include: “kettling”2 (i.e., 19 the confinement of demonstrators or protestors in a small area as a method of crowd control), 20 the use of tear gas or other gases capable of irritation and/or disorientation, and the use of 21 Oleoresin Capsicum (“OC”) projectiles or “pepperballs.” (Id. 10:13–17). 22

23 24 25 2 Plaintiffs allege Metro unconstitutionally used kettling during various protests but provide little briefing on Metro’s use of kettling. (Pls.’ Mots. 10:14–15). 1 Accordingly, Plaintiffs seek injunctive relief, ordering Las Vegas Metro Police 2 Department (“Metro”) to follow its own Use of Force Policy, and consistent with that Policy, 3 enjoining Metro from engaging in the following actions: 4 1. Using tear gas (or other similar substances) against peaceful protesters; 2. Firing pepperballs (or other similar projectiles) at peaceful protesters; 5 3. Firing rubber bullets (or other similar projectiles) at peaceful protesters; 4. Firing flash bang grenades (or other similar weapons) at peaceful protesters; 6 5. Failing to display officer name badges while engaged in official duties in public 7 places; 6. Failing to provide officer names and/or badge numbers while engaged in 8 official duties in public places, upon request; 7. “Kettling” and/or trapping peaceful protesters and preventing them means of 9 escape and/or movement. 10 (Id. 11:6–15). The Court provides a brief overview of Metro’s Use of Force Policy before 11 addressing the alleged violations thereof at the protests implicated in the present Motions. 12 A. Metro’s Use of Force Policy 13 Under Metro’s Use of Force Policy (“Policy”),3 “[o]fficers will only use a level of force 14 that is objectively reasonable to bring an incident or persons under control and to safely 15 accomplish a lawful purpose.” (Metro’s Current Use of Force Policy (“Policy”), Ex. 9 to Pls.’ 16 Mots., ECF No. 15-9). The Policy reviews the various levels of tactics officers may use and the 17 circumstances under which they can use them to effectively address or de-escalate the situation 18 while maintaining officer and public safety. As to OC spray, the Policy states that, “in a protest 19 or demonstration situation, OC spray may only be used when authorized by an incident 20 commander in response to imminent threat of harm . . . and it will not be used for the dispersal 21 of non-violent persons.” (Policy at 12, VI.2.f.). As to projectile weapons, the Policy similarly 22 23 24

25 3 Metro updated its Use of Force Policy on July 8, 2020. (See Policy). The parties do not dispute that this Policy went into effect prior to the four protests at issue. 1 disapproves usage “in a civil unrest situation unless authorized by an incident commander or 2 above.” (Policy at 16, XI.6.a.). 3 B. May 30, 2020 Protest 4 Plaintiffs Soladera Sanchez (“Sanchez”), Tenisha Martin (“Martin”), and Robert O’Brien 5 (“O’Brien”) attended the May 30, 2020 protest. (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 5, Ex. 2 to Pls.’ Mots., ECF 6 No. 15-2); (Martin’s Decl. ¶ 7, Ex. 6 to Pls.’ Mots., ECF No. 15-6); (O’Brien’s Decl. ¶ 3, Ex. 3 7 to Pls.’ Mots., ECF No. 15-3). Plaintiffs allege that during the course of the protest, Metro 8 officers unlawfully fired pepperballs and tear gas on Plaintiffs and other peaceful protestors. 9 (Pls.’ Mots. 15:13–15, 16:13–14). 10 Plaintiffs Sanchez and Martin organized the event, called “Organize the State Out/No 11 More Stolen Lives Rally.” (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 5); (Martin’s Decl. ¶ 7). Plaintiff O’Brien also 12 attended the protest as a legal observer. (O’Brien’s Decl. ¶¶ 3–4). Dressed professionally in 13 court attire, O’Brien attended the protest for the sole purpose of observation. (Id.). Metro was 14 informed that legal observers would be present and dressed in red shirts and/or suits. (Id. ¶ 5). 15 The event began at the Container Park around 7:00 p.m. (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 9); 16 (O’Brien’s Decl. ¶ 6); (Martin’s Decl. ¶¶ 9–10). Around 7:00 p.m. or 8:00 p.m., the crowd 17 began taking over roadways, impeding traffic and causing safety hazards. (Defs.’ Mots. 12:4– 18 5); (Exs. D, E, F, and G to Defs.’ Resp). Around this time, Metro announced over bullhorns 19 that protestors needed to move to the sidewalk and gave a five-minute warning that anyone who 20 did not move onto the sidewalk within five minutes would be arrested. (O’Brien’s Decl. ¶¶ 8– 21 9). O’Brien observed that the volume was “too low to have been heard by people in the back of 22 the protest, fifty yards away.” (O’Brien’s Decl. ¶ 10). Because protestors refused to obey

23 officers’ commands, Lieutenant Melanie O’Daniel (“Lt. O’Daniel”), at the direction of the 24 Incident Commander, deployed SWAT officers. (Lt. O’Daniel’s Decl. ¶ 29, Ex. B to Defs.’ 25 Resp., ECF No. 25-2). 1 SWAT fired pepperballs and tear-gas at groups of protestors. (Lt. O’Daniel’s Decl. ¶ 30). 2 Sanchez was not directly hit, but upon exposure to the pepperballs and/or teargas, “was 3 overtaken by a burning feeling deep in [her] lungs, making it impossible to breathe.” 4 (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶¶ 10–12). O’Brien, on the other hand, testified that he was struck by three or 5 four projectiles on his left side as he was retreating from the police. (O’Brien’s Decl. ¶ 17). As 6 he retreated, O’Brien was hit by two more projectiles. (Id. ¶ 18). 7 Between 10:00 p.m. and 10:30 p.m., Martin, Sanchez, and others gathered their supplies 8 at the Container Park, preparing to leave the protest. (Martin’s Decl. ¶ 16). They heard police 9 say “disperse, disperse, disperse” from afar, but did not realize Metro directed the order at them 10 until SWAT officers appeared twenty feet in front of them. (Martin’s Decl. ¶¶ 17–18). Without 11 warning, Metro shot three tear gas canisters at Sanchez, Martin, and others. (Martin’s Decl. ¶¶ 12 19–21). Through the night, various non-parties looted businesses, vandalized properties, and 13 even set patrol vehicles on fire. (Report at 9–12). 14 C. June 1, 2020 Protest 15 Plaintiff Lance Downes-Covington (“Downes-Covington”) attended the June 1, 2020 16 protest. (Downes-Covington’s Decl. ¶ 4, Ex. 1 to Pls.’ Mots., ECF No. 15-1). Plaintiff 17 Downes-Covington alleges that during the course of the protest, Metro officers unlawfully fired 18 pepperballs at Plaintiff and other peaceful protestors and used excessive force when detaining 19 Plaintiff. (Downes-Covington’s Decl. ¶ 14). 20 The June 1, 2020 protest mainly occurred near the Trump International Hotel at Fashion 21 Show Drive and at the Lloyd D. George Federal Courthouse. (Report at 14–17). 22 Approximately 5,000 protestors attended the protest on June 1, 2020. (See Report.). During the

23 protest, Downes-Covington recounts that officers fired a series of pepperball rounds while he 24 25 1 and his friends were peacefully singing on the steps of the federal courthouse. (Id. ¶ 14). It is 2 unclear whether these officers were Metro officers or U.S. Marshalls.4 3 While Downes-Covington was waiting for a Lyft, he observed officers detaining 4 protestors and throwing them to the ground. (Downes-Covington’s Decl. ¶¶ 24–25). Downes- 5 Covington started recording the encounter when a Metro officer saw him, tackled him to the 6 ground and detained him. (Downes-Covington’s Decl. ¶¶ 26–27); (Defs.’ Mots. 33:12–13). 7 D. June 13, 2020 Protest 8 Plaintiffs Sanchez, Martin, Emily Driscoll (“Driscoll”), Gabriela Molina (“Molina”), and 9 Alison Kenady (“Kenady”) attended the June 13, 2020 protest. (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 17); 10 (Martin’s Decl. ¶ 26); (Driscoll’s Decl. ¶ 3, Ex. 4 to Pls.’ Mots., ECF No. 15-4); (Molina’s 11 Decl. ¶ 5, Ex. 7 to Pls.’ Mots., ECF No. 15-7); (Kenady’s Decl. ¶ 4, Ex. 5 to Pls.’ Mots., ECF 12 No. 15-5). Plaintiffs Sanchez, Martin, Driscoll, Molina, and Kenady allege that during the 13 course of the protest, Metro officers used pepperballs and/or tear gas on Plaintiffs and other 14 peaceful protestors, failed to display officer name badges, failed to provide officers’ names 15 upon request, and engaged in kettling during the protest. (Pls.’ Mots. 20:25–26, 22:14–16, 16 23:17–22). 17 Sanchez and Martin co-organized the protest on June 13, 2020, named “Stop Killing 18 US/Justice and Power March.” (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 17); (Martin’s Decl. ¶ 26). Driscoll and 19 Molina attended as legal observers. (Driscoll’s Decl. ¶ 3); (Molina’s Decl. ¶ 5). Both wore red 20 shirts and carried legal notepads to identify themselves as legal observers. (Molina’s Decl. ¶ 7). 21 Because other legal observers had attended protests prior to the June 13, 2020 protest, Molina 22 believes that “Metro officers should have easily been able to identify [Molina] and others as

23 24 4 Metro states that SWAT was not deployed to the federal courthouse and that SWAT did not use pepperballs at or near the federal courthouse on June 1, 2020, implying that United States Marshalls used pepperballs, not 25 Defendants, during this protest. (Lt. O’Daniel’s Decl. ¶ 37). Plaintiffs, in their Replies, request that the Court not merely accept Metro’s allegation as true because Plaintiff Downes-Covington was falsely told he was not shot and was later detained by Metro officers. (Pls.’ Replies at 6 n.4). 1 legal observers.” (Id.). Kenady participated as a protestor during the June 13, 2020 protest. 2 (Kenady’s Decl. ¶ 4). 3 Plaintffs allege that the protest began around 6:00 p.m. in front of the Bellagio Hotel and 4 Casino. (Pls.’ Mots.’ 20:3–4). The co-organizers, Sanchez and Martin, planned to march south 5 on Las Vegas Boulevard from the Bellagio Hotel and Casino to the “Welcome to Las Vegas” 6 sign where they would end the protest and disperse. (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 18); (Martin’s Decl. ¶ 7 11). As the protestors marched, protestors took over the street, impeding traffic and causing 8 safety hazards. (Defs.’ Mots. 14:21–22); (Exs. P and Q to Defs.’ Resp.). At multiple points 9 during the protest, officers ordered protestors to keep off the streets. (Id.). The protestors, 10 including Plaintiffs present at the protest, generally complied. (Id.). During the route, officers 11 created a skirmish line based on their concern that the protestors were going to take over 12 Interstate-15.5 (Lt. O’Daniel’s Decl. ¶ 46). At this point, Lt. O’Daniel, upon receiving 13 authorization from the Incident Commander, deployed SWAT. (Id. ¶ 48). 14 Around 7:45pm, police gave dispersal orders to the group of protestors. Plaintiffs allege 15 that they attempted to comply with Metro’s dispersal orders but were trapped. (Driscoll’s Decl. 16 ¶ 18); (Kenady’s Decl. ¶ 7). They “could not go forward over the freeway and could not go 17 backward because police were blocking [them].” (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 31). At this time, SWAT 18 fired multiple projectile chemical irritants at the crowd.6 (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 32); (Ex. 27 to Pls.’ 19 Mots., ECF No. 15-27); (Defs.’ Mots. 15:14–15). None of the Plaintiffs were directly hit but 20 were directly exposed to the chemical irritants. (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 33); (Ex. 27 to Pls.’ Mots.). 21 Plaintiffs present at the protest testify that they had difficulty breathing, their eyes burned and 22

23 5 Lt. O’Daniel and other officers learned from Facebook Live videos that protestors intended to overtake the Interstate-15 on-ramp. (Lt. O’Daniel’s Decl. ¶ 47). This video, combined with the prior incident on May 30, 24 2020 where protestors took over the 95 Freeway, lead Lt. O’Daniel to believe that there was a real concern that protestors would overtake the Interstate-15 on-ramp during the June 13, 2020 protest. (Defs.’ Mots. 15:12–14). 25 6 It is unclear from the video whether SWAT deployed pepperballs or tear gas. (Ex. 27 to Pls.’ Mots., ECF No. 15-27). 1 watered, and some of their personal property was damaged. (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 33); (Kenady’s 2 Decl. ¶ 9); (Martin’s Decl. ¶¶ 52–53, 55); (Molina’s Decl. ¶¶ 29–32). 3 While the crowd moved away from Interstate-15, Driscoll and Molina, as legal 4 observers, took photographs and videos of the police officers from the sidewalk. (Molina’s 5 Decl. ¶ 35). Both asked some officers for their names, but officers, in response, snickered, 6 smiled, and appeared to provide fake names. (Driscoll’s Decl. ¶ 22); (Molina’s Decl. ¶ 36). A 7 few minutes later, officers arrested another man. (Molina’s Decl. ¶ 38). Driscoll and Molina 8 asked the officers for the name of the man who was arrested. (Molina’s Decl. ¶ 38). An officer 9 then pointed to Driscoll and Molina, upon which two officers grabbed and detained them. 10 (Driscoll’s Decl. ¶ 24); (Molina’s Decl. ¶ 39). Both Driscoll and Molina were standing on the 11 sidewalk when they were arrested. (Driscoll’s Decl. ¶ 28); (Molina’s Decl. ¶ 39). Driscoll and 12 Molina were not processed, but they each received citations for failing to walk on a sidewalk 13 where provided, in violation of Nevada Revised Statutes § 484B.297(1). (Register of Actions 14 regarding Driscoll and Molina, Ex. 31 to Pls.’ Mots., ECF No. 15-31). 15 E. July 4, 2020 Protest 16 Plaintiffs Sanchez and Martin attended the July 4, 2020 protest. (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 44); 17 (Martin’s Decl. ¶ 62). They allege that during the course of the protest, Defendants prohibited 18 Plaintiffs and other protestors from lawfully protesting on the sidewalk. (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶¶ 19 46–48). 20 Sanchez and Martin co-organized the protest which was staged in front of South Central 21 Area Command, a Metro police station. (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 44). Protestors mainly stood on the 22 sidewalk. (Id. ¶ 46). At some point, Lieutenant Kurt McKenzie (“McKenzie”) told Sanchez or

23 Martin to move because their items were obstructing the sidewalk. (Id. ¶ 48). Sanchez, Martin, 24 and other protestors moved without incident. (Id.). SWAT was not deployed during this 25 protest. (Defs.’ Resp. 16:1–2). 1 Plaintiffs argue that Metro’s use of chemical irritants during these protests amount to 2 excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment and effectively chill speech in violation 3 of the First Amendment. (Pls.’ Mots. 27:19–25). Alleging that there is no indication that 4 protests or Metro’s use of excessive force will cease, Plaintiffs accordingly seek injunctive 5 relief. (Id. 10:6–9). 6 On September 25, 2020, Plaintiffs filed their Complaint, (ECF No. 1), naming fourteen 7 causes of action, including nine federal claims (for excessive force, violation of First 8 Amendment free speech rights, chilling of free speech rights, retaliation, violation of First 9 Amendment right to assembly, violation of substantive due process rights, and violations of 10 equal protection) and five state law claims (for violation of free speech rights under Article 1, § 11 9 of the Nevada Constitution; excessive force in violation of Article 1, § 18 of the Nevada 12 Constitution; negligent training, supervision, and retention; conversion; and intentional 13 infliction of emotional distress). (Pls. Mots. 11:25–12:3). Plaintiffs now move for preliminary 14 injunctive relief. 15 II. LEGAL STANDARD 16 The same legal standard applies to both temporary restraining orders and preliminary 17 injunctions sought pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65. See Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales 18 Co. v. John D. Brush & Co., 240 F.3d 832, 839 n.7 (9th Cir. 2001) (noting that the analysis 19 applied to temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions is “substantially identical”). 20 A preliminary injunction is “an extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon a clear 21 showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 22 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008). A court may grant such relief only upon a petitioner’s showing of (1)

23 likelihood of success on the merits, (2) likelihood of irreparable harm in the absence of 24 preliminary relief, (3) the balance of equities weighs in petitioner’s favor, and (4) an injunction 25 is in the public interest. Id. at 20. A temporary restraining order is distinguished by its 1 “underlying purpose of preserving the status quo and preventing irreparable harm just so long 2 as is necessary to hold a hearing, and no longer.” Granny Goose Foods, Inc. v. Brotherhood of 3 Teamsters & Auto Truck Drivers Local No. 70, 415 U.S. 423, 439 (1974); see also Fed. R. Civ. 4 P. 65(b) (limiting temporary restraining orders to 14 days unless extended for good cause, and 5 providing for expedited hearings on preliminary injunctions). 6 The Ninth Circuit has held that “serious questions going to the merits and a hardship 7 balance that tips sharply toward the plaintiff can support issuance of an injunction, assuming 8 the other two elements of the Winter test are also met.” Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. 9 Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1132 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). 10 “The urgency of obtaining a preliminary injunction necessitates a prompt determination 11 and makes it difficult to obtain affidavits from persons who would be competent to testify at 12 trial. The trial court may give even inadmissible evidence some weight, when to do so serves 13 the purpose of preventing irreparable harm before trial.” Flynt Distrib. Co., Inc. v. Harvey, 734 14 F.2d 1389, 1394 (9th Cir. 1984) (citing 11 C. Wright and A. Miller, Federal Practice and 15 Procedure, Civil, § 2949 at 471 (1973)). 16 III. DISCUSSION 17 In the instant Motions, Plaintiffs seek a Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary 18 Injunction, following a hearing, on their First and Fourth Amendment claims. (Pls.’ Mots. 19 11:3–15). Specifically, they request the Court to order Metro to follow its own Use of Force 20 Policy and enjoin Metro from engaging in certain crowd control tactics.7 (Id. 11:3–5). While 21 Plaintiffs request injunctive relief as to a multitude of crowd control tactics, Plaintiffs only 22 argue that Metro’s use of chemical agents against crowds of largely peaceful protestors violated

24 7 The Court acknowledges that the parties initially dispute whether Plaintiff seeks a mandatory injunction or a 25 prohibitory injunction. (See Defs.’ Mots. 18:21–21:8); (Pls.’ Mots. 3:22–4:20). Because the Court ultimately finds that Plaintiffs cannot meet their burden under the lower standard for a prohibitory injunction, the Court need not reach a conclusion regarding the nature of the injunction sought. 1 Plaintiffs’ First and Fourth Amendment rights. (Pls.’ Mots. 27:19–25). Accordingly, the Court 2 analyzes Plaintiffs’ request as to Metro’s use of chemical irritants under the four Winter factors 3 and addresses each in turn. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 25 1 A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits 2 As a preliminary matter, the Court finds that Plaintiffs must show a likelihood of success 3 against Defendants under Monell, in addition to showing a likelihood of success on their 4 underlying First and Fourth Amendment claims. See Martinez v. City of Santa Rosa, No. 20- 5 CV-04135-VC, 2020 WL 5074262, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 27, 2020) (denying plaintiffs’ request 6 to enjoin the City of Santa Rosa from using tear gas and projectiles during protests because 7 plaintiffs failed to show a likelihood of success on municipal liability). Plaintiffs request an 8 injunction against Metro, not specific officers, and therefore, must show that Metro’s alleged 9 violations occurred pursuant to a municipal policy or custom. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. 10 of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 690 (1978) (finding that municipal defendants may be held 11 liable on a Section 1983 claim if the action alleged shows a custom of constitutional 12 deprivations). The Court begins with analyzing Plaintiffs’ First Amendment claim. 13 a. First Amendment Claim 14 Plaintiffs argue that there is a likelihood of success on the merits regarding their First 15 Amendment retaliation claim because: (1) Plaintiffs were engaged in a constitutionally 16 protected activity; (2) Defendants’ actions would chill a person of ordinary firmness from 17 continuing to engage in protected activity; and (3) protected activity was a substantial or 18 motivating factor in Defendants’ conduct. (Pls.’ Mots. 27:27–28:5). Defendants do not dispute 19 that protesting is a constitutionally protected activity. (Defs.’ Resp. 30:27–28). Instead, they 20 argue that Defendants’ actions have not chilled individuals from protesting because protests 21 continue to occur throughout Las Vegas and protestors who attended the first few protests 22 continued to attend protests thereafter. (Id. 31:7–10). Defendants further argue that their use of

23 tear gas and other projectiles was not motivated by Plaintiffs’ protests but rather in the interest 24 of maintaining public safety. (Id. 31:17–19). Because Defendants do not contest Plaintiffs’ first 25 argument, the Court turns the remaining elements of Plaintiffs’ First Amendment claim. 1 i. Chilling Effect 2 Plaintiffs claim that Metro’s conduct has chilled Plaintiffs and other protestors from 3 participating in, or working as legal observers at, ongoing Black Lives Matter (“BLM”) protests 4 out of a fear for their safety and frustration with complying with Defendants’ seemingly 5 contradictory orders to disperse. (Pls.’ Mots. 31:25–28). In support of their claim, Plaintiffs 6 allege that Plaintiffs Sanchez, Kenady, and Molina have been chilled from participating in or 7 legally observing future protests. (Id. 32:2–33:19). 8 In analyzing the chilling effect, “the proper inquiry asks whether an official’s acts would 9 chill or silence a person of ordinary firmness from future First Amendment activities.” 10 Mendocino Envtl. Ctr. v. Mendocino Cty., 192 F.3d 1283, 1300 (9th Cir. 1999) (internal 11 quotation marks and citations omitted). “Ordinary firmness” is an objective standard that will 12 not “allow a defendant to escape liability for a First Amendment violation merely because an 13 unusually determined plaintiff persists in his protected activity.” Black Lives Matter Seattle- 14 King Cty., 466 F. Supp. at 1213 (citing to Mendocino Envtl. Ctr., 192 F.3d at 1300). The mere 15 threat of harm, without further action, can have a chilling effect. Id. (citing to Brodheim v. Cry, 16 584 F.3d 1262, 1270 (9th Cir. 2009)). 17 Here, Metro’s use of pepperballs and tear gas to control crowds during the May 30, 2020 18 and June 13, 2020 protests have likely chilled speech. The Court finds that a person of ordinary 19 firmness would likely be chilled from participating in a protest if shot at with pepperballs, tear 20 gas, or other projectiles after peacefully protesting. The Court’s conclusion is further aided by 21 evidence that several of the Plaintiffs were, in fact, chilled from engaging in protected speech. 22 Molina, a legal observer at the June 13, 2020 protest, claims that she has not attended any

23 protests because of her experience at the June 13, 2020 protest where she was exposed to 24 chemical irritants and detained. (Molina’s Decl. ¶ 63). Kenady, a veteran protestor who has 25 attended demonstrations over the past twenty years, also testified that she has “felt chilled from 1 protesting out of frustration with how the police have treated protestors.” (Kenady’s Decl. ¶ 2 11). While she is not afraid, she is “frustrated by the confusion that [the protestors] felt when it 3 was unclear how [they] were supposed to comply with the police’s orders when so many 4 directions were blocked.” (Kenady’s Decl. ¶ 11). These declarations evidence that Metro’s 5 actions have effectively deterred some Plaintiffs from organizing and protesting and, therefore, 6 have actually chilled some Plaintiffs from engaging in their First Amendment rights. 7 Defendants argue their crowd control tactics did not effectively chill speech because 8 many Plaintiffs who attended the first few night of protests where chemical irritants were used 9 continued to attend protests thereafter. (Defs.’ Mots. 31:7–8). Only two Plaintiffs, Sanchez and 10 Martin, continued to attend protests after the May 30, 2020 protest. Sanchez and Martin appear 11 to be more involved than the average protestor—to date, they have organized three out of the 12 four cited protests. (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 4) (Martin’s Decl. ¶ 3). Sanchez and Martin, therefore, 13 may be considered outliers who are “unusually determined [. . .] to persist” in protesting and 14 organizing protests. Mendocino Envtl. Ctr., 192 F.3d at 1300. However, even Sanchez herself 15 has stated that, after the July 4, 2020 protest, she has felt “discouraged from organizing future 16 protests out of fear for how . . . people . . . will be treated by police.” (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 55). 17 Given that the standard for chilling effect is whether Metro’s actions deterred or silenced a 18 person of ordinary firmness from exercising his or her constitutionally protected activity, 19 Plaintiffs have demonstrated from the declarations of Sanchez, Kenady, and Molina that 20 Metro’s use of chemical irritants as a crowd control tactic has likely chilled speech. 21 Additionally, Defendants argue that their actions have not chilled Plaintiffs and other 22 protestors from participating in additional protests because protests continue to occur

23 throughout Las Vegas. (Defs.’ Mots. 31:7–9). Showing the continued existence of protests 24 does not demonstrate that Metro’s conduct has failed to chill or deter individuals of “ordinary 25 firmness” from participating in protests. There is no indication that the individuals continuing 1 to protest are even aware of Metro’s crowd control tactics at issue. (See List of Protests, Ex. C 2 to Defs.’ Resp., ECF No. 25-3). This argument is further contradicted by the fact that Plaintiffs 3 have shown actual chilling, as explained above. For these reasons, the Court finds that 4 Plaintiffs have shown a likelihood of success on the second element of their First Amendment 5 retaliation claim. 6 ii. Motivation for Defendants’ Actions 7 In addition to showing that Defendants’ actions chilled protected speech, Plaintiffs must 8 demonstrate that there is a likelihood of success that Metro’s decision to use chemical irritants 9 was motivated by Plaintiffs’ protected speech. Here, Plaintiffs argue that because Plaintiffs 10 were peaceful, “no other rationale explains Metro’s use of teargas and pepperballs other than 11 that Metro perceived the Plaintiffs and other protestors as threats because of their message 12 about police brutality.” (Pls.’ Mots. 34:27–35:2). Contrary to Plaintiffs’ allegation, Metro 13 alleges legitimate reasons for why it decided to use chemical irritants during the May 30, 2020 14 and June 13, 2020 protest. (Defs.’ Mots. 32:2–11). Regarding the June 13, 2020 protest, Lt. 15 O’Daniel testified that she deployed SWAT due to a valid concern that protestors would 16 overtake the Interstate-15 on-ramp, like they had done during the May 30, 2020 protest. (Lt. 17 O’Daniel’s Decl. ¶ 47). This concern was further validated by Facebook Live videos in which 18 protestors expressed their intent to overtake the Interstate-15 highway. (Id.). Regarding the 19 May 30, 2020 protest, Lt. O’Daniel testified that she deployed SWAT due to protestors’ refusal 20 to obey officer commands and the size of the crowd. (Id. ¶ 29). Lt. O’Daniel’s testimony 21 demonstrates that, unlike Plaintiffs’ allegation, Metro had articulable reasons for using teargas 22 and pepperballs during the two protests. Accordingly, because Defendants allege valid

23 motivations behind Metro’s decision to use chemical irritants during the May 30, 2020 and 24 June 13, 2020 protests, the Court finds that Plaintiffs cannot show a likelihood of success that 25 Metro’s use of chemical irritants was motivated by Plaintiffs’ protected speech. 1 Plaintiffs additionally point to two separate accounts as evidence that Defendants were 2 motivated to use chemical irritants by Plaintiffs’ protesting: (1) Plaintiff Downes-Covington’s 3 detention on June 1, 2020; and (2) Plaintiffs Driscoll’s and Molina’s detentions on June 13, 4 2020. (Pls.’ Replies 9:10–11, ECF No. 30–31). While Plaintiffs allege chilling effect based on 5 Metro’s use of pepperballs and tear gas, Plaintiffs’ claims regarding the motivation behind 6 Metro’s actions concern a separate allegation, namely Metro’s use of force while detaining 7 peaceful protestors. Because these incidents involve qualitatively different forces, they provide 8 low probative value regarding officers’ motivations for using chemical irritants. 9 Because Plaintiffs fail to show that Metro was motivated by Plaintiffs’ protected speech, 10 the Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to meet their burden as to the third element of a First 11 Amendment claim. Accordingly, for these reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to 12 show a likelihood of success on the merits of their First Amendment claim. 13 b. Fourth Amendment Claim 14 Plaintiffs argue that Metro used excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment 15 right against unreasonable seizures by firing chemical irritants during the protests on May 30, 16 2020; June 1, 2020; June 13, 2020; and July 4, 2020.8 (Pls.’ Mots. 35:11–36:23). They argue 17 that the severity of the crime (i.e. citations for failure to walk on sidewalk when provided in 18 violation of Nevada Revised Statutes § 484B.297(1)) and the peacefulness of the protests did 19 not warrant Metro’s use of pepperballs and tear gas. (Id.). Defendants, in their Responses, 20 argue the following: (1) Plaintiffs overgeneralize the Fourth Amendment claims such that they 21 cannot meet their burden to show that each use of force was excessive; and (2) Metro’s use of 22

24 8 The Court limits its analysis to the May 30, 2020 protest and June 13, 2020 protest because: (1) Plaintiffs fail to 25 rebut Defendants’ allegation that Metro was not involved in deploying chemical irritants against Plaintiff Downes-Covington on June 1, 2020; and (2) Plaintiffs do not allege that Metro used pepperballs, tear gas and other chemical irritants during the July 4, 2020 protest. 1 force against Plaintiffs was minimal, and thereby, reasonable in light of the unruly and violent 2 crowds during the protests. (Defs.’ Resp. 23:23–25:9). 3 Excessive force claims are analyzed under the objective reasonableness standard of the 4 Fourth Amendment. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989). “Determining whether the 5 force used to effect a particular seizure is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment requires a 6 careful balancing of the nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual’s Fourth 7 Amendment interests against the countervailing governmental interests at stake.” Velazquez v. 8 City of Long Beach, 793 F.3d 1010, 1024 (9th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks and 9 citations omitted). 10 In assessing the reasonableness of force used, the Ninth Circuit examines “the Graham 11 factors” (Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989)), including “the ‘severity of the crime at 12 issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and 13 whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.’” Velazquez, 793 14 F.3d at 1025 (quoting Graham, 490 U.S. at 396). The reasonableness of an officer’s conduct 15 must be assessed “from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene,” recognizing the 16 fact that the officer may be “forced to make split-second judgments” under stressful and 17 dangerous conditions. Graham, 490 U.S. at 396–97. 18 Plaintiffs allege that Metro unlawfully deployed pepperballs and tear gas in three 19 different protests—May 30, 2020; June 1, 2020; and June 13, 2020. (Pls.’ Mots. 15:13–15, 20 16:13–14, 18:1–3, 22:14–16). The incidents of the June 13, 2020 protest suggest that, in at 21 least one protest, Metro excessively used force by deploying pepperballs and/or tear gas at non- 22 violent protestors. In a video documenting the event, protestors are seen retreating from a tank

23 flanked by two officers saying, “This area is closed. You are on private property. Leave this 24 area now. This street is closed.” (Ex. 27 to Pls.’ Mots.). Lt. O’Daniel claims that protestors 25 refused to comply with Metro’s dispersal order, which prompted her to deploy SWAT. (Lt. 1 O’Daniel’s Decl. ¶¶ 46–48). Plaintiffs allege that they were blocked: “they could not go 2 forward over the freeway and could not go backward because police were blocking [them].” 3 (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶ 31); (see also Driscoll’s Decl. ¶ 18); (see also Kenady’s Decl. ¶ 7). While 4 the timing of this video is unclear, it appears that, at the time the video was taken, protestors 5 were complying with Metro’s dispersal orders to move away from the Interstate-15 highway. 6 (Video titled BLM-TRO133, Ex. 24 to Pls.’ Mots.). Protestors, in the video, are seen retreating 7 away from the Interstate-15 on-ramp, mostly walking on the sidewalk, although due to the size 8 of the crowd, some trickle onto the street where other officers are stationed. (Id.). While 9 retreating, officers by the tank are seen firing some chemical irritant,9 as seen by hearing 10 various pop noises. (Id.). None of the Plaintiffs were directly hit, but they suffered from 11 exposure to the pepperballs. (Pls.’ Mots. 22:24–26). 12 Analyzing the Graham factors, the severity of the crime, here, appears to be minimal. 13 Some protestors violated NRS § 484B.297(1) by failing to stay on the sidewalk. At the time 14 the video was taken, protestors were retreating away from the on-ramp, in compliance with 15 Metro’s dispersal orders. (Video titled BLM-TRO133, Ex. 24 to Pls.’ Mots.). Furthermore, 16 none of the protestors appeared to pose an immediate threat. (Id.). Some protestors raised their 17 hands in a sign of peace while retreating from the officers. (Id.). While Defendants claim that 18 protestors threatened to overtake the highway on-ramp, the video suggests that the protestors, 19 during the 50-second video, complied with Metro’s dispersal orders and retreated away from 20 the highway on-ramp. Although Plaintiffs were not directly hit, Plaintiffs testified that their 21 eyes burned, some had difficulty breathing and some of their personal property was damaged, 22 as seen in the video. (Sanchez’s Decl. ¶33); (Kenady’s Decl. ¶ 9); (Martin’s Decl. ¶ 52–53);

23 (Molina’s Decl ¶¶ 29–32). Metro’s use of pepperballs on retreating and seemingly compliant 24 protestors appears unreasonable in light of the minimal threat the protestors posed. 25 9 It is unclear whether the irritants are tear gas cannisters or pepperballs. 1 Defendants argue that Plaintiffs and other protestors present at the June 13, 2020 2 protests were not “seized” for purposes of the Fourth Amendment and therefore, cannot claim 3 that Metro used excessive force against them. (Defs. Mots. 25:13–17). Even though the 4 Plaintiffs were not directly hit by pepperballs or tear gas, Plaintiffs were still “seized” for 5 purposes of the Fourth Amendment. See Rodriguez, 819 F. Supp. 2d at 946 (finding that a 6 subject “can . . . be seized for Fourth Amendment purposes if that person was the deliberate 7 object of the excursion of force intended to terminate the freedom of movement”). It does not 8 appear that Metro hit any of the Plaintiffs or protestors present at the June 13, 2020. Plaintiffs 9 also admit this. (Pls.’ Replies 7:13–14). Nevertheless, the Metro’s formation at the incident— 10 with two officers and a tank corralling the protestors away from the on-ramp and two or more 11 officers blocking the street—suggests that protestors were seized when Metro pushed the 12 protestors away from the Interstate-15 on-ramp. (See Ex. 24 to Pls.’ Mots.); see also Nelson v. 13 City of Davis, 685 F.3d 867, 875 (9th Cir. 2012) (finding that “a person is seized . . . when the 14 officer by means of physical force or show of authority terminates or restrains his freedom of 15 movement through means intentionally applied”). Given that the standard for injunctive relief 16 is a likelihood of success, the Court finds that the video evidence from the June 13, 2020 17 incident coupled with the various declarations by the Plaintiffs present at the protest suggest 18 that Plaintiffs have met their burden as to the elements of a Fourth Amendment claim. 19 c. Monell Liability 20 Defendants argue that Plaintiffs cannot demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits 21 against Metro under Monell because: (1) Plaintiffs did not address the Monell issue in their 22 Motions; and (2) Plaintiffs’ requested relief, specifically that the Court order Metro to comply

23 with its own Policy, is effectively an admission that Metro’s Use of Force Policy is 24 constitutional. (Defs.’ Resp. 23:15–21). Plaintiffs, in their Reply, argue that Metro’s actions 25 1 demonstrate that Metro does not follow its own policy, evidencing instead a custom of 2 unconstitutional conduct. (Pls.’ Replies 6:4–8). 3 To bring a claim for deprivation of a constitutional right by a municipality, a plaintiff 4 must establish: “(1) that he possessed a constitutional right of which he was deprived; (2) that 5 the municipality had a policy; (3) that this policy ‘amounts to deliberate indifference’ to the 6 [P]laintiff’s constitutional right; and (4) that the policy is the ‘moving force behind the 7 constitutional violation.’” Oviatt By & Through Waugh v. Pearce, 954 F.2d 1470, 1474 (9th 8 Cir. 1992) (citing City of Canton, Ohio v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 389–91 (1989)); Monell, 436 9 U.S. at 690 (1978). However, if a plaintiff’s Monell claim is not based on a formal rule, 10 regulation or policy, the plaintiff must demonstrate that “[t]he custom [is] so persistent and 11 widespread that it constitutes a permanent and well settled city policy.” Trevino v. Gates, 99 12 F.3d 911, 918 (9th Cir. 1996); see also Monell, 436 U.S. at 690–91 (finding that “local 13 governments . . . may be sued for constitutional deprivations . . . pursuant to governmental 14 ‘custom’ even though such a custom has not received formal approval through the body's 15 official decision making channels”). 16 In this case, for Plaintiffs to obtain injunctive relief against Metro, Plaintiffs must also 17 demonstrate a likelihood of success that the officers were acting pursuant to an official policy 18 or custom. See Martinez v. City of Santa Rosa, No. 20-CV-04135-VC, 2020 WL 5074262, at *2 19 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 27, 2020) (holding that plaintiffs, in seeking injunctive relief against a 20 municipal defendant, must also address their likelihood of success on a Monell claim). 21 Specifically, regarding the remaining Fourth Amendment claim, Plaintiffs must demonstrate 22 that Metro had a policy or custom of firing tear gas and projectiles into a peaceful crowd.

23 Regarding the First Amendment claim, Plaintiffs must demonstrate that Metro had a policy or 24 custom of retaliating against protestors in a constitutionally protected activity. 25 1 Here, Plaintiffs appear to only address the Fourth Amendment claim.10 Plaintiffs, in 2 their Replies, suggest that Metro’s decision to fire tear gas and projectiles into the crowd was 3 pursuant to an unconstitutional custom of shooting pepperballs at non-violent people and 4 exposing non-threatening individuals to chemical irritants. (Pls.’ Replies 6:6–8). In support of 5 their claim, Plaintiffs point to two instances: (1) Metro shooting pepperballs at O’Brien during 6 the May 30, 2020 protest and (2) Metro exposing Driscoll, Martin, Molina, and Sanchez to 7 chemical irritants. (Id.). While it is unclear whether there is an official policy or custom 8 motivating the alleged constitutional violations, the video and testimonial evidence presented 9 by Plaintiffs suggest that, at least on two occasions, police fired pepperballs at non-violent 10 protestors. See Breathe v. City of Detroit, No. 20-12363, 2020 WL 5269789, at *5 (E.D. Mich. 11 Sept. 4, 2020) (finding that one instance of an alleged constitutional violation was sufficient for 12 Plaintiff to show a likelihood of success on the merits regarding Monell liability). 13 Regarding the first encounter on May 30, 2020, declarations by O’Brien, Sanchez, and 14 Martin suggest that Metro fired pepperballs on non-violent protestors. As to O’Brien, Metro 15 shot projectiles at him while he observed the May 30, 2020 protest as a legal protestor. 16 (O’Brien’s Decl. ¶¶ 4–5, 17–19). Metro, Defendants argue, fired projectiles in an effort to gain 17 control over an unruly crowd and O’Brien was unfortunately caught in the chaos. (Defs.’ Mots. 18 12:26–27). The videos documenting the May 30, 2020 protest show a large crowd of protestors 19

20 10 Plaintiffs, in their Replies, argue that Metro’s Use of Force Policy, while constitutional, “is only effective if [it 21 is] enforced and followed.” (Pls.’ Replies 6:1–8). This argument appears to solely address Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment claim. Plaintiffs otherwise fail to argue that Metro followed a custom or policy of retaliating 22 against protestors for their protected speech in their Motions and Replies. Accordingly, because Plaintiffs only discuss Metro’s practice as to a Fourth Amendment violation in their briefings, the Court finds that Plaintiffs fail 23 to show a likelihood of success on a Monell claim as to the First Amendment.

24 Even assuming Plaintiffs provided evidence in support of their Monell claim elsewhere in their briefing, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have otherwise failed to demonstrate a pattern or practice as to their First Amendment 25 claim based on the claims alleged. As explained, Plaintiffs cannot demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits of a First Amendment claim. As such, the Court finds that Plaintiffs also cannot demonstrate a pattern or practice of Metro’s First Amendment violations. 1 at the Container Park, with most protestors organizing on the sidewalk and some overflowing 2 onto the streets due to the size of the crowd. (Exs. E–G to Defs.’ Resp.). There is no strong 3 showing from the videos that the crowd on May 30, 2020 was violent or combative. (See id.). 4 Perhaps most probative, Metro appeared to again shoot projectiles with chemical 5 irritants at protestors retreating from the police during the June 13, 2020 protest. (Video titled 6 BLM-TRO133, Ex. 24 to Pls.’ Mots.). While Metro may have been justified in using 7 pepperballs or tear gas in O’Brien’s vicinity to control the chaotic crowd, the video and 8 testimonial evidence demonstrates that, at least on May 30, 2020 and June 13, 2020, Metro 9 police failed to follow their Policy when they used tear gas and pepperballs on other non- 10 violent individuals. Because Plaintiffs must show a likelihood of success that Metro is liable 11 under Monell, the Court finds that these two occasions suggest that Plaintiffs have shown a 12 likelihood of success in demonstrating that Metro followed a pattern or practice of 13 unconstitutional conduct as to their Fourth Amendment claim. 14 B. Irreparable Harm 15 In addition to showing a likelihood of success on the merits, Plaintiffs must also 16 establish that they will likely suffer irreparable harm without the issuance of injunctive relief. 17 Winter, 555 U.S. at 21. Plaintiffs must “demonstrate a likelihood of irreparable injury—not 18 just a possibility—in order to obtain preliminary relief.” Id. The movement “must show that 19 the harm is certain and great and of such imminence that there is a clear and present need for 20 equitable relief.” Novus Franchising, Inc. v. Dawson, 725 F.3d 885, 895 (8th Cir. 2013) 21 (internal quotation marks omitted). Issuing a preliminary injunction based only on a possibility 22 of irreparable harm is inconsistent with [the Supreme Court’s] characterization of injunctive

23 relief as an extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon a clear showing that the 24 plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 22 (citing Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 25 U.S. 968, 972 (1997)). Plaintiffs here argue that they have already suffered irreparable harm to 1 their First and Fourth Amendment rights and such harm is likely to continue without granted 2 relief. (Pls.’ Mots. 39:14–16). In response, Defendants primarily claim that Plaintiffs cannot 3 show irreparable harm because Metro recently revised their guidelines to better address the use 4 of force during protests and protests continue to occur throughout Las Vegas without incident. 5 (Defs.’ Mots. 34:4–35:21). The Court first discusses Plaintiffs’ irreparable harm as to their 6 First Amendment right. 7 a. First Amendment Claim 8 “The loss of First Amendment freedoms, for even minimal periods of time, 9 unquestionably constitutes irreparable injury.” Elrod v. Burns, 427 U.S. 347, 373 (1976) 10 (plurality). “[U]nder the law of this circuit, a party seeking preliminary injunctive relief in a 11 First Amendment context can establish irreparable injury sufficient to merit the grant of relief 12 by demonstrating the existence of a colorable First Amendment claim.” Warsoldier v. 13 Woodford, 418 F.3d 989, 1001–02 (9th Cir. 2005) (quotation marks omitted). Here, Plaintiffs 14 have failed to demonstrate the existence of a colorable First Amendment claim—both regarding 15 the merits and Monell liability. Despite the fact that the loss of First Amendment freedoms is 16 considered an irreparable injury as a matter of law, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have failed to 17 demonstrate irreparable injury as to their First Amendment claim because Plaintiffs have failed 18 to demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits. 19 b. Fourth Amendment Claim 20 Unlike the First Amendment claim, courts have not held that Fourth Amendment 21 deprivations are irreparable injuries as a matter of law. Pub. Serv. Co. of New Hampshire v. 22 Town of W. Newbury, 835 F.2d 380, 382 (1st Cir. 1987) (noting that cases in which the alleged

23 deprivation of constitutional right constitutes irreparable harm, “are almost entirely restricted to 24 cases involving alleged infringements of free speech, association, privacy or other rights as to 25 which the temporary deprivation is viewed of such qualitative importance as to be irremediable 1 by any subsequent relief”). To demonstrate irreparable injury as to their Fourth Amendment 2 injury here, Plaintiffs must demonstrate a likelihood, not a mere possibility, of future 3 irreparable injury of the same character. Winter, 555 U.S. at 21. 4 Here, Plaintiffs moved for a Temporary Restraining Order on November 18, 2020. 5 While Plaintiffs allege that “peaceful protests in Las Vegas . . . are ongoing and show no sign 6 of ending,” Plaintiffs fail to provide sufficient evidence to support this claim. (Pls.’ Mots. 39:3– 7 5). Defendants provided a log of protests (with the most recent protest on December 2, 2020); 8 however, these protests have largely been peaceful. (See List of Protests at 10). Plaintiffs point 9 to the protest on September 23, 2020 to show that protests have continued in Las Vegas through 10 the summer and into the fall. (Pls.’ Mots. 10:7). There is, however, no indication that Metro 11 deployed similar tactics at the September 23, 2020 protest. (Las Vegas Review-Journal Article 12 dated September 23, 2020, Ex. 8 to Pls.’ Mots., ECF No. 15-8). Plaintiffs fail to show that 13 Metro has used any of the conduct that they seek to enjoin since May 30, 2020 and further, fail 14 to allege facts that plausibly demonstrate that these events will likely occur imminently. 15 Plaintiffs request that this Court follow the decisions in three similar cases where courts 16 found irreparable harm and enjoined the police’s use of certain crowd control tactics in 17 Washington, Oregon, and Colorado. See Black Lives Matter Seattle-King Cty., 466 F. Supp. at 18 1214; see also Don’t Shoot Portland v. City of Portland, 465 F. Supp. 3d 1150 (D. Or. 2020); 19 see also Abay v. City of Denver, 445 F. Supp. 1286 (D. Colo. 2020). In all three cases, the 20 plaintiffs sought injunctive relief while protests were ongoing during the height of protests after 21 the killing of George Floyd. Courts there decided to grant injunctive relief in light of these 22 protests in June 2020, issuing their orders within the span of one week.11 While these cases

23 24 25 11 The Court issued their decisions in Black Lives Matter Seattle-King Country on June 12, 2020; Don’t Shoot Portland on June 9, 2020; and Abay on June 5, 2020. 1 allege similar facts to those at issue here, the context in which courts granted injunctive relief in 2 June 2020 differ from the context in this case. 3 While Plaintiffs may face the same harm in the future, there is no showing that Plaintiffs 4 will likely suffer irreparable harm now without injunctive relief. There is a possibility that 5 another protest may occur in the coming weeks and that such protests could uncharacteristically 6 require Metro to use its alleged crowd control tactics. However, showing a mere possibility of 7 irreparable injury is insufficient. See Winter, 555 U.S. at 22 (citing Mazurek, 520 U.S. at 972). 8 Because demonstrating a mere possibility is insufficient to obtain preliminary relief, the Court 9 finds that Plaintiffs have not met their burden in showing irreparable harm as to their Fourth 10 Amendment claim.12 11 C. Balance of Hardships and Public Interest 12 When the government is a party, the last two factors for injunctive relief merge. Drakes 13 Bay Oyster Co. v. Jewell, 747 F.3d 1073, 1092 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 14 418, 435, 129 S.Ct. 1749, 173 L.Ed.2d 550 (2009)). In support of their request for injunctive 15 relief, Plaintiffs claim that the risk of harm to Plaintiffs and the public significantly outweighs 16 the harm to Defendants. (Pls.’ Mots. 40:22–28). Defendants contest that there is a strong public 17 interest in maintaining order and public safety. (Defs.’ Resp. 36:6–7). 18 Regarding the balance of hardships, “courts must weigh ‘the competing claims of injury 19 and . . . consider the effect on each party of the granting or withholding of the requested 20 relief.’” See Moroccanoil, Inc. v. Zotos Int’l, Inc., 230 F. Supp.3d 1161, 1178 (C.D. Cal. 2017) 21 (quoting Amoco Prod. Co. v. Village of Gambell, AK, 480 U.S. 531, 542 (1987)). As to public 22 interest, “it is always in the public interest to prevent the violation of a party’s constitutional

23 24 25 12 Defendants also argue that because Metro revised its policies on September 15, 2020, Plaintiffs cannot show irreparable harm. (Defs.’ Motions. 34:4–24). Because the Court already finds that Plaintiffs cannot met their burden in showing irreparable harm, the Court declines to address Defendants’ additional argument. 1 rights.” Melendres v. Arpaio, 695 F.3d 990, 1002 (9th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks 2 omitted). 3 Defendants admit that there is a strong interest in preserving the right of peaceful 4 assembly. (Defs.’ Resp. 36:3). However, they argue that Plaintiffs fail to consider other 5 interests, including the safety of officers and the public. (Id. 5–9). While many individuals 6 (including Plaintiffs) peacefully protested, others attempted to take over the city’s main 7 highways, impeded roadways, blocked traffic, and looted businesses. (Id. 25–27). Plaintiffs, 8 however, assert a strong public interest: “it is always in the public interest to prevent the 9 violation of a party's constitutional rights.” Padilla v. Immigration & Customs Enf’t, 953 F.3d 10 1134, 1147–48 (9th Cir. 2020). On balance, Plaintiffs’ requested relief appears tailored to 11 stopping Metro’s use of crowd control methods on peaceful protestors. Plaintiffs do not request 12 injunctive relief to broadly ban Metro’s crowd control tactics. Their request limits Metro’s use 13 such that the safety of the protestors and the officers can both be achieved. If relief were 14 granted, Metro would not be enjoined from employing other uses of force to protect against 15 looting, property damage or other threats to public and officer safety. Given the public interest 16 at stake and the minimal restrictions Plaintiffs’ request entails, the Court finds that the balance 17 of factors weighs in favor of the Plaintiffs. 18 However, although the balance of hardships and public interest favor Plaintiffs, the 19 Court ultimately finds that Plaintiffs have not met their burden as to their First Amendment and 20 Fourth Amendment claims. Regarding their First Amendment claim, Plaintiffs fail to show the 21 likelihood of success for Metro’s liability under Monell and for Plaintiffs’ underlying First 22 Amendment claim. Specifically, Plaintiffs cannot show that Metro’s use of chemical irritants

23 was motivated by Plaintiffs’ protected speech. Because Plaintiffs fail to demonstrate success 24 on the underlying merits of their First Amendment claim, Plaintiffs accordingly cannot 25 demonstrate Metro’s liability under Monell. As to their Fourth Amendment claim, Plaintiffs 1 fail to show a likelihood of irreparable harm in light of Metro’s excessive crowd control tactics. 2 For these reasons, the Court denies Plaintiffs’ request for a Temporary Restraining Order and 3 Preliminary Injunction. 4 IV. CONCLUSION 5 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ Motion for Temporary Restraining Order 6 and Preliminary Injunction, (ECF Nos. 15, 16), are DENIED. 7 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to File Excess Pages, 8 (ECF No. 14), and Defendants’ Motion for Leave to File Excess Pages, (ECF No. 23), are 9 GRANTED nunc pro tunc. 10 DATED this __1_7__ day of December, 2020. 11 12 ___________________________________ Gloria M. Navarro, District Judge 13 United States District Court 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25