Gray, C. J.
1. In the practice of most courts of chancery, a bill of exceptions is unknown, and the rulings of a judge presiding at the trial by jury of issues out of chancery can be revised only upon motion for a new trial in the court which ordered the issues. Lewis v. Armstrong, 3 Myl. & K. 45; 2 Cr. & M. 274. Clayton v. Nugent, 8 Jur. 867; S. C. 1 Collyer, 362; 13 M. & W. 200. Fxparte Story, 12 Pet. 339. Watt v. Starke, 101 U. S. 247. But by the statutes of this Commonwealth, and the practice of this court under them, bills of exceptions have long been allowable in cases in equity, as well as in actions at common law.
Under the Revised Statutes of 1836, and until 1859, no appeal lay from the decision of a single justice of this court in any branch of its jurisdiction; but his rulings in matter of law might be revised by the full court on report, on motion for a new trial, or on bill of exceptions. Rev. Sts. c. 81, §§ 26-30. Section 26 expressly permitted the reservation on report of any question of law arising “ in any trial or other proceeding, either of a civil or criminal nature, at law or in equity; ” and the succeeding sections, as to motions for new trials and bills of exceptions, were manifestly intended to be equally comprehensive, and were so understood in practice; and bills of exceptions to decisions upon questions of law at final hearings in equity were allowed by Chief Justice Shaw, and passed upon by the full court. Parker [355]*355v. May, 5 Cush. 336, 355, 356. Hancock v. Carlton, 6 Gray, 39, 63.
By the St. of 1853, c. 371, suits for certain objects, which had previously been of equity jurisdiction, were required to be by action at law, praying for relief in equity. Suits so brought were the only mode of enforcing equitable remedies in cases within that statute, until the right to proceed by bill in equity was restored by the Sts. of 1855, c. 194, and 1856, c. 38; and they were treated as, in their nature and incidents, suits in equity; yet rulings upon the admission of evidence, at the trial by a jury of issues ordered therein, were revised by bill of exceptions. Crittenden v. Field, 8 Gray, 621. Irvin v. Gregory, 13 Gray, 215. Topliff v. Jackson, 12 Gray, 565. Crane v. Adams, 16 Gray, 542.
' The act of 1859, establishing the Superior Court, and providing for bills of exceptions to opinions, rulings, directions and judgments of that court in matter of law in any case, civil or criminal, did not affect the jurisdiction or the forms of proceeding in equity. St. 1859, c. 196, §§ 6, 27, 37, 50-52. The equity act of the same year, the provisions of which are substantially reenacted in the General Statutes, introduced the practice of courts of chancery elsewhere, so far as to require all cases in equity, and all motions and applications therein, to be heard in the first instance before a single justice, and to allow an appeal, on facts as well as law, from all his decrees, interlocutory or final, to the full court; empowered him, upon a hearing for final decree, to report the whole case to the full court for its decision; and provided that the full court, or any justice thereof, might frame issues in equity, and direct them to be tried at the bar, either of this court or of the Superior Court; but contained no express repeal of previous statutes. St. 1859, c. 237. Gen. Sts. e. 113. And by the Gen. Sts. c. 115, § 7, “in all cases, civil or criminal, whether according to the course of the common law or otherwise,” any opinion, ruling, direction or judgment of a judge, either of this court or of the Superior Court, in matter of law, (except on pleas in abatement, or motions to dismiss for defect of form in process,) may be the subject of a bill of exceptions.
Under these statutes, bills of exceptions have been allowed and entertained to decisions of justices of this court sitting in [356]*356equity, as well as to rulings at the trial of issues in equity before a jury, either in the Superior Court or in this court. National Mahaiwe Bank v. Barry, 125 Mass. 20. Southbridge Savings Bank v. Exeter Works, 127 Mass. 542. Williams r. Robbins, 15 Gray, 590. Hodges v. Pingree, 108 Mass. 585. Brooks v. Tarbell, 103 Mass. 496. Cobb v. Boston, 112 Mass. 181. In Stock-bridge Iron Co. v. Hudson Iron Co. 107 Mass. 290, 298-300, exceptions were alleged, by counsel of great eminence and experience, at the trial by a jury of issues in equity, and were not allowed in the form of a bill of exceptions, merely because other questions in the cause were reserved for the determination of the full court, which could be more appropriately presented in the form of a report, and the exceptions were therefore incorporated in the report, in accordance with the practice in actions at law, as settled in Aldrich v. Boston & Worcester Railroad, 100 Mass. 31.
So in probate appeals, in which parties now have the same rights as in equity causes, including the right of appeal from a single justice in matter of fact or of discretion, as well as in matter of law; St. 1859, c. 237, § 12; Gen. Sts. c. 117, § 14; Wright v. Wright, 13 Allen, 207; questions of law arising at the trial of issues before a jury have been brought to the full court by bill of exceptions. McKeone v. Barnes, 108 Mass. 344. Lewis v. Mason, 109 Mass. 169. Nash v. Hunt, 116 Mass. 237. Newell v. Homer, 120 Mass. 277. Davis v. Davis, 123 Mass. 590. May v. Bradlee, 127 Mass. 414.
A thorough examination of the books of reports might disclose additional instances of bills of exceptions to rulings in matter of law at the trial before a jury of issues in equity or in probate causes. The reasons why they are not more numerous are, that very few issues in equity have been sent to the Superior Court for trial, and that the justices of this court, as a matter of courtesy to counsel, have generally reserved rulings made upon questions of importance in the form of a report, without requiring a bill of exceptions to be tendered.
Whether any and what issues in equity or probate shall be submitted to a jury is a subject of appeal under the Gen. Sts. c. 113, § 10, and not of a bill of exceptions, because it involves a question of discretion, and not merely of law. Crittenden v, [357]*357Field, and Brooks v. Tarbell, above cited. Stockbridge Iron Co. v. Hudson Iron Co. 102 Mass. 45. Ross v. New England Ins. Co. 120 Mass. 113. Davis v. Davis, 123 Mass. 590, 594. But the cases before referred to conclusively establish in this Commonwealth the authority to revise upon bills of exceptions rulings in matter of law at the trial of issues in equity before a jury.
When rulings at the trial of an issue by a jury have been brought before a court of chancery elsewhere, on a motion for a new trial and a report of the whole evidence, the court has indeed declined to set aside the verdict on account of the improper admission or rejection of testimony, when satisfied that, if the ruling had been different, the verdict ought to have been the same.
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Gray, C. J.
1. In the practice of most courts of chancery, a bill of exceptions is unknown, and the rulings of a judge presiding at the trial by jury of issues out of chancery can be revised only upon motion for a new trial in the court which ordered the issues. Lewis v. Armstrong, 3 Myl. & K. 45; 2 Cr. & M. 274. Clayton v. Nugent, 8 Jur. 867; S. C. 1 Collyer, 362; 13 M. & W. 200. Fxparte Story, 12 Pet. 339. Watt v. Starke, 101 U. S. 247. But by the statutes of this Commonwealth, and the practice of this court under them, bills of exceptions have long been allowable in cases in equity, as well as in actions at common law.
Under the Revised Statutes of 1836, and until 1859, no appeal lay from the decision of a single justice of this court in any branch of its jurisdiction; but his rulings in matter of law might be revised by the full court on report, on motion for a new trial, or on bill of exceptions. Rev. Sts. c. 81, §§ 26-30. Section 26 expressly permitted the reservation on report of any question of law arising “ in any trial or other proceeding, either of a civil or criminal nature, at law or in equity; ” and the succeeding sections, as to motions for new trials and bills of exceptions, were manifestly intended to be equally comprehensive, and were so understood in practice; and bills of exceptions to decisions upon questions of law at final hearings in equity were allowed by Chief Justice Shaw, and passed upon by the full court. Parker [355]*355v. May, 5 Cush. 336, 355, 356. Hancock v. Carlton, 6 Gray, 39, 63.
By the St. of 1853, c. 371, suits for certain objects, which had previously been of equity jurisdiction, were required to be by action at law, praying for relief in equity. Suits so brought were the only mode of enforcing equitable remedies in cases within that statute, until the right to proceed by bill in equity was restored by the Sts. of 1855, c. 194, and 1856, c. 38; and they were treated as, in their nature and incidents, suits in equity; yet rulings upon the admission of evidence, at the trial by a jury of issues ordered therein, were revised by bill of exceptions. Crittenden v. Field, 8 Gray, 621. Irvin v. Gregory, 13 Gray, 215. Topliff v. Jackson, 12 Gray, 565. Crane v. Adams, 16 Gray, 542.
' The act of 1859, establishing the Superior Court, and providing for bills of exceptions to opinions, rulings, directions and judgments of that court in matter of law in any case, civil or criminal, did not affect the jurisdiction or the forms of proceeding in equity. St. 1859, c. 196, §§ 6, 27, 37, 50-52. The equity act of the same year, the provisions of which are substantially reenacted in the General Statutes, introduced the practice of courts of chancery elsewhere, so far as to require all cases in equity, and all motions and applications therein, to be heard in the first instance before a single justice, and to allow an appeal, on facts as well as law, from all his decrees, interlocutory or final, to the full court; empowered him, upon a hearing for final decree, to report the whole case to the full court for its decision; and provided that the full court, or any justice thereof, might frame issues in equity, and direct them to be tried at the bar, either of this court or of the Superior Court; but contained no express repeal of previous statutes. St. 1859, c. 237. Gen. Sts. e. 113. And by the Gen. Sts. c. 115, § 7, “in all cases, civil or criminal, whether according to the course of the common law or otherwise,” any opinion, ruling, direction or judgment of a judge, either of this court or of the Superior Court, in matter of law, (except on pleas in abatement, or motions to dismiss for defect of form in process,) may be the subject of a bill of exceptions.
Under these statutes, bills of exceptions have been allowed and entertained to decisions of justices of this court sitting in [356]*356equity, as well as to rulings at the trial of issues in equity before a jury, either in the Superior Court or in this court. National Mahaiwe Bank v. Barry, 125 Mass. 20. Southbridge Savings Bank v. Exeter Works, 127 Mass. 542. Williams r. Robbins, 15 Gray, 590. Hodges v. Pingree, 108 Mass. 585. Brooks v. Tarbell, 103 Mass. 496. Cobb v. Boston, 112 Mass. 181. In Stock-bridge Iron Co. v. Hudson Iron Co. 107 Mass. 290, 298-300, exceptions were alleged, by counsel of great eminence and experience, at the trial by a jury of issues in equity, and were not allowed in the form of a bill of exceptions, merely because other questions in the cause were reserved for the determination of the full court, which could be more appropriately presented in the form of a report, and the exceptions were therefore incorporated in the report, in accordance with the practice in actions at law, as settled in Aldrich v. Boston & Worcester Railroad, 100 Mass. 31.
So in probate appeals, in which parties now have the same rights as in equity causes, including the right of appeal from a single justice in matter of fact or of discretion, as well as in matter of law; St. 1859, c. 237, § 12; Gen. Sts. c. 117, § 14; Wright v. Wright, 13 Allen, 207; questions of law arising at the trial of issues before a jury have been brought to the full court by bill of exceptions. McKeone v. Barnes, 108 Mass. 344. Lewis v. Mason, 109 Mass. 169. Nash v. Hunt, 116 Mass. 237. Newell v. Homer, 120 Mass. 277. Davis v. Davis, 123 Mass. 590. May v. Bradlee, 127 Mass. 414.
A thorough examination of the books of reports might disclose additional instances of bills of exceptions to rulings in matter of law at the trial before a jury of issues in equity or in probate causes. The reasons why they are not more numerous are, that very few issues in equity have been sent to the Superior Court for trial, and that the justices of this court, as a matter of courtesy to counsel, have generally reserved rulings made upon questions of importance in the form of a report, without requiring a bill of exceptions to be tendered.
Whether any and what issues in equity or probate shall be submitted to a jury is a subject of appeal under the Gen. Sts. c. 113, § 10, and not of a bill of exceptions, because it involves a question of discretion, and not merely of law. Crittenden v, [357]*357Field, and Brooks v. Tarbell, above cited. Stockbridge Iron Co. v. Hudson Iron Co. 102 Mass. 45. Ross v. New England Ins. Co. 120 Mass. 113. Davis v. Davis, 123 Mass. 590, 594. But the cases before referred to conclusively establish in this Commonwealth the authority to revise upon bills of exceptions rulings in matter of law at the trial of issues in equity before a jury.
When rulings at the trial of an issue by a jury have been brought before a court of chancery elsewhere, on a motion for a new trial and a report of the whole evidence, the court has indeed declined to set aside the verdict on account of the improper admission or rejection of testimony, when satisfied that, if the ruling had been different, the verdict ought to have been the same. Hampson v. Hampson, 3 Ves. & B. 41. Barker v. Ray, 2 Russ. 63, 76. Apthorp v. Comstock, 2 Paige, 482, 488. Watt v. Starke, 101 U. S. 247. But a bill of exceptions, under our practice, brings up nothing but questions of law, and presents those questions only for the decision of the full court.
The practice of revising rulings in matter of law in equity causes by bill of exceptions, which grew up, as we have seen, before appeals were allowed from a single justice sitting in equity to the full court, has been retained since such appeals have been authorized by statute, and often affords a convenient method of enabling a party, aggrieved by the ruling of a single justice in matter of law, to obtain relief, without obliging him to furnish a report of all the evidence, or compelling the full court to hear an argument upon the whole case.
The questions of law raised at the trial of the issue before the jury are therefore properly before us upon the bill of exceptions allowed by Mr. Justice Lord, who presided at that trial.
2. In the practice of this court, issues to a jury in equity or probate causes have commonly been framed in one of three forms:
First. By directing the parties to plead to issue, and submitting to the jury the issue joined on their pleadings, in accordance with the former practice in England and in New York. Seton on Decrees (3d ed.) 984. Frank v. Frank, 2 Mood. & Rob. 314. Phillips v. Thompson, 1 Johns. Ch. 131,152. Phelps v. Hartwell, 1 Mass. 71. Crowninshield v. Crowninshield, 2 Gray, 524. Hodges v. Pingree, 2 Chit. Pl. (16th Am. ed.) 128; S. C. [358]*358108 Mass. 585. Briggs v. Titcomb, Suffolk, April term 1865, in which the issues on file are in the handwriting of Chief Justice Bigelow.
Second. By reciting in the order what the one party alleges and the other denies, and directing the issue made by such allegation and denial to be tried by a jury, in substantial accordance with the form of a feigned issue, given in the St. of 8 & 9 Viet. e. 109, § 19, and with the order in this case, and usually in this form: “ Whereas the plaintiff alleges, and the defendant denies,” (stating the question in dispute,) “ now therefore it is ordered that a jury be empanelled to try said issues.” Instances of such orders made by Chief Justice Chapman are upon the files of the court in the suit in equity of Vinton v. Simmons, and in the probate appeal of Winslow v. Coates, Suffolk, April term 1870.
Third. By directing an issue framed in the form of a simple question, and recited in the order, to be tried by a jury. This mode of framing issues has been long used in this Commonwealth, and in some counties almost exclusively used. Eames v. Eames, Middlesex Rec. 1835, fol. 139; S. C. 16 Pick. 141. Stockbridge Iron Co. v. Hudson Iron Co. 107 Mass. 290, 297-299. Barker v. Comins, 110 Mass. 477.
When the order directing issues has been in the second or in the third of these forms, stating the question to be tried, and not directing any further pleadings, the order has generally been treated as of itself framing a sufficient issue, and the case has been tried on the issue stated in the order. By the order of Mr. Justice Endicott, in the present case, the issue to be tried was not only directed, but framed, and no more formal issue was necessary.
3. There was no error in the ruling that the plaintiff was entitled to open and close before the jury.
The tendency of decision in this Commonwealth has been to simplify the practice in this respect, and to hold the plaintiff to be entitled to the opening and close in all cases. Upon trials of actions at law in this court on the general issue only, without any other plea or specification, the plaintiff always had the right to open and close. In early times, if a justification was pleaded, as well as the general issue, the two issues were tried separately, and on the issue of justification the defendant had the opening [359]*359and close. Flagg v. Hobart, Quincy, 332. Morse v. Jewett, 5 Dane Ab. 563, 564. And under the St. of 1792, c. 41, authorizing officers to plead the general issue and file a brief statement of any matter of defence, it was at one time a matter of doubt which party had the right to open and close. Bangs v. Snow, 1 Mass. 181. But afterwards the practice became settled to allow the plaintiff to open and close upon the whole case, whenever the general issue was pleaded, and to permit the defendant to open and close in those cases only in which by his plea he admitted the whole cause of action stated in the declaration, and undertook to remove or defeat it, as by a justification or a discharge. Davis v. Mason, 4 Pick. 156. Ayer v. Austin, 6 Pick. 225. Under the St. of 1836, c. 273, which allowed no other plea in bar than the general issue, the plaintiff was entitled to the opening and close, whatever specification of defence was filed. Robinson v. Hitchcock, 8 Met. 64. And since the new practice act has abolished the general issue in personal actions, and required an answer stating the defences intended to be relied on, the same rule has prevailed, even where the defendant admits the plaintiff’s cause of action, and the only issue for the jury is upon a declaration in set-off. St. 1852, c. 312, §§ 12, 14, 18, 37. Gen. Sts. c. 129, §§ 15, 17, 20; c. 130, § 16. Page v. Osgood, 2 Gray, 260.
In probate appeals, upon the trial of the issue of the sanity of' a testator, the executor who propounds the will for probate has always been held to have the right to open and close before the jury, whichever party is the appellant from the decree of the judge of probate, and independently of the form of the pleadings, or of the question of the burden of proof. The rule was as well established in times when by the approved practice the party contesting the will went forward in pleading; Blaney v. Sargeant, 1 Mass. 335 ; Buckminster v. Perry, 4 Mass. 593; and was held to have the burden of proving the insanity of the testator; Brooks v. Barrett, 7 Pick. 94, 98, 99; as it is to-day, when, in accordance with the earliest precedents, the executor pleads first, and it has been determined that the burden of proof rests upon him. Phelps v. Hartwell, 1 Mass. 71. Crowninshield v. Crowninshield, 2 Gray, 524, 527. Briggs v. Titcomb, above cited.
[360]*360In cases of assessing damages for land taken under the right of eminent domain, the proceeding is not in the form of an action at law or of a suit in equity, and the owner of the land is really the plaintiff, and therefore entitled to open and close before any tribunal authorized to assess his damages, whether, as in the case of highways, the petition for a jury can be presented by him only, or, as in the case of railroads, may be presented by either party, or, as in the case of land taken for a post-office, must be presented by the agent of the government resisting his claim. Sts. 1870, c. 75 ; 1874, c. 372, § 67; 1873, c. 189, § 2. Parks v. Boston, 15 Pick. 198, 208. Connecticut River Railroad v. Clapp, 1 Cush. 559. Winnisimmet Co. v. Grueby, 111 Mass. 543. Burt v. Wigglesworth, 117 Mass. 302.
There is no reason why the general rule of practice in this Commonwealth, by which the plaintiff is entitled to the opening and close, should not be adhered to in equity, and there is nothing in the form of the order for an issue in the present case to take it out of the general rule. We are not required to decide what the effect might have been, if the order, as is often the case in England, had directed that the defendant in the cause should be plaintiff at the trial of the issue. Hippesley v. Homer, Turn. & Russ. 48, 50, note; S. C. Seton on Decrees, 984. Frank v. Frank, 2 Mood. & Rob. 314. Browne v. McClintock, L. R. 6 H. L. 434, 435.
4. The exception to the exclusion of the correspondence offered in evidence by the defendant cannot be sustained. Whether further evidence shall be received upon a point expressly admitted by the adverse party is wholly within the discretion of the judge presiding at the trial. In Priest v. Groton, 103 Mass. 530, and in Commonwealth v. McCarthy, 119 Mass. 354, cited by the defendant, the decision was that the admission of such evidence afforded no ground of exception. In Fisher v. Mellen, 103 Mass. 503, the evidence excluded upon such a point was precisely similar to that admitted in Bannister v. Alderman, 111 Mass. 261, and exceptions to its exclusion in the one ease and to. its admission in the other were alike overruled. See also Cushing v. Billings, 2 Cush. 158; Blair v. Pelham, 118 Mass. 420; Com,monwealth v. Allen, ante, 46.
[361]*3615. Upon the question of loches, we see no reason, upon a review of the whole testimony, to revise the decision of Mr. Justice Colt, who heard it from the lips of the witnesses. The fact that Jackson paid the plaintiff her dividends regularly, until within six months before the filing of the bill, was sufficient to put her off her guard, and to lull any suspicions created by his conduct in other respects.
¡Exceptions overruled, and decree for the plaintiff