PIaymond, President :
This is a bill of injunction, filed in the circuit court of Ritchie county, against the defendants, to restrain the collection of a sumí of money assessed Py the Town of Harrisvillé against the' plaintiffs, being the costs of-constructing a certain pavement, or sidéwalk,' ón"the' street,.adjacent to a Ipt of plaintiffs, which pavement.the plaintiffs had been previously ordered to make, and- notified that, 'unless they did so within'a specifiedtime,’- it - [164]*164would be done by tbe Town at their costs. The bill 'alleges, in substance, tliat said assessment is, in fact, a tax, and that it is illegal and unconstitutional; that the 'assessment, so made, was placed in the hands of defendant, Bush, acting as town sergeant; that said Bush has levied said assessment on a buggy of plaintiffs, and has advertised the same for sale to pay the assessment, and that the said Bush is insolvent. The bill also claims that the Town was, in fact, never legally incorporated, but it states and refers to the act of the legislature of the twenty-sixth day of February, 1869, which provides “ that the place in the county of Ritchie known as The Town of Harrisville is thereby incorporated,” subject to the provisions of chapter forty-seven of the Code of West Virginia. It also claims that all the provisions of said chapter forty-seven were never complied with, and that the town, therefore, never became incorporated; but it alleges that pretended elections have been held, at which the council and other officers were claimed to be elected, and that said officers are acting as council, sergeant, etc., in and for said town, the town, by its corporate name, and as a corporation, and said Bush, arc made defendants to the bill, and the bill prays that The Town of Harrisville, and the said D. S. Bush, sergeant of said town, their attorneys, etc., and all persons acting under their authority, may be enjoined and inhibited from selling plaintiffs’ property for the said tax or assessment, or from proceeding, in any manner', in collecting the same.
The bill was demurred' tó, and the demurrer overruled.
The defendants then each answered the bill. A considerable amount of evidence was taken and filed in the cause by plaintiffs and defendants, and, at the hearing, the court dissolved the injunction,'and dismissed the bill. .'From this action of the circuit court;'the plaintiffs have obtairiéd'ah appeal tó this'Court'. '
, The act of the legislature, passed the twenty-sixth of Féhi'uáry,''l8Í>9, 'éntitíéd;' “ iÁÍH ''áct" itó incorporate the [165]*165town of Harrisville/’ did incorporate said town by the corporate name of “ The town of Harrisville/’ and limits of said town are prescribed in tbe second section of said act., sufficiently for identification. It was necessary for the residents of the said town, in order that the town might be a corporation, to obtain a certificate of incorporation, under sections two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight and nine of said chapter forty-seven, as the town, within the limits aforesaid, was already incorporated by the act aforesaid. But all other parts of said chapter forty-seven, wThich are applicable to a town incor-' porated, as far as they apply to a town, apply, substantially, to “ The Town of Harrisville,” and such is the manifest intention of the said act of the Legislature of the twenty-sixth day of February, 1869. And it was competent for the resident voters of said town to elect their corporate officers, under the provisions of said forty-seventh chapter. The council of the town are entitled to exercise all the powers conferred by said forty-seventh chapter, in so far as the provisions of that chapter were, and are, valid and binding under the Constitution of this State of 1863, and the Constitution of 1872.
The first section of article eight of the Constitution of 1863, and the first section of article ten of the Constitution of 1872, in so far as they provide that taxation shall be “ equal and uniform” throughout the State, and that all property, both real and personal, shall be taxed in proportion to its value, do not apply to counties, cities, towns and villages. See Gilkeson v. The Frederick Justices, 13 Gratt, 577.
The ninth section of the tenth article of the Constitution of 1872 is in these words: “ The Legislature may, by law, authorise the corporate authorities of cities, towns, and villages, for corporate purposes, to assess and collect taxes; but such taxes shall be uniform, with respect to persons and property, within the jurisdiction of the authority imposing the same.” This section is addressed to the Legislature, and is prospective in its operation, [166]*166and .does not. operate proprio vigore. It does not operate-rePea^ °f tKe law in force at the time of its adoption. Grous v. Slaughter, 15 Peters, 449; Slack, etc. v. Maysville and Lexington R. R. Co., 13 B. Mon. 1; Cass v. Dillon, 2 Ohio St. 607; Williams v. Mayor, etc., of Detroit, 2 Mich. 560. This section is materially different in its-provisions from the eighth section of the same article,, Avhich was considered by this court in the case of List v. City of Wheeling, 7 W. Va. 501. Whether the twenty-eighth and thirty-fourth sections of said chapter forty-seven, so far as their .provisions apply to this case, were valid, at the time of their enactment, or at the time they took effect, or whether the powers conferred upon the-council of a town in relation to sidewalks, etc., under said sections, should be classified as police powers, or as a. power to levy and assess taxes, under the view I take of this case, is.immaterial, and does not now properly, arise for decision. But I am inclined to the -opinion that it is a police power, and cannot properly be reckoned as a taxing power. See Cooley on Taxation, page 398. Also the leading case of Godard, Petitioner, 16 Pick. 504-509, opinion of Judge Shaw. Also, case of Norfolk City v. Ellis, 26 Gratt. 224.
I will proceed to ascertain whether the-plaintiffs’ case, as it appears, is one proper for the -interposition of a court of equity, by injunction. A court of equity will n.ot restrain the collection of an assessment or tax, imposed by an incorporated town, on the, sole ground that .the tax is. illegal. There must exist, in addition; special circumstances, bringing the case under some recognized head of equity jurisdiction, such as that the enforcement of' the' assessment or tax would lead to a multiplicity of suits, or produce irreparable injury, or, where the property is real estate, .throAV a cloud upon the title of the plaintiff, or the like. Dews v. City of Chicago, 11 Wall. 108; Heywood v. the City of Buffalo, 14th N. Y., 534; Bull v. Read 13 Graft, 78; Dillon on Municipal Corporations vol. [167]*1672, sections 727 and 737, and note 1, second edition, High on Injunctions, section 71, and note 1; Susquehanna Bank v. The Supervisors of Broome Co., 25 N. Y. 312; Cook County v. the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company, 35 Ill. 465. In the last named case, the court said it had been unable to find any decision, in its previous adjudications, asserting a right to bring a bill to restrain the collection of a tax illegally assessed, without regard to .special circumstances.
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PIaymond, President :
This is a bill of injunction, filed in the circuit court of Ritchie county, against the defendants, to restrain the collection of a sumí of money assessed Py the Town of Harrisvillé against the' plaintiffs, being the costs of-constructing a certain pavement, or sidéwalk,' ón"the' street,.adjacent to a Ipt of plaintiffs, which pavement.the plaintiffs had been previously ordered to make, and- notified that, 'unless they did so within'a specifiedtime,’- it - [164]*164would be done by tbe Town at their costs. The bill 'alleges, in substance, tliat said assessment is, in fact, a tax, and that it is illegal and unconstitutional; that the 'assessment, so made, was placed in the hands of defendant, Bush, acting as town sergeant; that said Bush has levied said assessment on a buggy of plaintiffs, and has advertised the same for sale to pay the assessment, and that the said Bush is insolvent. The bill also claims that the Town was, in fact, never legally incorporated, but it states and refers to the act of the legislature of the twenty-sixth day of February, 1869, which provides “ that the place in the county of Ritchie known as The Town of Harrisville is thereby incorporated,” subject to the provisions of chapter forty-seven of the Code of West Virginia. It also claims that all the provisions of said chapter forty-seven were never complied with, and that the town, therefore, never became incorporated; but it alleges that pretended elections have been held, at which the council and other officers were claimed to be elected, and that said officers are acting as council, sergeant, etc., in and for said town, the town, by its corporate name, and as a corporation, and said Bush, arc made defendants to the bill, and the bill prays that The Town of Harrisville, and the said D. S. Bush, sergeant of said town, their attorneys, etc., and all persons acting under their authority, may be enjoined and inhibited from selling plaintiffs’ property for the said tax or assessment, or from proceeding, in any manner', in collecting the same.
The bill was demurred' tó, and the demurrer overruled.
The defendants then each answered the bill. A considerable amount of evidence was taken and filed in the cause by plaintiffs and defendants, and, at the hearing, the court dissolved the injunction,'and dismissed the bill. .'From this action of the circuit court;'the plaintiffs have obtairiéd'ah appeal tó this'Court'. '
, The act of the legislature, passed the twenty-sixth of Féhi'uáry,''l8Í>9, 'éntitíéd;' “ iÁÍH ''áct" itó incorporate the [165]*165town of Harrisville/’ did incorporate said town by the corporate name of “ The town of Harrisville/’ and limits of said town are prescribed in tbe second section of said act., sufficiently for identification. It was necessary for the residents of the said town, in order that the town might be a corporation, to obtain a certificate of incorporation, under sections two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight and nine of said chapter forty-seven, as the town, within the limits aforesaid, was already incorporated by the act aforesaid. But all other parts of said chapter forty-seven, wThich are applicable to a town incor-' porated, as far as they apply to a town, apply, substantially, to “ The Town of Harrisville,” and such is the manifest intention of the said act of the Legislature of the twenty-sixth day of February, 1869. And it was competent for the resident voters of said town to elect their corporate officers, under the provisions of said forty-seventh chapter. The council of the town are entitled to exercise all the powers conferred by said forty-seventh chapter, in so far as the provisions of that chapter were, and are, valid and binding under the Constitution of this State of 1863, and the Constitution of 1872.
The first section of article eight of the Constitution of 1863, and the first section of article ten of the Constitution of 1872, in so far as they provide that taxation shall be “ equal and uniform” throughout the State, and that all property, both real and personal, shall be taxed in proportion to its value, do not apply to counties, cities, towns and villages. See Gilkeson v. The Frederick Justices, 13 Gratt, 577.
The ninth section of the tenth article of the Constitution of 1872 is in these words: “ The Legislature may, by law, authorise the corporate authorities of cities, towns, and villages, for corporate purposes, to assess and collect taxes; but such taxes shall be uniform, with respect to persons and property, within the jurisdiction of the authority imposing the same.” This section is addressed to the Legislature, and is prospective in its operation, [166]*166and .does not. operate proprio vigore. It does not operate-rePea^ °f tKe law in force at the time of its adoption. Grous v. Slaughter, 15 Peters, 449; Slack, etc. v. Maysville and Lexington R. R. Co., 13 B. Mon. 1; Cass v. Dillon, 2 Ohio St. 607; Williams v. Mayor, etc., of Detroit, 2 Mich. 560. This section is materially different in its-provisions from the eighth section of the same article,, Avhich was considered by this court in the case of List v. City of Wheeling, 7 W. Va. 501. Whether the twenty-eighth and thirty-fourth sections of said chapter forty-seven, so far as their .provisions apply to this case, were valid, at the time of their enactment, or at the time they took effect, or whether the powers conferred upon the-council of a town in relation to sidewalks, etc., under said sections, should be classified as police powers, or as a. power to levy and assess taxes, under the view I take of this case, is.immaterial, and does not now properly, arise for decision. But I am inclined to the -opinion that it is a police power, and cannot properly be reckoned as a taxing power. See Cooley on Taxation, page 398. Also the leading case of Godard, Petitioner, 16 Pick. 504-509, opinion of Judge Shaw. Also, case of Norfolk City v. Ellis, 26 Gratt. 224.
I will proceed to ascertain whether the-plaintiffs’ case, as it appears, is one proper for the -interposition of a court of equity, by injunction. A court of equity will n.ot restrain the collection of an assessment or tax, imposed by an incorporated town, on the, sole ground that .the tax is. illegal. There must exist, in addition; special circumstances, bringing the case under some recognized head of equity jurisdiction, such as that the enforcement of' the' assessment or tax would lead to a multiplicity of suits, or produce irreparable injury, or, where the property is real estate, .throAV a cloud upon the title of the plaintiff, or the like. Dews v. City of Chicago, 11 Wall. 108; Heywood v. the City of Buffalo, 14th N. Y., 534; Bull v. Read 13 Graft, 78; Dillon on Municipal Corporations vol. [167]*1672, sections 727 and 737, and note 1, second edition, High on Injunctions, section 71, and note 1; Susquehanna Bank v. The Supervisors of Broome Co., 25 N. Y. 312; Cook County v. the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company, 35 Ill. 465. In the last named case, the court said it had been unable to find any decision, in its previous adjudications, asserting a right to bring a bill to restrain the collection of a tax illegally assessed, without regard to .special circumstances. It concludes an examination of its former decisions, by stating that, while it was considered settled that a court of equity would never entertain a bill to restrain the collection of a tax, except in cases where the tax was unauthorized by law, or where it was assessed upon property not subject to taxation, it had never held that jurisdiction would be taken in these excepted cases, without special circumstances, showing that the collection of the tax would be likely to produce irreparable injury, or cause a multiplicity of suits. Equity generally has not jurisdiction where the party complaining has a plain and adequate remedy in a court of law. Except where the special circumstances present a case proper for the cognizance of a court of equity, the party of whom an illegal tax is collected has, ordinarily, ample remedy. In the case in judgment a “ buggy,” personal property, has been levied on, to make the assessment, which amounts to $33,62. And it would seem that the personal property so taken is ample to pay the tax, at least it is presumptively. See Henry v. Gregory 29 Mich. 68. It is true, it is alleged that Bush, the town sergeant, who made the levy, is insolvent, but it is not pretended that the town is not responsible and solvent, if the assessment is illegal. If the assessment was illegal, the plaintiffs, protesting against its enforcement, might have had their action, after it was paid, against the officer or the town, to recover back the money, or they might have prosecuted either for their damages. No irreparable injury would have followed to them from its collection. Nor would [168]*168they have been compelled to resort to a multiplicity of to determine their rights.—Dews v. City of Chicago, 11 Wall. 112.
This court has heretofore considered principles bearing on this case, in cases from the County of Greenbrier against Boards of Education, not yet reported, and following the case of Bull v. Read 13 Gratt, and the said case in 11 Wall. In the case of Kuhn v. the Board of Education of Wellsburg, 4 W. Va. 490, and the case of The Trustees of Clarksburg v. Goff, 5 W. Va. 498, the question of jurisdiction was not raised or made, and was not decided by the court, just as has been the case in a number of other cases, where jurisdiction has been taken,, as stated in the opinion of the court in the case cited in 11 Wallace. In the case of Tappan, collector, v. Merchants National Bank, 19 Wall 490, 1 presume special cause was shown for the interposition of a court of equity, as the question of jurisdiction was not raised or discussed.
This bill is filed in the name of plaintiffs alone, and not in behalf of any others. If the assessment is illegal, it, and all proceedings under it, are illegal and null, and the town, as well as the officer, is responsible to the plaintiff, for damages in a suit at law. They, plaintiffs, had also a remedy by detinue, under the provisions of chapter one hundred and two of the Code, by which they could have obtained immediate possession of the “buggy,” or compelled the officer to give security for its delivery. If the said assessment was illegal, which Ido not now determine, plaintiffs evidently had a complete and adequate remedy at law, for redress and relief, without invoking the aid of a court of equity, by the exercise of a process of injunction, and having such remedy they do not present a proper case for the exercise of equity jurisdiction.
There was, therefore, no error in the circuit court dissolving the injunction, and dismissing'plaintiffs’ bill.
The said decree of the circuit court of the county of [169]*169Ritchie, rendered in this cause on the 30th day of April, 1874, must be affirmed with costs to the appellees, and also $30 damages.
Moore and Green, Judges, concurred.
Edmiston, Judge, absent.
Deoree Affirmed.