[Cite as Dovetail Energy, L.L.C. v. Bath Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 2022-Ohio-92.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT GREENE COUNTY
DOVETAIL ENERGY, LLC, et al. : : Appellees : Appellate Case No. 2021-CA-15 : v. : Trial Court Case Nos. 2020-CV-198 : 2020-CV-199 BATH TOWNSHIP BOARD OF : 2020-CV-200 ZONING APPEALS, et al. : : (Civil Appeal from Appellants : Common Pleas Court)
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OPINION
Rendered on the 14th day of January, 2022.
CATHERINE ANN CUNNINGHAM, Atty. Reg. No. 0015730, 65 East State Street, Suite 1800, Columbus, Ohio 43215 and N. TREVOR ALEXANDER, Atty. Reg. No. 0080713, 41 South High Street, Suite 2600, Columbus, Ohio 43215 Attorneys for Appellees Dovetail Energy, LLC and Renergy, Inc.
JACK A. VAN KLEY, Atty. Reg. No. 0016961, 132 Northwoods Boulevard, Suite C-1, Columbus, Ohio 43235 Attorney for Appellees Pitstick Renewable Energy, LLC, Thomas V. and D. Lynne Pitstick
L. MICHAEL BLY, Atty. Reg. No. 0042074 & MATTHEW S. HAUER, Atty. Reg. No. 0099596, 2700 Stratacache Tower, Dayton, Ohio 45423 Attorneys for Appellants
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EPLEY, J.
{¶ 1} Appellants, the Bath Township Board of Zoning Appeals, Bath Township, and
the Bath Township zoning inspector (collectively, the BZA), appeal from a judgment of
the Greene County Court of Common Pleas which determined that the biodigester facility
owned by Appellee, Dovetail Energy, LLC, was not subject to township zoning regulations
because it was a public utility pursuant to R.C. 519.211(A). For the reasons that follow,
the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.
I. Facts and Procedural History
Dovetail’s Facility
{¶ 2} Dovetail, a renewable energy company, owns and operates an anaerobic
digestion facility in Bath Township. The operation, which processes solid waste materials
and turns them into electric energy and fertilizer, is located on a parcel of land owned by
Thomas and Lynne Pitstick and their corporate entity, Pitstick Renewable Energy, LLC.
The parcel in question is surrounded by other Pitstick-owned land that is used for farming.
The farming operations on the neighboring properties include a hog farm with a capacity
of nearly 5,000 swine, a nursery, and cropland which grows corn, wheat, and soybeans
on a rotating basis.
{¶ 3} While the process by which the biodigester works is a complex one, we think
it can be distilled down to the following: the Pitstick hog farm provides Dovetail with
millions of gallons of manure and other solid waste products, which are stored in giant,
underground holding tanks. The waste is then processed by bacteria in the digester to
produce methane gas, and Dovetail uses the methane to produce electrical energy. Once
the methane is removed, Dovetail treats the remaining material, called “effluent,” to turn -3-
it into fertilizer, which is stored on the property until it is provided to farmers for crop
production.
{¶ 4} A small portion of the electricity produced by the Dovetail biodigester is used
to power the Pitstick farm and adjacent fields; the farm’s sole source of electricity is the
biodigester. Most of the electricity produced, however, is sold by Dovetail to the PJM
regional wholesale electric grid. This regional transmission organization is responsible for
powering 12 states ranging from Illinois in the west to New Jersey in the east. In addition
to the agreement with PJM, Dovetail also has an interconnection agreement with Ohio
Edison.
Procedural History
{¶ 5} In 2013, Bath Township issued a zoning certification of agricultural exemption
for an anaerobic digestion facility to be built on the Pitstick property. The building process
took time, but by 2015, Dovetail began operations. In 2016, Bath Township issued a
second zoning certification of agricultural exemption for improvements to the biodigester.
It does not appear that the agricultural exemptions have been formally revoked.
{¶ 6} Soon after the Dovetail facility was completed, Bath Township began to get
complaints about the noxious odor coming from the property and the increase of traffic
due to trucks hauling solid waste to and from the facility. According to the record, residents
living a mile away from Dovetail were affected by the smell.
{¶ 7} On September 6, 2019, the Pitsticks were informed that the activity on their
property appeared to be in violation of R.C. 519.21(C)(2), R.C. 5713.30(A)(b), and Bath
Township zoning resolutions. The notice informed them that “[t]he property is zoned
agricultural and the current use of the existing biodigester facility has been determined to -4-
be an industrial use[.]” A similar violation notice was sent to Dovetail that same day. Both
the Pitsticks and Dovetail filed appeals with the BZA. They argued that the property was
exempt from zoning resolutions under R.C. 519.21(A) because the structures on the
property were agricultural in nature, and that it was exempt pursuant to R.C. 519.211(A)
because the property and buildings on it were used by a public utility for the generation
of electric power.
{¶ 8} Dovetail was then informed on September 25, 2019, that Bath Township had
rejected its proposal to build two new fertilizer storage ponds. The township reasoned
that the ponds did not fall under the agricultural use exception. In its BZA appeal, Dovetail
argued twofold: the property was being used for agricultural purposes and it was a public
utility. It further asserted that the decision was an unconstitutional taking.
{¶ 9} The appeals from Dovetail and the Pisticks were consolidated into a single
public hearing on February 13, 2020. The proceeding included several exhibits and
testimony from John Bentine, an expert who testified on behalf of Dovetail. Bentine
testified that the Dovetail facility should qualify as a public utility and be immune from Bath
Township zoning. Bath Township called Jacob Barnes to testify that the land and facility
in question should not be eligible for the agricultural exception. Barnes did not, however,
form an opinion about whether the Dovetail facility was a public utility. The BZA granted
leave for the parties to file proposed findings of fact and closing arguments, and the
parties submitted a document entitled “Joint Stipulated Findings of Fact” (“Stipulation”) on
February 24, 2020.
{¶ 10} Ultimately, the BZA affirmed the decisions of the Bath Township zoning
authority “with respect to their determination regarding the current and proposed uses of -5-
properties subject to the Appeals and affirms the appealed zoning decisions in their
entirety.” Specifically, the BZA determined that, notwithstanding the prior approvals, the
land, in its current use, was not agricultural in nature. The BZA did not consider the issue
of whether Dovetail was a public utility because it did not believe it held the authority to
do so. It asserted that it had only been called upon to determine whether the existing use
of the property constituted an agricultural use.
{¶ 11} Dovetail appealed the BZA’s decision to the Greene County Court of
Common Pleas pursuant to R.C. 2506.01. The trial court reversed, finding that the
decision of the BZA was not supported by a preponderance of the evidence; that
Dovetail’s current and proposed land use and structures qualified as public utilities,
making them exempt from Bath Township zoning; and that the agricultural exemption
issue was moot. The trial court then remanded the cases back to the BZA to vacate the
notices of violation and to grant Dovetail’s request for a certificate of exemption.
{¶ 12} Bath Township has appeals, raising three assignments of error.
II. Remand to the BZA was not required
{¶ 13} In its first assignment of error, Bath Township argues that the trial court
erred by not remanding the case to the BZA to allow the Township to make arguments
that the Dovetail facility was not a public utility. Dovetail, on the other hand, asserts that
the trial court was not required to remand the matter for a hearing. Based on the plain
language of the statute, we agree with Dovetail.
{¶ 14} When an appellate court reviews a decision by the common pleas court
regarding an agency order, the appellate court utilizes two distinct standards of review.
On a question of fact, our review is limited to an abuse of discretion. Key Ads, Inc. v. -6-
Dayton Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 2014-Ohio-4961, 23 N.E.3d 266, ¶ 13 (2d Dist.). On a
question of law, however, the review is de novo. Id., citing Ohio Dept. of Commerce, Div.
of Real Estate v. DePugh, 129 Ohio App.3d 255, 261, 717 N.E.2d 763 (4th Dist.1998). In
this case, since we are reviewing the interpretation of statutes, the proper standard of
review is de novo. See Dayton v. Johnson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 29057, 2021-Ohio-
3519, ¶ 25 (“The interpretation of a statute is a question of law, which we review de
novo.”).
{¶ 15} R.C. Chapter 2506 governs appeals to the common pleas court from
administrative agencies, like the BZA. “If an appeal is taken in relation to a * * * decision
[of the agency], * * * the court may find that the * * * decision is unconstitutional, illegal,
arbitrary, capricious, unreasonable, or unsupported by the preponderance of substantial,
reliable, and probative evidence on the whole record. Consistent with those findings, the
court may affirm, reverse, vacate, or modify the * * * decision, or remand the cause to the
[agency] with instructions[.]” R.C. 2506.04.
{¶ 16} The plain language of the statute gives the trial court options. If it finds the
decision of the agency to be incorrect, the trial court can either reverse, vacate, or modify
the decision on its own, or send the case back to the agency with further instructions. In
this case, based on the information in the record before it, the trial court determined that
the Dovetail facility was a public utility under R.C. 519.211 and that it did not need to
remand the case to the BZA for further arguments. It simply reversed the decision of the
BZA, as was its prerogative under R.C. 2506.04.
{¶ 17} Nevertheless, Bath Township asserts that the case should be remanded to
the BZA for further arguments. It reasons that it was not given an opportunity to retain an -7-
expert to refute the contention that Dovetail’s facility was a public utility because the
argument was presented for the first time at the BZA hearing. Bath Township’s contention
that it was caught off-guard at the BZA hearing by Dovetail’s claim that its facility was a
public utility is simply not borne out by the record. Dovetail, in its September 26, 2019
Notice of Appeal, argued that “[t]he property is exempt from the Resolution pursuant to
R.C. 519.211(A), because the Property and the buildings and structures on the Property
are used by a public utility for the generation of electricity.” Notice of Appeal at 1. Bath
Township could have retained an expert to refute the one Dovetail presented – it just did
not.
{¶ 18} Bath Township also cites several cases to bolster its position that the trial
court was “required to remand the matter to the BZA for a hearing on the public utility
exemption issue.” Appellants’ Brief at 11. These cases, though, use language that
confirms the trial court may remand to the agency for further proceedings, but is not
required to do so.. For instance, State ex rel. Chagrin Falls v. Geauga Cty. Bd. of Commrs,
96 Ohio St.3d 400, 2002-Ohio-4906, 775 N.E.2d 512, ¶ 8, verifies that “common pleas
courts have authority in R.C. Chapter 2506 administrative appeals to remand for further
proceedings, including a new hearing.” There is no dispute that the trial court can remand;
it just does not have to.
{¶ 19} We overrule Bath Township’s first assignment of error and hold that R.C.
2506.04 permits a trial court hearing an appeal from a BZA decision to remand the case
to the agency for further proceedings but does not require it.
III. Dovetail’s facility is a public utility
{¶ 20} In its second assignment of error, Bath Township argues that the trial court -8-
erred in finding that Dovetail is exempt from township zoning regulations as a public utility
under R.C. 519.211.
{¶ 21} There is no dispute that R.C. 519.211 restricts the zoning authority of
townships over public utilities. The statute states:
Except as otherwise provided in division (B) or (C) of this section, sections
519.02 to 519.25 of the Revised Code confer no power on any board of
township trustees or board of zoning appeals in respect to the location,
erection, construction, reconstruction, change, alteration, maintenance,
removal, use, or enlargement of any buildings or structures of any public
utility or railroad, whether publicly or privately owned, or the use of land by
any public utility or railroad, for the operation of its business.
R.C. 519.211(A). See Campanelli v. AT&T Wireless Servs., Inc., 85 Ohio St.3d 103, 107,
706 N.E.2d 1267 (1999) (R.C. 519.211 “was intended to exempt public utilities providers
from regulation by township zoning boards and boards of zoning appeals”). What qualifies
as a “public utility,” though, is not as clear, because the legislature did not define the term
insofar as it relates to R.C. 519.211. Because of this, Ohio courts have had to flesh out
the defining characteristics.
{¶ 22} The Ohio Supreme Court has held that “public utilities possess certain
common attributes or characteristics which courts employ in determining the nature of an
entity’s operations. The * * * most important attribute of a public utility is a devotion of an
essential good or service to the general public which has a legal right to demand or
receive this good or service.” A & B Refuse Disposers, Inc. v. Ravenna Twp. Bd. of
Trustees, 64 Ohio St.3d 385, 389, 596 N.E.2d 423 (1992). Moreover, “an entity may be -9-
characterized as a public utility if the nature of its operation is a matter of public concern,
and membership is indiscriminately and reasonably made available to the general public.”
Marano v. Gibbs, 45 Ohio St.3d 310, 311, 544 N.E.2d 635 (1989).
{¶ 23} The determination of whether an entity is a public utility for the purpose of
exemption from zoning restrictions “requires consideration of several factors related to
the ‘public service’ and ‘public concern’ characteristics of a public utility. It follows that a
business claiming public utility status bears the burden of offering sufficient evidence on
these factors[.]” A & B Refuse Disposers at 389. The determination is a mixed question
of law and fact. Id. at 387.
Public Service
{¶ 24} An entity provides a public service if it (1) provides essential goods or
services to the public which has a legal right to demand or receive them; (2) provides the
goods or services to the public indiscriminately and reasonably; and (3) the obligation to
provide the goods or services cannot be arbitrarily or unreasonably withdrawn. Id; see
also Westfield Twp. Zoning Inspector v. Emerald Bioenergy, LLC, 5th Dist. Morrow No.
2021 CA 0001, 2021-Ohio-3843, ¶ 40. There can be little doubt that electricity is a good
or service.
{¶ 25} The parties stipulated that Dovetail “takes biologically derived and treated
fuel sources * * * and converts them into electricity * * * for consumption by the public.”
Stipulation, ¶ 37. It also “provides wholesale electrical generation services to the
wholesale electric grid” by selling energy generated into the PJM wholesale energy
market. Stipulation, ¶ 34. Dovetail’s energy is used by PJM to provide energy to local
utilities who serve customers, even those in Bath Township. Stipulation, ¶ 35. In fact, 81% -10-
of the energy created by the biodigester is provided to the PJM wholesale market.
Stipulation, ¶ 34. At full capacity, Dovetail can provide electricity to approximately 1,000
homes. Stipulation, ¶ 25.
{¶ 26} Bath Township also admits that Dovetail “indiscriminately provides
renewable energy credits through its PUCO renewable energy resource certification,” and
its operations and PUCO certification “require it to provide renewable energy credits,
which cannot be arbitrarily or unreasonably withdrawn.” Stipulation, ¶ 53.
{¶ 27} Based on the stipulations of the parties and other facts in the record,
Dovetail provides a public service. The trial court did not err in making that same
determination.
Public Concern
{¶ 28} The other characteristic of a public utility that courts consider is whether the
entity conducts its operations “in such a manner as to be a matter of public concern.” A &
B Refuse Disposers at 387. A public utility often occupies a monopolistic or oligopolistic
position in the marketplace, and that “gives rise to a public concern for the indiscriminate
treatment of that portion of the public which needs and pays for the vital good or service
offered by the entity.” Id. Factors used to determine whether an enterprise conducts itself
in such a way to be a matter of public concern include competition in the marketplace; the
good or service provided; and regulation by a government authority. Id. No single factor
is controlling. “Nevertheless, in a case where the business enterprise serves such a
substantial part of the public that its rates, charges and methods of operation become a
public concern, it can be characterized as a public utility.” Id., citing Indus. Gas Co. v.
Pub. Utilities Comm. of Ohio, 135 Ohio St. 408, 412, 21 N.E.2d 166 (1939). -11-
{¶ 29} In its decision, the trial court found several ways in which Dovetail and the
energy it produces are public concerns. First, the court found that the generation of
renewable energy is a matter of public concern as demonstrated by the legislature’s policy
and its statutory enactments. Entry at 19-20. R.C. 4928.64(B)(1) states that by 2026, 8.5
percent of the total electricity distributed in the state to retail customers must come from
“qualifying renewable energy resources.” In addition, Ohio incentivizes small facilities,
waste energy recovery systems, and alternative energy programs. R.C. 4928.02; R.C.
4928.64; R.C. 4928.65. It is also true that Dovetail received state tax incentives to build
its biodigester facility that would turn solid waste into electricity and that it has been given
certification as a renewable energy generating facility. Stipulation, ¶ 36-37. The
production of energy is, by itself, a public concern.
{¶ 30} The trial court also found evidence in the record that there was a lack of
competition in the marketplace. Bath Township disputes this assertion and cites to
Dovetail’s expert John Bentine’s testimony to make its point. His testimony, however,
refutes more than supports the township’s argument. Bentine testified that while there are
more small generators than in the past, there is still only one wholesale electric market,
the PJM wholesale market. Trial Tr. at 80-81. When specifically asked whether there is
any competition to the wholesale market, Bentine stated: “No. Fully one hundred percent
through PJM.” Trial Tr. at 91. So, even though customers do not get energy directly from
Dovetail, they are exclusively served by the PJM marketplace to which Dovetail provides
power.
{¶ 31} Dovetail is also heavily regulated by the government. Mike Oberfield, the
CFO of Renergy (Dovetail’s parent company), testified at the hearing that Dovetail is -12-
regulated by the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio, the Federal Energy Regulation
Commission, and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Trial Tr. at 35-36;
Stipulation, ¶ 38.
{¶ 32} Finally, Dovetail is taxed as a public utility. The parties stipulated that “[t]he
State of Oho has determined the Dovetail facility is a public utility and its personal property
has been taxed as a public utility since 2015.” Stipulation, ¶ 40. It was further agreed that
Dovetail “does not receive any exemption from public utility personal property taxes and
has been paying them to Greene County, including Bath Township, since 2015. The State
Tax Commissioner annually values Dovetail’s public utility property which is assessed
and collected by Greene County.” Stipulation, ¶ 41.
{¶ 33} Based on our analysis of the “public service” and “public concern” factors,
we conclude, as the trial court did, that Dovetail is a public utility for purposes of R.C.
519.211. The second assignment of error is overruled.
IV. Proposed future development
{¶ 34} The third BZA appeal (and third assignment of error) dealt with Dovetail’s
proposed construction of 23-million-gallon fertilizer storage ponds on a nearby property.
Bath Township argues that “public utility status is not automatically conferred on an entity-
wide basis; instead, the classification of an entity depends specifically on the ‘good or
service’ which is provided to the public.” Appellants’ Brief at 23. Its claim, then, is that the
evidence presented shows no “substantive relation to the production, distribution, or
dissemination” of electrical energy. Id. It is simply for storing excess fertilizer after being
processed through the digester. Id. Bath Township further contends that the trial court
failed to consider the issue in its judgment entry. -13-
{¶ 35} Dovetail, on the other hand, insists that the storage facilities are part of the
operation of its business under R.C. 519.211 and points to evidence in the record,
including stipulations, that demonstrate that the biodigester cannot function (i.e., create
electricity) without a place to store the excess fertilizer after it has been processed through
the facility. It argues that “if Dovetail is a public utility, and if the temporary storage of
fertilizer after feedstocks are converted to electricity is part of the operation,” then Bath
Township has no zoning authority over the proposed use of the land.” Appellee’s Brief at
25.
{¶ 36} While it is true that the trial court did not spend any time analyzing this
particular BZA request other than to order the BZA to grant Dovetail’s request for an
exemption pursuant to R.C. 519.211(A), we cannot say that the trial court erred. There is
no debate that storage facilities for fertilizer are a necessary part of the energy-producing
process. Dovetail takes the solid waste, processes it through the digester, creates
electricity from methane, and then holds the processed fertilizer until it is transported to
farm fields. Stipulation, ¶ 15-20. Without a place to store the fertilizer, the facility cannot
function. Based on the record before us, we cannot say that the trial court erred in ordering
the BZA to grant Dovetail’s request for a certificate of exemption. Future fertilizer storage
facilities would be part of the public utility and exempt from Bath Township zoning. The
third assignment of error is overruled.
V. Conclusion
{¶ 37} The judgments of the trial court will be affirmed.
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TUCKER, P. J. and DONOVAN, J., concur.
Copies sent to:
Catherine A. Cunningham N. Trevor Alexander Jack A. Van Kley L. Michael Bly Matthew S. Hauer Hon. Michael A. Buckwalter